Family functioning mediation in tic severity and quality of life for children with Tourette syndrome

doi:10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1641

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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World J Psychiatry. Nov 19, 2024; 14(11): 1641-1651
Published online Nov 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1641

Table 1 Demographic information of children with Tourette syndrome

Item	Total (n = 139)	Male (n = 113)	Female (n = 26)	With ADHD (n = 52)	Without ADHD (n = 87)
Sex
Male, n (%)	113 (81.30)	-	-	45 (86.50)	68 (78.20)
Female, n (%)	26 (18.70)	-	-	7 (13.50)	19 (21.80)
Age [M (P25, P75)]	10 (9, 12)	10 (9, 12)	10 (9, 11)	10 (9, 12)	10 (9, 12)
YGTSS Score [M (P25, P75)]
Total tic	23 (16, 30)	22 (16, 28)	27 (17, 31)	19 (12, 26)	24 (18, 32)
Motor tic	13 (10, 15)	13 (10, 15)	14 (10, 17)	12 (9, 15)	13 (11, 16)
Vocal tic	7 (0, 11)	7 (0, 11)	8 (0, 11)	6 (0, 9)	8 (0, 11)
GTS-QoL Score [M (P25, P75)]
Obsessive-compulsive	0.40 (0.00, 0.80)	0.40 (0.00, 0.70)	0.40 (0.20, 0.80)	0.20 (0.00, 0.60)	0.40 (0.00, 0.80)
Psychological	0.70 (0.30, 1.50)	0.60 (0.30, 1.30)	1.00 (0.60, 1.60)	0.70 (0.40, 1.20)	0.70 (0.20, 1.50)
Cognitive impact	0.80 (0.30, 1.50)	0.80 (0.30, 1.50)	0.90 (0.50, 1.60)	0.90 (0.80, 1.80)	0.80 (0.30, 1.50)
Physical and activities of daily living	0.40 (0.10, 0.90)	0.40 (0.10, 0.80)	0.50 (0.10, 1.00)	0.40 (0.10, 0.70)	0.40 (0.10, 1.00)
Visual analogue scale	80 (60, 100)	80 (60, 100)	80 (60, 80)	80 (60, 100)	80 (60, 100)
FAD Score [M (P25, P75)]
General functioning	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)	2.00 (1.80, 2.40)	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)	2.20 (1.90, 2.40)	2.00 (1.70, 2.30)
Problem-solving	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)	2.00 (1.80, 2.30)
Communication	2.30 (2.00, 2.60)	2.30 (2.00, 2.60)	2.30 (2.10, 2.70)	2.30 (1.90, 2.60)	2.30 (2.00, 2.60)
Roles	2.20 (2.00, 2.50)	2.20 (2.00, 2.50)	2.20 (1.90, 2.40)	2.20 (2.00, 2.50)	2.20 (1.90, 2.50)
Effective responsiveness	2.30 (2.00, 2.50)	2.30 (2.00, 2.50)	2.20 (1.80, 2.50)	2.30 (2.20, 2.70)	2.20 (1.80, 2.50)
Effective involvement	2.30 (2.10, 2.60)	2.30 (2.10, 2.60)	2.40 (2.00, 2.70)	2.40 (2.30, 2.70)	2.30 (2.00, 2.60)
Behavior control	2.30 (2.10, 2.60)	2.30 (2.10, 2.60)	2.30 (2.00, 2.40)	2.30 (2.10, 2.60)	2.30 (2.10, 2.40)

ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; YGTSS: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale; GTS-QoL: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-quality of Life Scale; FAD: Family Assessment Device.

Table 2 Correlations among tic severity, family functioning, and quality of life

r	YGTSS-total tic	YGTSS-motor tic	YGTSS-vocal tic	FAD-general functioning	FAD-problem-solving	FAD-communication	FAD-roles	FAD-effective responsiveness	FAD-effective involvement	FAD-behavior control	GTS-QoL-obsessive-compulsive	GTS-QoL-psychological	GTS-QoL-cognitive impact	GTS-QoL-physical and ADL	GTS-QoL-visual analogue scale
YGTSS-total tic	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
YGTSS-motor tic	0.58^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
YGTSS-vocal tic	0.70^b	0.25^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-general functioning	0.25^b	0.08	0.16	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-problem-solving	0.07	-0.02	0.15	0.50^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-communication	0.30^b	0.14	0.28^b	0.68^b	0.36^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-roles	0.16	0.00	0.08	0.70^b	0.29^b	0.61^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-effective responsiveness	0.27^b	0.12	0.18^a	0.72^b	0.38^b	0.70^b	0.64^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-effective involvement	0.05	0.01	-0.03	0.50^b	0.01	0.39^b	0.52^b	0.47^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAD-behavior control	0.14	0.05	0.06	0.38^b	0.14	0.26^b	0.36^b	0.42^b	0.32^b	1.00	-	-	-	-	-
GTS-QoL-obsessive-compulsive	0.27^b	0.12	0.13	0.18^a	0.16	0.24^b	0.08	0.14	-0.02	0.03	1.00	-	-	-	-
GTS-QoL-psychological	0.30^b	0.11	0.21^a	0.32^b	0.26^b	0.30^b	0.15	0.20^a	0.07	0.16	0.64^b	1.00	-	-	-
GTS-QoL-cognitive impact	0.15	0.16	0.06	0.20^a	0.10	0.20^a	0.13	0.16	0.13	0.12	0.54^b	0.66^b	1.00	-	-
GTS-QoL-physical and ADL	0.34^b	0.21^a	0.25^b	0.22^a	0.08	0.31^b	0.20^a	0.13	0.06	0.14	0.63^b	0.69^b	0.52^b	1.00	-
GTS-QoL-visual analogue scale	-0.15	-0.09	-0.07	-0.26^b	-0.14	-0.26^b	-0.18^a	-0.16	-0.09	-0.04	-0.35^b	-0.50^b	-0.36^b	-0.37^b	1.00

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

YGTSS: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale; FAD: Family Assessment Device; GTS-QoL: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-quality of life Scale; ADL: Activities of daily living.

Citation: Hu SJ, Li Y, Yang QH, Yang K, Jun JH, Cui YH, Lei TY. Family functioning mediation in tic severity and quality of life for children with Tourette syndrome. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14(11): 1641-1651
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v14/i11/1641.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1641