Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome: An evidence-based survey in a Chinese population

Table 1 Basic clinical characteristics of patients with treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome and non-treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome patients

Related variable	TRTS (n = 64)	Non-TRTS (n = 62)	t/χ2	P value
Sex (male percentage)	48 (75.0%)	44 (71.0%)	0.26	0.61
Age	9.64 ± 3.01	8.82 ± 2.63	1.63	0.11
Onset age	5.12 ± 2.81	7.29 ± 3.67	-3.73c	< 0.001
Duration of illness	4.39 ± 2.17	3.27 ± 2.93	2.43a	0.02
Caused by psychosocial factors	34 (53.1%)	16 (25.8%)	9.82c	< 0.001
Caused by physiological factors	32 (50.0%)	24 (38.7%)	1.63	0.20
Coprolalia	30 (46.9%)	10 (16.1%)	13.74c	< 0.001
Function impairment	46 (71.9%)	28 (45.2%)	9.27c	< 0.001
Family of TS history	16 (25%)	6 (9.7%)	5.13a	0.02
YGTSS total	66.35 ± 4.61	39.58 ± 3.97	34.88c	< 0.001
YGTSS severity total	40.41 ± 3.51	21.32 ± 2.78	33.77c	< 0.001
Impairment	25.94 ± 3.89	18.26 ± 2.21	13.57c	< 0.001
PUTS	26.23 ± 3.28	18.33 ± 2.76	14.61c	< 0.001
IQ	92.42 ± 7.63	101.05 ± 10.03	5.45c	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

TRTS: Treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome; YGTSS: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale; PUTS: Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale; IQ: Intelligence quotient.

Table 2 Behavioral and emotional characteristics of treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome and non-treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome in the boys group

Subscales of CBCL	TRTS (n = 48)	Non-TRTS (n = 44)	t	P value
Schizoid	3.75 ± 0.67	3.51 ± 0.84	1.52	0.13
Depressed	6.17 ±1.24	5.81 ± 0.93	1.56	0.12
Uncommunicative	3.52 ± 0.89	2.81 ± 0.73	4.75c	< 0.001
Obsessive-compulsive	7.69 ± 0.74	6.97 ±1.25	3.40c	0.001
Somatic complaints	3.24 ± 0.68	3.44 ± 0.71	-1.38	0.17
Social-withdrawal	3.78 ± 0.91	2.96 ± 0.54	5.20c	< 0.001
Hyperactive	6.59 ± 0.87	5.64 ± 1.13	4.54c	< 0.001
Aggressive	14.87 ± 2.01	13.55 ± 1.94	3.20b	0.002
Delinquent	3.49 ± 0.66	2.81 ± 1.02	3.83c	< 0.001
Total Score	50.72 ± 6.19	43.13 ± 7.16	5.45c	< 0.001

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; TRTS: Treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome.

Table 3 Behavioral and emotional characteristics of treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome and non-treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome in the girls group

Subscale of CBCL	TRTS (n = 16)	Non-TRTS (n = 18)	t	P value
Depressed	8.75 ± 1.67	7.65 ± 1.84	1.82	0.08
Social-withdrawal	6.23 ± 1.17	5.24 ± 1.22	2.41a	0.02
Somatic complaints	3.22 ± 1.03	3.05 ± 0.93	0.51	0.62
Schizoid-obsessive	2.19 ± 0.44	2.07 ± 0.35	0.89	0.38
Hyperactive	6.29 ± 1.27	5.94 ± 1.13	0.85	0.40
Sex problem	0.59 ± 0.17	0.56 ± 0.21	0.45	0.65
Delinquent	2.79 ± 0.66	2.61 ± 0.72	0.76	0.46
Aggressive	8.17 ± 1.25	7.55 ± 1.04	1.58	0.12
Cruel	2.13 ± 0.67	2.07 ± 0.47	0.31	0.76
Total Score	41.06 ± 5.17	36.80 ± 4.65	2.53a	0.02

^aP < 0.05.

CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; TRTS: Treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome.