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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Psychiatry. Nov 19, 2023; 13(11): 872-883
Published online Nov 19, 2023. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i11.872
Published online Nov 19, 2023. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i11.872
Table 1 General characteristics of participants
NC (n = 237) | SCD (n = 182) | P value | |
Age, yr | 70.35 ± 9.57 | 72.19 ± 10.31 | 0.002 |
Sex (male, %) | 169 (71.31%) | 127 (69.78%) | 0.219 |
Education, yr | 11.49 ± 4.12 | 10.05 ± 3.79 | 0.037 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.47 ± 4.91 | 23.16 ± 5.03 | 0.291 |
Smoking, n (%) | 51 (21.52) | 39 (21.43) | 0.479 |
Drinking, n (%) | 72 (30.38) | 57 (31.32) | 0.517 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 104 (43.88) | 83 (45.60) | 0.153 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 35 (14.77) | 31 (17.03) | 0.021 |
CAD, n (%) | 29 (12.24) | 27 (14.84) | 0.149 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.41 ± 1.17 | 5.93 ± 1.61 | 0.037 |
PBG (mmol/L) | 8.75 ± 2.81 | 8.59 ± 2.63 | 0.275 |
Scr (µmol/L) | 82.45 ± 29.51 | 79.43 ± 28.72 | 0.117 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.53 ± 1.37 | 4.19 ± 0.95 | 0.093 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.75 | 1.42 ± 0.81 | 0.055 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.51 | 1.17 ± 0.49 | 0.213 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.39 ± 0.83 | 2.21 ± 0.79 | 0.314 |
SBP SD | 10.52 ± 2.94 | 14.15 ± 4.37 | 0.000 |
DBP SD | 7.32 ± 2.74 | 9.45 ± 3.07 | 0.040 |
SBP CV | 12.35 ± 3.74 | 16.97 ± 4.91 | 0.000 |
DBP CV | 9.85 ± 2.73 | 12.63 ± 3.81 | 0.006 |
Table 2 Scores of personnel cognition scale in two groups
Index | NC (n = 207) | SCD (n = 175) | F (P value) |
MMSE | 28.97 ± 2.13 | 26.15 ± 1.62 | 49.327 (< 0.001) |
MoCA | 25.74 ± 2.96 | 22.93 ± 3.27 | 57.319 (< 0.001) |
AVLT recognition | 21.39 ± 5.27 | 19.31 ± 3.77 | 3.572 (0.041) |
AVLT delayed recall | 6.32 ± 2.29 | 4.17 ± 1.59 | 8.351 (0.011) |
BNT | 24.15 ± 3.14 | 22.59 ± 3.57 | 0.275 (0.179) |
SDMT | 39.29 ± 12.57 | 34.26 ± 11.09 | 4.529 (0.032) |
TMT-A | 53.14 ± 23.95 | 57. 83 ± 26.71 | 0.127 (0.359) |
TMT-B | 133.49 ± 39.72 | 154.97 ± 45.21 | 5.273 (0.019) |
Rey CFT copy | 34.59 ± 3.71 | 31.49 ± 4.25 | 8.319 (0.014) |
Rey CFT recall | 16.72 ± 5.93 | 13.27 ± 6.41 | 9.592 (< 0.001) |
AFT | 16.79 ± 4.52 | 16.32 ± 4.17 | 0.035 (2.531) |
PrM | 14.31 ± 4.15 | 12.29 ± 4.52 | 3.572 (0.031) |
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis influencing factors of cognitive impairment
Index | β | SE | Wald | P value | OR | 95%CI |
Age | 0.37 | 0.09 | 17.59 | 0.000 | 1.63 | 1.45-1.81 |
Education | 0.75 | 0.13 | 20.31 | 0.000 | 1.92 | 1.75-2.31 |
Diabetes | 0.11 | 0.03 | 13.27 | 0.000 | 1.21 | 1.09-1.37 |
SBP SD | 1.31 | 0.24 | 26.15 | 0.000 | 3.95 | 2.57-4.72 |
SBP CV | 0.95 | 0.21 | 30.63 | 0.000 | 3.71 | 2.69-4.63 |
DBP SD | 2.47 | 0.61 | 8.59 | 0.023 | 9.72 | 3.51-18.95 |
DBP CV | 0.85 | 0.19 | 27.33 | 0.002 | 3.01 | 2.65-3.91 |
Table 4 Correlation between blood pressure variability and cognitive function by multivariate linear regression analysis
Outcome | Unadjusted model | P value | Adjusted model 1 | P value | Adjusted model 2 | P value | |
β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | |||||
Memory | SBP SD | -0.82 (-1.17 to -0.49) | < 0.001 | -0.57 (-0.91 to -0.22) | < 0.001 | -0.51 (-0.89 to -0.21) | < 0.001 |
SBP CV | -0.79 (-1.15 to -0.42) | < 0.001 | -0.61 (-0.93 to -0.32) | < 0.001 | -0.59 (-0.91 to -0.25) | < 0.001 | |
DPB SD | -0.31 (-0.56 to -0.07) | < 0.05 | -0.29 (-0.51 to -0.08) | 0.029 | -0.27 (-0.49 to -0.07) | 0.035 | |
DPB CV | -0.27 (-0.55 to 0.01) | 0.037 | -0.26 (-0.47 to -0.08) | 0.041 | -0.23 (-0.41 to -0.03) | 0.049 | |
Language | SBP SD | 0.04 (-0.02 to 0.09) | 0.155 | 0.03 (-0.01 to 0.07) | 0.165 | 0.03 (-0.02 to 0.09) | 0.172 |
SBP CV | 0.04 (-0.01 to 0.11) | 0.153 | 0.03 (-0.01 to 0.09) | 0.167 | 0.03 (-0.02 to -0.10) | 0.157 | |
DPB SD | 0.11 (-0.01 to 0.23) | 0.241 | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.19) | 0.305 | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.18) | 0.291 | |
DPB CV | 0.08 (-0.02 to 0.17) | 0.195 | 0.07 (-0.01 to 0.15) | 0.236 | 0.07 (-0.02 to 0.16) | 0.229 | |
Attention | SBP SD | -0.76 (-1.07 to -0.39) | < 0.001 | -0.67 (-1.03 to -0.21) | < 0.001 | -0.70 (-1.01 to -0.39) | < 0.001 |
SBP CV | -0.69 (-0.95 to -0.27) | < 0.001 | -0.61 (-0.93 to -0.25) | < 0.001 | -0.59 (-0.87 to -0.31) | < 0.001 | |
DPB SD | -0.17 (-0.35 to 0.02) | 0.09 | -0.11 (-0.32 to 0.01) | 0.13 | -0.12 (-0.31 to 0.02) | 0.13 | |
DPB CV | -0.15 (-0.29 to -0.01) | 0.08 | -0.09 (-0.03 to 0.02) | 0.15 | -0.08 (-0.02 to 0.03) | 0.17 | |
Visuospatial ability | SBP SD | -0.27 (-0.39 to -0.14) | < 0.01 | -0.21 (-0.35 to -0.10) | < 0.01 | -0.20 (-0.33 to 0.06) | < 0.01 |
SBP CV | -0.31 (-0.42 to -0.21) | < 0.01 | -0.27 (-0.39 to -0.14) | < 0.01 | -0.22 (-0.40 to -0.05) | < 0.01 | |
DPB SD | -0.11 (-0.25 to -0.03) | 0.147 | -0.07 (-0.02 to 0.03) | 0.163 | -0.06 (-0.02 to 0.01) | 0.179 | |
DPB CV | -0.15 (-0.29 to 0.01) | 0.133 | -0.08 (-0.19 to 0.02) | 0.182 | -0.08 (-0.18 to 0.03) | 0.195 | |
Executive function | SBP SD | 0.16 (0.05 to 0.28) | 0.217 | 0.12 (-0.02 to 0.23) | 0.327 | 0.11 (-0.01 to 0.27) | 0.401 |
SBP CV | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.26) | 0.195 | 0.11 (-0.01 to 0.21) | 0.313 | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.0.21) | 0.374 | |
DPB SD | 0.23 (0.09 to 0.39) | 0.291 | 0.19 (0.03 to 0.34) | 0.307 | 0.17 (0.02 to 0.33) | 0.351 | |
DPB CV | 0.19 (0.03 to 0.37) | 0.277 | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.27) | 0.295 | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.29) | 0.283 | |
Social cognition | SBP SD | -0.06 (-0.10 to 0.02) | 0.571 | -0.04 (-0.12 to 0.07) | 0.653 | -0.03 (-0.11 to 0.06) | 0.692 |
SBP CV | -0.05 (-0.09 to 0.04) | 0.612 | -0.02 (-0.13 to 0.11) | 0.713 | 0.01 (-0.14 to 0.13) | 0.865 | |
DPB SD | 0.17 (0.08 to 0.27) | 0.187 | 0.14 (-0.03 to 0.31) | 0.295 | 0.13 (-0.02 to 0.29) | 0.312 | |
DPB CV | 0.16 (0.04 to 0.29) | 0.203 | 0.13 (-0.01 to 0.30) | 0.323 | 0.12 (-0.02 to 0.27) | 0.371 |
- Citation: Guo HF, Wu Y, Li J, Pan FF. Analysis of the relationship between blood pressure variability and subtle cognitive decline in older adults. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13(11): 872-883
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v13/i11/872.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i11.872