Abnormal volumetric brain morphometry and cerebral blood flow in adolescents with depression

Table 1 Participant demographic and clinical characteristics

Item	depressed adolescents (n = 34)	healthy controls (n = 34)	t/χ2	P value
Gender (F/M)	23/11	23/11	0a	1.00
Age (yr)	15.26 ± 0.99	15.68 ± 1.77	- 1.18b	0.24
Education (yr)	10.06 ± 1.98	10.44 ± 1.97	- 0.80b	0.43
HAMD-17	26.12 ± 4.43	1.03 ± 1.70	30.84b	< 0.001

^aχ² test.

^bTwo sample t-test.

The values are illustrated as mean ± SD. F: Female; M: Male; HAMD-17: 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Table 2 Whole-brain group statistics for healthy controls and adolescents with depression

Brain sub-region	Peak (MNI)			Number of voxels	P value (FWE corrected)
	X	Y	Z
HCs > depressed adolescents
Cerebellum_6_L	73	64	56	973	0
Frontal_sup_medial_L	81	16292	101106	925	0.01
Cingulum_mid_R	103	120	67	221	0.02
Pallidum_R	113	-6	49	211	0.02
Cingulum_mid_L	-4	168	92	146	0.04
Frontal_mid_L	67	70	118	113	0.03
Angular_R	119	116	92	88	0.03
Thalamus_L	85	136	102	74	0.03
Precentral_R	151	134	27	57	0.04
Temporal_inf_R	127	142	46	55	0.04
Temporal_Pole_Sup_L	61	130	98	42	0.04
Frontal- Inf_Oper_L	51	66	105	25	0.04
Occipital_Mid_L	63	126	148	24	0.04
Supp_Motor_Area_L	79	88	52	14	0.04
Cerebellum_3_R	101			13	0.04

HCs: Healthy controls; MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; FWE: Family wise error.