Multimodal abnormalities of brain structures in adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Sample size		Age, mean ± SD		Sex, M/F		MRI equipment & field strength	Processing software	Method	Differential brain region	Corrective methods	Quality
	Patient	HCs	Patient	HCs	Patient	HCs
Cullen et al[14], 2010	14	14	16.79 ± 1.29	16.81 ± 1.50	4/10	6/8	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0 T	FSL	DTI	10	NA	4/1/1
Liu et al[15], 2010	12	16	Approximately 30.38	Approximately 29.75	4/12	4/12	Siemens 1.5 T	SPM12	DTI	14	Puncor < 0.001	4/1/1
Henderson et al[16], 2013	17	16	6.80 ± 2.20	16.40 ± 1.40	9/8	6/10	Siemens Allegra 3.0 T	FSL	TBSS	4	Puncor < 0.001	4/1/1
Bessette et al[17], 2014	31	31	17.10 ± 1.88	17.00 ± 2.40	7/24	12/19	Siemens Allegra MRI 3.0 T	FSL	TBSS	56	TFCE P < 0.05	4/1/1
Jiang et al[18], 2015	35	34	29.54 ± 8.57	31.91 ± 8.80	17/18	17/17	GE Milwaukee WI 3.0 T	FSL	DTI	10	Puncor < 0.001	4/1/1
Xiao et al[19], 2015	22	22	20.14 ± 1.64	20.77 ± 1.41	12/10	12/10	Siemens Magnetom Symphon 1.5 T	FSL	TBSS	10	P < 0.01	4/1/1
Geng et al[20], 2016	26	31	15.60 ± 1.27	15.60 ± 1.38	7/19	14/17	GE Signa HDX 3.0 T	PANDA software	DTI	4	AlphaSim, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Tatham et al[21], 2016	55	18	36.40 ± 10.50	33.20 ± 10.20	NA	NA	GE Signa HDX 3.0 T	FSL	TBSS	3	FEW, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Chang et al[22], 2018	108	156	20.61 ± 4.91	22.25 ± 4.35	38/93	63/45	GE Signa HDX 3.0 T	SPM8	DTI/GMV	5 & 17	P < 0.01	4/1/1
Wu et al[23], 2018	23	17	19.44 ± 4.61	18.07 ± 3.85	NA	NA	GE Signa HDX 3.0 T	PANDA	DTI	6	P < 0.05	4/1/1
Wei et al[24], 2020	49	49	30.03 ± 0.91	31.12 ± 9.95	11/38	18/31	GE Signa HDX 3.0 T	SPM8	DTI	6	GRF, P < 0.001	4/1/1
Wang et al[25], 2020	18	18	15.77 ± 1.18	16.18 ± 0.95	10/8	10/8	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0 T	NIT	FOCA	3	FDR, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Lee et al[26], 2021	19	22	15.03 ± 1.45	15.96 ± 1.02	NA	NA	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0 T	FSL	TBSS	4	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Roelofs et al[27], 2022	22	21	15.93 ± 1.45	15.09 ± 1.80	2/20	4/17	Philips Achieva 3.0 T	FSL	TBSS	2	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Ding et al[28], 2010	18	18	15.78 ± 1.20	16.20 ± 0.90	10/8	10/8	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0 T	SPM5	GMV	11	P < 0.05	4/1/1
Shad et al[29], 2012	22	22	16.00 ± 2.10	15.00 ± 2.10	10/12	11/11	GE Milwaukee WI 1.5 T	SPM5	GMV	25	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Vulser et al[30], 2015	119	461	14.45 ± 0.36	14.40 ± 0.41	41/78	158/303	NA	SPM8	GMV	8	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Straub et al[31], 2019	60	43	17.30 ± 3.44	17.62 ± 3.85	12/48	5/38	Siemens Allegra 3.0 T	SPM 12	GMV	4	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Chen et al[32], 2023	95	78	18.14 ± 4.47	17.85 ± 4.30	95/0	38/40	GE 750 1.5 T	SPM12	GMV	6	GRF, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Vulser et al[33], 2023	265	128	14.41 ± 0.52	14.40 ± 0.43	NA	NA	Siemens Corp 3.0 T	SPM 12	GMV	4	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Deng et al[34], 2023	31	29	NA	NA	8/23	11/18	GE Brivo MR355 1.5 T	SPM8	GMV	4	FWE, P < 0.05	4/1/1
Kang et al[35], 2023	54	167	35.69 ± 13.47	35.82 ± 12.91	21/33	67/100	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0 T	SPM 12	GMV	18	Puncor < 0.001	4/1/1

DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; FOCA: Four-dimensional (spatiotemporal) consistency of local neural activities; GMV: Gray matter volume; HCs: Healthy controls; M/F: Male or female; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NA: Not available; TBSS: Tract-based spatial statistics.

Table 2 Decreased fractional anisotropy values in brain regions of adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder

Research methods	Anatomical label	Peak MNI coordinate			ALE value	Volume in mm3
		X	Y	Z
FA decrease	Right caudate head	24	28	-4	0.015717618	1096
	Right insula	32	26	-8	0.012060626	656
	Right lentiform nucleus putamen	24	24	-12	0.010999768	696

ALE: Activation likelihood estimation; FA: Fractional anisotropy; MDD: Major depressive disorder; MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute.

Table 3 Jackknife sensitivity analyses

Discarded article	Right caudate head	Right insula	Right lentiform nucleus putamen
Cullen et al[14], 2010	N	N	N
Liu et al[15], 2010	Y	Y	Y
Henderson et al[16], 2013	Y	Y	Y
Bessette et al[17], 2014	N	N	N
Jiang et al[18], 2015	Y	Y	Y
Xiao et al[19], 2015	Y	Y	Y
Geng et al[20], 2016	Y	N	Y
Tatham et al[21], 2016	Y	Y	Y
Chang et al[22], 2018	Y	Y	Y
Wu et al[23], 2018	N	N	N
Wei et al[24], 2020	Y	Y	Y
Wang et al[25], 2020	Y	Y	Y
Lee et al[26], 2021	Y	Y	Y
Roelofs et al[27], 2022	Y	Y	Y

N: No; Y: Yes.