Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Psychiatry. Nov 19, 2024; 14(11): 1641-1651
Published online Nov 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1641
Table 1 Demographic information of children with Tourette syndrome
Item
Total (n = 139)
Male (n = 113)
Female (n = 26)
With ADHD (n = 52)
Without ADHD (n = 87)
Sex
    Male, n (%)113 (81.30)--45 (86.50)68 (78.20)
    Female, n (%)26 (18.70)--7 (13.50)19 (21.80)
Age [M (P25, P75)]10 (9, 12)10 (9, 12)10 (9, 11)10 (9, 12)10 (9, 12)
YGTSS Score [M (P25, P75)]
    Total tic23 (16, 30)22 (16, 28)27 (17, 31)19 (12, 26)24 (18, 32)
    Motor tic13 (10, 15)13 (10, 15)14 (10, 17)12 (9, 15)13 (11, 16)
    Vocal tic7 (0, 11)7 (0, 11)8 (0, 11)6 (0, 9)8 (0, 11)
GTS-QoL Score [M (P25, P75)]
    Obsessive-compulsive0.40 (0.00, 0.80)0.40 (0.00, 0.70)0.40 (0.20, 0.80)0.20 (0.00, 0.60)0.40 (0.00, 0.80)
    Psychological0.70 (0.30, 1.50)0.60 (0.30, 1.30)1.00 (0.60, 1.60)0.70 (0.40, 1.20)0.70 (0.20, 1.50)
    Cognitive impact0.80 (0.30, 1.50)0.80 (0.30, 1.50)0.90 (0.50, 1.60)0.90 (0.80, 1.80)0.80 (0.30, 1.50)
    Physical and activities of daily living0.40 (0.10, 0.90)0.40 (0.10, 0.80)0.50 (0.10, 1.00)0.40 (0.10, 0.70)0.40 (0.10, 1.00)
    Visual analogue scale80 (60, 100)80 (60, 100)80 (60, 80)80 (60, 100)80 (60, 100)
FAD Score [M (P25, P75)]
    General functioning2.00 (1.80, 2.30)2.00 (1.80, 2.40)2.00 (1.80, 2.30)2.20 (1.90, 2.40)2.00 (1.70, 2.30)
    Problem-solving2.00 (1.80, 2.30)2.00 (1.80, 2.30)2.00 (1.80, 2.30)2.00 (1.80, 2.30)2.00 (1.80, 2.30)
    Communication2.30 (2.00, 2.60)2.30 (2.00, 2.60)2.30 (2.10, 2.70)2.30 (1.90, 2.60)2.30 (2.00, 2.60)
    Roles2.20 (2.00, 2.50)2.20 (2.00, 2.50)2.20 (1.90, 2.40)2.20 (2.00, 2.50)2.20 (1.90, 2.50)
    Effective responsiveness2.30 (2.00, 2.50)2.30 (2.00, 2.50)2.20 (1.80, 2.50)2.30 (2.20, 2.70)2.20 (1.80, 2.50)
    Effective involvement2.30 (2.10, 2.60)2.30 (2.10, 2.60)2.40 (2.00, 2.70)2.40 (2.30, 2.70)2.30 (2.00, 2.60)
    Behavior control2.30 (2.10, 2.60)2.30 (2.10, 2.60)2.30 (2.00, 2.40)2.30 (2.10, 2.60)2.30 (2.10, 2.40)
Table 2 Correlations among tic severity, family functioning, and quality of life
r
YGTSS-total tic
YGTSS-motor tic
YGTSS-vocal tic
FAD-general functioning
FAD-problem-solving
FAD-communication
FAD-roles
FAD-effective responsiveness
FAD-effective involvement
FAD-behavior control
GTS-QoL-obsessive-compulsive
GTS-QoL-psychological
GTS-QoL-cognitive impact
GTS-QoL-physical and ADL
GTS-QoL-visual analogue scale
YGTSS-total tic1.00--------------
YGTSS-motor tic0.58b1.00-------------
YGTSS-vocal tic0.70b0.25b1.00------------
FAD-general functioning0.25b0.080.161.00-----------
FAD-problem-solving0.07-0.020.150.50b1.00----------
FAD-communication0.30b0.140.28b0.68b0.36b1.00---------
FAD-roles0.160.000.080.70b0.29b0.61b1.00--------
FAD-effective responsiveness0.27b0.120.18a0.72b0.38b0.70b0.64b1.00-------
FAD-effective involvement0.050.01-0.030.50b0.010.39b0.52b0.47b1.00------
FAD-behavior control0.140.050.060.38b0.140.26b0.36b0.42b0.32b1.00-----
GTS-QoL-obsessive-compulsive0.27b0.120.130.18a0.160.24b0.080.14-0.020.031.00----
GTS-QoL-psychological0.30b0.110.21a0.32b0.26b0.30b0.150.20a0.070.160.64b1.00---
GTS-QoL-cognitive impact0.150.160.060.20a0.100.20a0.130.160.130.120.54b0.66b1.00--
GTS-QoL-physical and ADL0.34b0.21a0.25b0.22a0.080.31b0.20a0.130.060.140.63b0.69b0.52b1.00-
GTS-QoL-visual analogue scale-0.15-0.09-0.07-0.26b-0.14-0.26b-0.18a-0.16-0.09-0.04-0.35b-0.50b-0.36b-0.37b1.00