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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Serum levels of chemokines in adolescents with major depression treated with fluoxetine
Francisco Rafael de la Peña, Carlos Cruz-Fuentes, Lino Palacios, Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez, Emilio Medina-Rivero, Maria Dolores Ponce-Regalado, Samantha Alvarez-Herrera, Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez, Enrique Becerril-Villanueva, José Luis Maldonado-García, María C Jiménez-Martínez, Lenin Pavón
Francisco Rafael de la Peña, Lino Palacios, Adolescent Clinic, Clinical Services, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
Carlos Cruz-Fuentes, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic 63000, Mexico
Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic 63000, Nayarit, Mexico
Emilio Medina-Rivero, Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
Maria Dolores Ponce-Regalado, Departamento de Ciencias de Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara Av Rafael Casillas Aceves No.1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, 47610, Mexico
Samantha Alvarez-Herrera, Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez, Enrique Becerril-Villanueva, José Luis Maldonado-García, Lenin Pavón, Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
María C Jiménez-Martínez, Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
María C Jiménez-Martínez, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
Author contributions: de la Peña FR, Cruz-Fuentes C, and Pavón L designed the study and wrote the protocol; de la Peña FR, Palacios L, Ponce-Regalado MD, Maldonado-García JL, Jiménez-Martínez MC, and Pavón L supervised the patients’ recruitment; Girón-Pérez MI, Medina-Rivero E, Ponce-Regalado MD, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, and Becerril-Villanueva E collected the biological samples and conducted the experimental determinations; Pavón L supervised the development of all experiments; Palacios L, Girón-Pérez MI, Medina-Rivero E, Ponce-Regalado MD, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Maldonado-García JL, Jiménez-Martínez MC, and Pavón L analyzed the results; All authors approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Secretaria de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, No. 0048/2014
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz” (México).
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors report no conflicts of interest in relation to the topic of this study.
Data sharing statement: Data of the studies are not publicly available but might be shared upon request from the corresponding author.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Lenin Pavón, PhD, Professor, Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
lkuriaki@imp.edu.mx
Received: February 29, 2020
Peer-review started: February 29, 2020
First decision: April 29, 2020
Revised: May 31, 2020
Accepted: June 27, 2020
Article in press: June 27, 2020
Published online: August 19, 2020
Processing time: 166 Days and 0.1 Hours
BACKGROUND
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global health issue that affects 350 million people of all ages. Although between 2% and 5.6% of affected individuals are adolescents, research on young patients is limited. The inflammatory response contributes to the onset of depression, and in adult MDD patients, symptom severity has been linked to chemokine levels.
AIM
To determine the differences in circulatory levels of chemokines in healthy volunteers (HVs) and adolescents with MDD, and assess the changes induced by fluoxetine consume.
METHODS
The 22 adolescents with MDD were monitored during the first 8 wk of clinical follow-up and clinical psychiatric evaluation was done using the Hamilton depresión rating scale (HDRS). The serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, interleukin (IL)-8, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, and eotaxin were measured in patients and HVs.
RESULTS
In all cases, significant differences were detected in circulating chemokine levels between patients before treatment and HVs (P < 0.0001). All chemokines decreased at 4 wk, but only MCP-1 and IL-8 significantly differed (P < 0.05) between 0 wk and 4 wk. In the patients, all chemokines rose to their initial concentrations by 8 wk vs 0 wk, but only IP-10 did so significantly (P < 0.05). All patients experienced a significant decrease in HDRS scores at 4 wk (P < 0.0001) and 8 wk (P < 0.0001) compared with 0 wk.
CONCLUSION
Despite the consumption of fluoxetine, patients had significantly higher chemokine levels, even after considering the improvement in HDRS score. The high levels of eotaxin, IP-10, and IL-8 partially explain certain aspects that are affected in MDD such as cognition, memory, and learning.
Core tip: Major depressive disorder affects 350 million persons, of whom approximately 6% are adolescents. This study determined the differences in circulatory levels of chemokines including eotaxin, interleukin-8, induced protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β in healthy volunteers and adolescents with major depression. In addition, the changes induced by antidepressants consumed during 8 wk of clinical follow-up were assessed, which is the minimum time to observe the therapeutic efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine in adolescents. Our results showed significant elevation in serum chemokine levels in adolescents with major depression despite treatment with fluoxetine, and an improvement in scores on the Hamilton depresión rating scale.
