Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2024; 14(2): 255-265
Published online Feb 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i2.255
Analysis of risk factors leading to anxiety and depression in patients with prostate cancer after castration and the construction of a risk prediction model
Rui-Xiao Li, Xue-Lian Li, Guo-Jun Wu, Yong-Hua Lei, Xiao-Shun Li, Bo Li, Jian-Xin Ni
Rui-Xiao Li, Guo-Jun Wu, Yong-Hua Lei, Xiao-Shun Li, Bo Li, Jian-Xin Ni, Urology Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an 710199, Shaanxi Province, China
Xue-Lian Li, Department of Surgery, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710199, Shaanxi Province, China
Co-first authors: Rui-Xiao Li and Xue-Lian Li.
Author contributions: Li RX and Li XL contributed equally to this work and are co-first authors; Li RX, Li XL and Ni JX designed the research and wrote the first manuscript; Li RX, Li XL, Wu GJ, Lei YH and Ni JX contributed to conceiving the research and analyzing data; Li RX, Li XL, Li XS, Li B and Ni JX conducted the analysis and provided guidance for the research; all authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Xi'an People's Hospital (Approval No. KJLL-Z-K-2023055).
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest.
Data sharing statement: All data and materials are available from the corresponding author.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Jian-Xin Ni, MM, Doctor, Urology Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Intersection of Hangtian East Road and Hangtuo Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an 710199, Shaanxi Province, China. nijianxin@tom.com
Received: November 3, 2023
Peer-review started: November 3, 2023
First decision: November 16, 2023
Revised: November 29, 2023
Accepted: January 16, 2024
Article in press: January 16, 2024
Published online: February 19, 2024
Processing time: 95 Days and 2.6 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Cancer patients often suffer from severe stress reactions psychologically, such as anxiety and depression. Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the common cancer types, with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages that cannot be treated by radical surgery and which are accompanied by complications such as bodily pain and bone metastasis. Therefore, attention should be given to the mental health status of PC patients as well as physical adverse events in the course of clinical treatment.

AIM

To analyze the risk factors leading to anxiety and depression in PC patients after castration and build a risk prediction model.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 120 PC cases treated in Xi'an People's Hospital between January 2019 and January 2022. The patient cohort was divided into a training group (n = 84) and a validation group (n = 36) at a ratio of 7:3. The patients’ anxiety symptoms and depression levels were assessed 2 wk after surgery with the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), respectively. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting negative mood, and a risk prediction model was constructed.

RESULTS

In the training group, 35 patients and 37 patients had an SAS score and an SDS score greater than or equal to 50, respectively. Based on the scores, we further subclassified patients into two groups: a bad mood group (n = 35) and an emotional stability group (n = 49). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that marital status, castration scheme, and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score were independent risk factors affecting a patient's bad mood (P < 0.05). In the training and validation groups, patients with adverse emotions exhibited significantly higher risk scores than emotionally stable patients (P < 0.0001). The area under the curve (AUC) of the risk prediction model for predicting bad mood in the training group was 0.743, the specificity was 70.96%, and the sensitivity was 66.03%, while in the validation group, the AUC, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.755, 66.67%, and 76.19%, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a χ2 of 4.2856, a P value of 0.830, and a C-index of 0.773 (0.692-0.854). The calibration curve revealed that the predicted curve was basically consistent with the actual curve, and the calibration curve showed that the prediction model had good discrimination and accuracy. Decision curve analysis showed that the model had a high net profit.

CONCLUSION

In PC patients, marital status, castration scheme, and postoperative pain (VAS) score are important factors affecting postoperative anxiety and depression. The logistic regression model can be used to successfully predict the risk of adverse psychological emotions.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, Castration, Anxiety and depression, Risk factors, Risk prediction model

Core Tip: Postoperative anxiety and depression are common and serious psychological problems in patients with prostate cancer, and marital status, castration scheme, and postoperative pain score have been identified as important factors leading to these psychological problems. Establishing a predictive model based on logistic regression can facilitate effective evaluation of patients’ psychological risk and provide guidance for individualized intervention measures. By paying attention to patients' mental health, health care professionals can improve the quality of life and prognosis of patients. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and continue to explore other possible influencing factors, with the objective of developing more precise intervention strategies and support measures to meet the mental health needs of prostate cancer patients.