Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Psychiatry. Jul 19, 2024; 14(7): 999-1008
Published online Jul 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i7.999
Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with habit reversal training on anxiety disorders in children with Tourette’s syndrome
Yan-Zhen Wang, Xi Zhang, Xin-Min Han
Yan-Zhen Wang, Xi Zhang, Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
Yan-Zhen Wang, Xin-Min Han, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
Author contributions: Wang YZ and Han XM designed the experiment and conducted clinical data collection; Zhang X and Han XM performed postoperative follow-up and recorded data; Wang YZ and Han XM conducted a number of collation and statistical analysis; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.
Informed consent statement: The ethics committee obtained informed consent form.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the Authors have no conflict of interest related to the manuscript.
Data sharing statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement—checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement—checklist of items.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Xin-Min Han, MD, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. hxm1inj@163.com
Received: April 10, 2024
Revised: May 14, 2024
Accepted: June 19, 2024
Published online: July 19, 2024
Processing time: 92 Days and 18.8 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and habit reversal training (HRT) have shown application potential in addressing tic symptoms and comorbid psychiatric conditions. Despite their theoretical potential, empirical evidence on their combined efficacy remains limited.

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy of CBT combined with HRT on anxiety disorders in children with Tourette’s syndrome (TS).

METHODS

Clinical data of children with TS admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were collected, and the patients were grouped into the conventional therapy (control) group and the CBT combined with HRT group. Baseline characteristics, anxiety scores, tic severity scores, treatment adherence, and parental satisfaction were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 136 patients, including 65 patients in the control group and 71 patients in the CBT combined with HRT group, were included. The CBT combined with HRT group showed remarkable improvements compared with the control group. Post-intervention assessment revealed a decrease in anxiety scores from 63.52 ± 1.81 to 40.53 ± 1.64 (t = 2.022, P = 0.045), and the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale total score decreased from 22.14 ± 5.67 to 16.28 ± 4.91 (t = 2.288, P = 0.024). Treatment adherence was significantly higher in the CBT combined with HRT group (85.47 ± 7.62%) compared with the control group (82.32 ± 6.54%; t = 2.596, P = 0.010). Parental satisfaction scores were also higher in the CBT combined with HRT group (8.69 ± 1.77) compared with the control group (7.87 ± 1.92; t = 2.592, P = 0.011).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that CBT combined with HRT significantly reduces anxiety symptoms and tic severity in children with TS, with higher treatment adherence and parental satisfaction. These findings support the potential application of this comprehensive therapeutic approach for TS treatment.

Keywords: Tourette's syndrome; Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Habit reversal training; Efficacy evaluation; Anxiety disorders

Core Tip: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the levator ani muscle hiatus (LH) area and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in parturients with gestational diabetes mellitus using perineal ultrasound. Conclusion: Three-dimensional perineal ultrasonography evaluation of the LH size and shape changes can effectively diagnose POP.