Relationship between weight-to-waist index and post-stroke depression

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 before matching, n (%)

Characteristic	Overall (n = 33115)	Non-PSD (n = 32887)	PSD (n = 228)	P value
Age (years)	49.4 (17.7)	49.3 (17.7)	59.2 (12.7)	< 0.001
Sex				0.013
Female	16806 (51)	16670 (51)	136 (60)
Male	16309 (49)	16217 (49)	92 (40)
Race				0.006
Non-Hispanic White	14148 (43)	14035 (43)	113 (50)
Non-Hispanic Black	7071 (21)	7009 (21)	62 (27)
Mexican American	5214 (16)	5192 (16)	22 (9.6)
Other Hispanic	3165 (9.6)	3150 (9.6)	15 (6.6)
Other race	3517 (11)	3501 (11)	16 (7.0)
Poverty ratio				< 0.001
< 1.3	9334 (31)	9223 (31)	111 (53)
1.3-3.5	11557 (38)	11476 (38)	81 (39)
> 3.5	9481 (31)	9465 (31)	16 (7.7)
Education				< 0.001
Below high school	7977 (24)	7895 (24)	82 (36)
High school	7643 (23)	7579 (23)	64 (28)
Over high school	17471 (53)	17389 (53)	82 (36)
Marital status				< 0.001
Married/living with partner	19894 (60)	19791 (60)	103 (45)
Never married	5983 (18)	5949 (18)	34 (15)
Widowed/divorced/separated	7221 (22)	7131 (22)	90 (40)
Smoke				< 0.001
Former	8042 (24)	7978 (24)	64 (28)
Never	18189 (55)	18120 (55)	69 (30)
Now	6868 (21)	6773 (21)	95 (42)
Alcohol				< 0.001
Former	5190 (16)	5121 (16)	69 (33)
Heavy	6588 (21)	6551 (21)	37 (18)
Mild	10771 (34)	10717 (34)	54 (26)
Moderate	4994 (16)	4966 (16)	28 (13)
Never	4543 (14)	4521 (14)	22 (10)
BMI				< 0.001
Obese (30 or greater)	12614 (38)	12493 (38)	121 (53)
Overweight (25 to < 30)	11011 (33)	10952 (33)	59 (26)
Normal (18.5 to < 25)	8956 (27)	8912 (27)	44 (19)
Underweight (< 18.5)	502 (1.5)	498 (1.5)	4 (1.8)
DM				< 0.001
DM	6088 (19)	5993 (18.6)	95 (41.3)
Pre-diabetes	2721 (8.4)	2708 (8.4)	13 (5.7)
No	23693 (73)	23573 (73)	120 (53)
Hypertension				< 0.001
No	19132 (58)	19087 (58)	45 (20)
Yes	13980 (42)	13797 (42)	183 (80)
Hyperlipidemia				< 0.001
No	10067 (30)	10030 (30)	37 (16)
Yes	23047 (70)	22856 (70)	191 (84)
Heart failure	991 (3.0)	939 (2.9)	52 (23)	< 0.001
HEI 2015	50.77 (13.74)	50.79 (13.74)	46.74 (12.35)	< 0.001
MET	4402 (6469)	4409 (6476)	2848 (4289)	0.007
WWI	11.06 (0.85)	11.06 (0.85)	11.55 (0.75)	< 0.001

PSD: Post-stroke depression; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HEI 2015: Healthy Eating Index 2015; MET: Metabolic Equivalent of Task; WWI: Weight-to-waist index.

Table 2 Characteristics of the study population from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 after matching, n (%)

Characteristic	Overall (n = 576)	Non-PSD (n = 384)	PSD (n = 192)	P value
Age (years)	59.4 (14.7)	59.5 (15.7)	59.2 (12.6)	0.2
Sex				> 0.9
Female	350 (61)	234 (61)	116 (60)
Male	226 (39)	150 (39)	76 (40)
Race				0.8
Non-Hispanic White	299 (52)	202 (53)	97 (51)
Non-Hispanic Black	148 (26)	97 (25)	51 (27)
Mexican American	51 (8.9)	32 (8.3)	19 (9.9)
Other Hispanic	49 (8.5)	35 (9.1)	14 (7.3)
Other race	29 (5.0)	18 (4.7)	11 (5.7)
Poverty ratio				0.8
< 1.3	298 (52)	198 (52)	100 (52)
1.3-3.5	229 (40)	151 (39)	78 (41)
> 3.5	49 (8.5)	35 (9.1)	14 (7.3)
Education				> 0.9
Below high school	211 (37)	141 (37)	70 (36)
High school	159 (28)	106 (28)	53 (28)
Over high school	206 (36)	137 (36)	69 (36)
Marital status				> 0.9
Married/living with partner	263 (46)	173 (45)	90 (47)
Never married	85 (15)	58 (15)	27 (14)
Widowed/divorced/separated	228 (40)	153 (40)	75 (39)
Smoke				0.4
Former	154 (27)	97 (25)	57 (30)
Never	184 (32)	129 (34)	55 (29)
Now	238 (41)	158 (41)	80 (42)
Alcohol				0.9
Former	205 (36)	141 (37)	64 (33)
Heavy	90 (16)	58 (15)	32 (17)
Mild	160 (28)	107 (28)	53 (28)
Moderate	74 (13)	49 (13)	25 (13)
Never	47 (8.2)	29 (7.6)	18 (9.4)
BMI				0.13
Obese (30 or greater)	277 (48)	173 (45)	104 (54)
Overweight (25 to < 30)	177 (31)	127 (33)	50 (26)
Normal (18.5 to < 25)	113 (20)	79 (21)	34 (18)
Underweight (< 18.5)	9 (1.6)	5 (1.3)	4 (2.1)
DM				0.4
DM	220 (38)	140 (36.9)	80 (41.7)
Pre-diabetes	47 (8.2)	35 (9.1)	12 (6.3)
No	309 (54)	209 (54)	100 (52)
Hypertension				0.3
No	97 (17)	60 (16)	37 (19)
Yes	479 (83)	324 (84)	155 (81)
Hyperlipidemia				0.7
No	85 (15)	55 (14)	30 (16)
Yes	491 (85)	329 (86)	162 (84)
WWI	11.46 (0.78)	11.41 (0.79)	11.96 (0.76)	0.018a

^aP < 0.05.

PSD: Post-stroke depression; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; WWI: Weight-to-waist index.

Table 3 Multivariable logistics regression analysis of the association between weight-to-waist index and post-stroke depression

Model	Characteristic	Unmatching		Matching
		OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Model 1	WWI	2.21 (1.84-2.66)	< 0.0001	1.43 (1.09-1.88)	0.01
	WWI category
	Q1 (8.11-10.69)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Q2 (10.70-11.43)	2.29 (1.21-4.32)	0.01	1.58 (0.71-3.52)	0.26
	Q3 (11.44-15.70)	6.20 (3.69-10.43)	< 0.0001	2.25 (1.27-3.97)	0.01
Model 2	WWI	1.66 (1.31-2.12)	< 0.0001	1.59 (1.13-2.24)	0.01
	WWI category
	Q1 (8.11-10.69)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Q2 (10.70-11.43)	1.59 (0.78-3.24)	0.19	1.73 (0.75-4.03)	0.20
	Q3 (11.44-15.70)	3.09 (1.67-5.71)	< 0.001	2.83 (1.45-5.52)	0.003
Model 3	WWI	1.55 (1.05-2.29)	0.03	2.31 (1.36-3.94)	0.003
	WWI category
	Q1 (8.11-10.69)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Q2 (10.70-11.43)	2.07 (0.88-4.87)	0.09	4.53 (1.54-13.39)	0.01
	Q3 (11.44-15.70)	3.14 (1.19-8.26)	0.02	6.60 (2.08-20.88)	0.002

Model 1: No adjustments made for confounding factors. Model 2: Adjustments made for age, sex, race, poverty ratio, education, marital status, alcohol, and smoking. Model 3: Adjustments made for age, sex, race, poverty ratio, education, marital status, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, Healthy Eating Index 2015 score, and Metabolic Equivalent of Task units. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; WWI: Weight-to-waist index.