Glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene polymorphisms are associated with respiratory symptoms in panic disorder

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics in patients with panic disorder and controls, n (%)

Variable	PD (n = 230)	Controls (n = 224)	t/χ2	P value
Sex
Male	92 (40.0)	100 (44.6)	1.002	0.317
Female	138 (60.0)	124 (55.4)
Age, yr	35.38 ± 9.55	36.57 ± 8.43	1.410	0.159
Educational level
< Junior high school	49 (21.3)	43 (19.2)
High school	95 (41.3)	92 (41.1)	0.412	0.814
College and above	86 (37.4)	89 (39.7)
Resident location
Urban	124 (53.9)	126 (56.3)
Rural	106 (46.1)	98 (43.7)	0.250	0.617
Total duration of PD, yr	2.80 ± 1.68
PDSS score	14.13 ± 3.74
HAMA score	22.07 ± 6.86

PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; PD: Panic disorder.

Table 2 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene polymorphisms of patients with panic disorder vs controls in the Chinese population, n (%)

SNP	Alleles and genotypes	PD (n = 230)	Controls (n = 224)	Model	OR (95%CI)	P value
rs1978340	A	122 (26.5)	116 (25.9)	Allelea	1.003 (0.769-1.389)	0.829
	G	338 (73.5)	332 (74.1)
	A/A	17 (7.4)	20 (8.9)	Additiveb	1.031 (0.774-1.373)	0.835
	A/G	88 (38.3)	76 (34.8)	Dominantb	1.120 (0.773-1.622)	0.549
	G/G	125 (54.3)	128 (57.1)	Recessiveb	0.814 (0.415-1.598)	0.550
rs3749034	A	131 (28.5)	129 (28.8)	Allele	0.985 (0.738-1.313)	0.916
	G	329 (71.5)	319 (71.2)
	A/A	17 (7.4)	15 (6.7)	Additive	0.984 (0.732-1.323)	0.914
	A/G	97 (42.2)	99 (44.2)	Dominant	0.948 (0.656-1.370)	0.777
	G/G	116 (50.4)	110 (49.1)	Recessive	1.112 (0.541-2.286)	0.773

^aChi-square test.

^bLogistic regression analyses.

OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence interval; SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, “A” represent wild type and “a” represent mutant type: allele, a vs A; additive, aa vs Aa vs AA; dominant, aa + Aa vs AA, recessive, aa vs Aa +AA; PD: Panic disorder.

Table 3 Panic disorder severity scale subdimension scores of panic disorder with different glutamate decarboxylase 1 rs1978340 and rs3749034 polymorphisms

Variable	rs1978340			F	P value	rs3749034			F	P value
	A/A (n = 17)	A/G (n = 88)	G/G (n = 125)			A/A (n = 17)	A/G (n = 97)	G/G (n = 116)
PDSS1	2.12 ± 0.93	2.11 ± 1.09	2.14 ± 1.08	0.022	0.978	1.94 ± 0.97	2.06 ± 1.04	2.22 ± 1.10	0.837	0.434
PDSS2	2.41 ± 1.00	2.32 ± 1.00	2.44 ± 1.10	0.349	0.706	2.35 ± 1.41	2.28 ± 1.07	2.49 ± 0.97	1.099	0.335
PDSS3	2.41 ± 1.18	2.08 ± 0.89	2.14 ± 1.05	0.786	0.457	2.18 ± 1.13	1.99 ± 1.00	2.26 ± 0.98	1.934	0.147
PDSS4	1.59 ± 1.28	1.57 ± 1.04	1.66 ± 1.06	0.218	0.804	1.41 ± 1.12	1.76 ± 1.12	1.53 ± 1.00	1.590	0.206
PDSS5	1.71 ± 1.26	1.91 ± 1.01	1.76 ± 1.10	0.581	0.560	2.12 ± 1.22	1.67 ± 0.93	1.89 ± 1.63	1.818	0.165
PDSS6	2.33 ± 1.22	2.15 ± 0.97	2.11 ± 1.03	0.417	0.660	2.18 ± 1.33	2.09 ± 1.03	2.18 ± 0.97	0.206	0.814
PDSS7	1.59 ± 0.94	1.83 ± 1.01	1.97 ± 1.18	1.087	0.339	2.00 ± 1.06	1.85 ± 1.05	1.91 ± 1.15	0.174	0.841
PDSS total	14.18 ± 4.68	13.97 ± 3.39	14.23 ± 3.86	0.132	0.877	14.18 ± 4.99	13.70 ± 3.54	14.47 ± 3.69	1.134	0.323

PDSS1: Panic attack frequency, PDSS2: Panic distress, PDSS3: Severity of anticipatory anxiety, PDSS4: Agoraphobic fear/avoidance, PDSS5: Fear/avoidance of panic-related sensations, PDSS6: Work impairment, PDSS7: Social impairment, PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale.

Table 4 Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale subdimension scores of panic disorder with different glutamate decarboxylase 1 rs1978340 and rs3749034 polymorphisms

Variable	rs1978340			F	P value	rs3749034			F	P value
	A/A (n = 17)	A/G (n = 88)	G/G (n = 125)			A/A (n = 17)	A/G (n = 97)	G/G (n = 116)
HAMA1	1.59 ± 1.06	1.88 ± 1.16	1.81 ± 1.18	0.439	0.645	1.82 ± 1.33	1.81 ± 1.14	1.82 ± 1.17	0.001	0.999
HAMA2	2.00 ± 1.00	2.06 ± 0.94	2.17 ± 1.11	0.402	0.669	2.24 ± 1.30	2.07 ± 1.01	2.13 ± 1.03	0.206	0.814
HAMA3	1.94 ± 1.09	1.66 ± 1.07	1.98 ± 1.08	2.295	0.103	2.24 ± 1.25	1.78 ± 1.01	1.85 ± 1.11	1.260	0.286
HAMA4	1.71 ± 1.11	1.43 ± 1.11	1.58 ± 1.02	0.728	0.484	1.47 ± 0.87	1.48 ± 1.02	1.58 ± 1.12	0.231	0.794
HAMA5	1.59 ± 1.06	1.58 ± 1.04	1.65 ± 1.03	0.121	0.886	1.65 ± 1.17	1.55 ± 1.06	1.67 ± 0.99	0.402	0.670
HAMA6	1.53 ± 1.01	1.25 ± 1.05	1.54 ± 0.99	2.255	0.107	1.65 ± 1.32	1.38 ± 1.07	1.44 ± 0.94	0.498	0.747
HAMA7	1.76 ± 1.03	1.34 ± 0.99	1.62 ± 1.01	2.459	0.088	1.59 ± 1.06	1.46 ± 1.01	1.56 ± 1.02	0.277	0.759
HAMA8	1.06 ± 0.83	1.38 ± 1.10	1.37 ± 1.12	0.644	0.526	1.41 ± 0.94	1.34 ± 1.10	1.34 ± 1.11	0.032	0.969
HAMA9	2.06 ± 1.20	1.91 ± 0.99	1.94 ± 1.03	0.154	0.858	1.82 ± 1.13	2.08 ± 1.07	1.84 ± 0.97	1.647	0.195
HAMA10	2.88 ± 0.93	1.94 ± 0.98	1.90 ± 1.02	7.445	0.001	2.41 ± 1.00	1.94 ± 0.96	1.97 ± 1.08	1.601	0.204
HAMA11	0.76 ± 0.66	0.86 ± 0.79	0.97 ± 0.91	0.672	0.512	1.00 ± 0.94	0.89 ± 0.87	0.92 ± 0.82	0.143	0.867
HAMA12	1.00 ± 1.00	1.20 ± 0.96	1.34 ± 0.92	1.214	0.299	1.41 ± 1.00	1.22 ± 0.93	1.28 ± 0.95	0.340	0.712
HAMA13	1.12 ± 0.93	1.35 ± 0.87	1.30 ± 1.03	0.427	0.653	1.29 ± 1.11	1.25 ± 0.99	1.36 ± 0.92	0.377	0.687
HAMA14	1.59 ± 1.06	1.48 ± 0.98	1.35 ± 0.98	0.693	0.501	1.53 ± 1.28	1.44 ± 0.99	1.38 ± 0.94	0.229	0.796
HAMA total	22.59 ± 5.22	21.34 ± 6.94	22.50 ± 6.97	0.799	0.451	23.53 ± 7.13	21.70 ± 6.93	22.16 ± 6.75	0.535	0.587

HAMA1: Anxious mood; HAMA2: Tension; HAMA3: Fears; HAMA4: Insomnia; HAMA5: Intellectual; HAMA6: Depressed mood; HAMA7: Somatic complaints muscular; HAMA8: Somatic complaints sensory; HAMA9: Cardiovascular symptoms; HAMA10: Respiratory symptoms; HAMA11: Gastrointestinal symptoms; HAMA12: Genitourinary symptoms; HAMA13: Autonomic symptoms; HAMA14: Behavior at interview; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.