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Dyer WJ, Coyne SM, Gale M, Sheppard JA. Who's most at risk? A person-centered approach to understanding the long-term relationship between early social media use and later depression across adolescence. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1555-1568. [PMID: 38924113 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Person-centered analyses examined the relationship between social media use and depression over an 8-year period. The purpose was to examine the varying ways early social media use was associated with the development of depressive symptoms with a hypothesis that social media would not have a uniform association with depressive symptoms across adolescents. METHODS Participants included 488 adolescents (52% female), living in the United States, who were surveyed once a year for 8 years (beginning in 2010 when the average age for participants was 13.33 years old). RESULTS Longitudinal mixture regression was used to identify classes of adolescents representing unique ways their early social media use was related to the development of depressive symptoms over an 8-year period. Five classes were found representing unique ways social media use was related to depression. Findings suggest social media use does not impact all adolescents in the same way. Social media use was related to increased depression for adolescents with greater parental hostility, peer bullying, anxiety, reactivity to stressors, and lower parental media monitoring. In other instances, social media use was related to less depression or was unrelated to depression. CONCLUSIONS By identifying which adolescents may be most at risk from social media use, health providers, schools, and caregivers can tailor interventions to fit the needs of each adolescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Justin Dyer
- Religious Education, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Sarah M Coyne
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Megan Gale
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - J Andan Sheppard
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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2
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Skok K, Waszkiewicz N. Biomarkers of Internet Gaming Disorder-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5110. [PMID: 39274323 PMCID: PMC11396063 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Since game mechanics and their visual aspects have become more and more addictive, there is concern about the growing prevalence of Internet gaming disorder (IGD). In the current narrative review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the keywords "igd biomarker gaming" and terms related to biomarker modalities. The biomarkers we found are grouped into several categories based on a measurement method and are discussed in the light of theoretical addiction models (tripartite neurocognitive model, I-PACE). Both theories point to gaming-related problems with salience and inhibition. The first dysfunction makes an individual more susceptible to game stimuli (raised reward seeking), and the second negatively impacts resistance to these stimuli (decreased cognitive control). The IGD patients' hypersensitivity to reward manifests mostly in ventral striatum (VS) measurements. However, there is also empirical support for a ventral-to-dorsal striatal shift and transition from goal-directed to habitual behaviors. The deficits in executive control are demonstrated in parameters related to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In general, the connection of PFC with reward under cortex nuclei seems to be dysregulated. Other biomarkers include reduced P3 amplitudes, high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV), and the number of eye blinks and saccadic eye movements during the non-resting state. A few studies propose a diagnostic (multimodal) model of IGD. The current review also comments on inconsistencies in findings in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and precuneus and makes suggestions for future IGD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skok
- Faculty of Education, University of Bialystok, ul. Świerkowa 20, 15-328 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bialystok, Poland
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Chin SC, Chang YH, Huang CC, Chou TH, Huang CL, Lin HM, Potenza MN. Altered Heart Rate Variability During Mobile Game Playing and Watching Self-Mobile Gaming in Individuals with Problematic Mobile Game Use: Implications for Cardiac Health. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2545-2555. [PMID: 38973973 PMCID: PMC11226189 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s469240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The surge in mobile gaming, fueled by smartphone and internet accessibility, lacks a comprehensive understanding of physiological changes during gameplay. Methods This study, involving 93 participants (average age 21.75 years), categorized them into Problematic Mobile Gaming (PMG) and non-problematic Mobile Gaming (nPMG) groups based on Problematic Mobile Gaming Questionnaire (PMGQ) scores. The PMGQ is a 12-item scale developed in Taiwan to assess symptoms of problematic mobile gaming. The research delved into heart rate variability (HRV) alterations during real-time mobile gaming and self-gaming video viewing. Results Results showed that the PMG group significantly presents a lower root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and High Frequency (lnHF) than does the nPMG group (F=4.73, p=0.03; F=10.65, p=0.002, respectively) at the baseline. In addition, the PMG group significantly displayed elevated HF and low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) in the mobile-gaming (F=7.59, p=0.007; F=9.31, p=0.003) condition as well as in the watching self-gaming videos (F=9.75, p=0.002; F=9.02, p=0.003) than did the nPMG. Conclusion The study suggests targeted interventions to mitigate autonomic arousal, offering a potential avenue to address adverse effects associated with problematic mobile gaming behavior. The PMG group displayed increased craving scores after real-time mobile gaming and watching self-gaming video excerpts, unlike the nPMG group. Elevated LF/HF ratios in frequent gaming cases heightened autonomic arousal, presenting challenges in relaxation after mobile gaming. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between mobile gaming activities, physiological responses, and potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Douliou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Douliou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsi Chou
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Man Lin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development and Mental Health, China Medical University Children’s Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Psychiatry, Child Study and Neuroscience, Center of Excellence in Gambling Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Long K, Zhang X, Wang N, Lei H. Heart Rate Variability during Online Video Game Playing in Habitual Gamers: Effects of Internet Addiction Scale, Ranking Score and Gaming Performance. Brain Sci 2023; 14:29. [PMID: 38248244 PMCID: PMC10813724 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) display abnormal autonomic activities at rest and during gameplay. Here, we examined whether and how in-game autonomic activity is modulated by human characteristics and behavioral performance of the player. We measured heart rate variability (HRV) in 42 male university student habitual gamers (HGs) when they played a round of League of Legends game online. Short-term HRV indices measured in early, middle and late phases of the game were compared between the players at high risk of developing IGD and those at low risk, as assessed by the revised Chen Internet addiction scale (CIAS-R). Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to identify significant predictors of HRV measured over the whole gameplay period (WG), among CIAS-R, ranking score, hours of weekly playing and selected in-game performance parameters. The high-risk players showed a significantly higher low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF) relative to the low-risk players, regardless of game phase. MLR analysis revealed that LF/HF measured in WG was predicted by, and only by, CIAS-R. The HRV indicators of sympathetic activity were found to be predicted only by the number of slain in WG (NSlain), and the indicators of parasympathetic activity were predicted by both CIAS-R and NSlain. Collectively, the results demonstrated that risk of developing IGD is associated with dysregulated autonomic balance during gameplay, and in-game autonomic activities are modulated by complex interactions among personal attributes and in-game behavioral performance of the player, as well as situational factors embedded in game mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ningxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Tereshchenko SY. Neurobiological risk factors for problematic social media use as a specific form of Internet addiction: A narrative review. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:160-173. [PMID: 37303928 PMCID: PMC10251362 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Problematic social media use (PSMU) is a behavioral addiction, a specific form of problematic Internet use associated with the uncontrolled use of social networks. It is typical mostly for modern adolescents and young adults, which are the first generations fully grown up in the era of total digitalization of society. The modern biopsychosocial model of the formation of behavioral addictions, postulating the impact of a large number of biological, psychological, and social factors on addictive behavior formation, may be quite applicable to PSMU. In this narrative review, we discussed neurobiological risk factors for Internet addiction with a focus on current evidence on the association between PSMU and structural/ functional characteristics of the brain and autonomic nervous system, neurochemical correlations, and genetic features. A review of the literature shows that the vast majority of the mentioned neurobiological studies were focused on computer games addiction and generalized Internet addiction (without taking into account the consumed content). Even though a certain number of neuroimaging studies have been conducted for PSMU, there is practically no research on neuropeptide and genetic associations for PSMU to date. This fact points to the extremely high relevance of such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yu Tereshchenko
- Department of Child's Physical and Mental Health, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
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6
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Cheng YC, Huang YC, Huang WL. Can Heart Rate Variability be Viewed as a Biomarker of Problematic Internet Use? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2023; 48:1-10. [PMID: 35980558 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-022-09557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used to explore the parasympathetic activity of individuals with problematic Internet use (PIU), but the results are controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing HRV in PIU individuals and healthy participants from several databases. HRV was analyzed according to the parasympathetic activity in hierarchical order (primary analysis), and the total variability (secondary analysis). The baseline HRV and HRV reactivity were both considered. Of the 106 studies screened, 12 were included in the quantitative analysis. Significant differences were observed for baseline HRV in PIU individuals compared to the controls. Regarding HRV reactivity, PIU individuals did not have a significantly lower HRV value during pleasant or unpleasant stimuli. In summary, PIU individuals and healthy subjects had significantly different resting state parasympathetic activity. The finding of HRV reactivity in PIU individuals awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, No. 579, Sec. 2, Yunlin Rd, Yunlin County 640, Douliu, Yunlin, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.
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Wei Q, Zhang S, Pan Y, Hu H, Chen F, Yin W, Lin Q, Pan S, Tham C, Wu J. Epidemiology of gaming disorder and its effect on anxiety and insomnia in Chinese ethnic minority adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:260. [PMID: 35413829 PMCID: PMC9006600 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing popularity and frequency of online game use have resulted in a large number of studies reporting various mental problems associated with game abuse in adolescents. In this article, we examined the prevalence of gaming disorder (GD) and explored the associations of GD with anxiety and insomnia symptoms in minority youth in China. METHODS A total of 1494 students completed the Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire Short-Form (POGQ-SF), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item questionnaire (GAD-7), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were used to explore the associations between gaming disorder and anxiety/insomnia. RESULTS A total of 356 (23.83%) respondents reported that they had gaming disorder. Chi-square analysis showed that gender, grade, marital status of parents and exercise situation were significantly associated with GD. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that those who had GD were at significantly higher risk for anxiety and insomnia than those without GD. CONCLUSION We found a high incidence of GD and a positive association among anxiety, insomnia and GD. Thus, special attention should be paid to those who have suffered from GD. It is worth addressing the adverse effects of GD on anxiety and insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Wei
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Graduate Management, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Yuli Pan
- grid.418332.fDepartment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Jinzhou Road, Nanning, 530028 China
| | - Hong Hu
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Fenglan Chen
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Guangxi Medical University Wuming Hospital, 26 Yongning Road, 530199 Nanning, China
| | - Wenwen Yin
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Qinghong Lin
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Shuibo Pan
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Chingyuan Tham
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Junduan Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Nomkin LG, Gordon I. The relationship between maternal smartphone use, physiological responses, and gaze patterns during breastfeeding and face-to-face interactions with infant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257956. [PMID: 34624025 PMCID: PMC8500426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone use during parent-child interactions is highly prevalent, however, there is a lack of scientific knowledge on how smartphone use during breastfeeding or face-to-face interactions may modulate mothers’ attentive responsiveness towards the infant as well as maternal physiological arousal. In the present study, we provide the first evidence for the influence of the smartphone on maternal physiological responses and her attention towards the infant during breastfeeding and face-to-face interactions. Twenty breastfeeding mothers and their infants participated in this lab study during which electrodermal activity, cardiograph impedance, and gaze patterns were monitored in breastfeeding and face-to-face interactions with three conditions manipulating the level of maternal smartphone involvement. We report that mothers’ gaze toward their infants decreased when breastfeeding while using the smartphone compared to face-to-face interaction. Further, we show that greater maternal electrodermal activity and cardiac output were related to longer maternal gaze fixation toward the smartphone during breastfeeding. Finally, results indicate that mothers’ smartphone addiction levels were negatively correlated with electrodermal activity during breastfeeding. This study provides an initial basis for much required further research that will explore the influence of smartphone use on maternal biobehavioral responses in this digital age and the consequences for infant cognitive, emotional, and social development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilanit Gordon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Sleep disturbances partially mediate the association between problematic internet use and somatic symptomatology in adolescence. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yaunin Y, Nurdin AE, Darwin E, Yanwirasti Y. The Relationship between Stress, Personality, Dopamine Transporter, and Serotonin Transporter Level with Internet Addiction in Secondary School Students in Padang. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The unpleasant stress can cause a variety of mental disorder that will lead children to run away from real life and one of the way is using excessive internet. In the past few years, more interested in studying the negative effect of the internet. The development of internet has been very rapid and used to play games and make friendship, but it also has negative impact on people’s lives. Young refers to some of the symptoms of internet addiction that resembles the symptoms of substance addiction, causing physical and psychological problems. Several studies have tried to show a relationship between dopamine and internet addiction by measuring the level of dopamine transporter (DAT). Lee et al. (2008) showed that one homozygous short allele from the serotonin transporter (SERt) gene 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5 HTT)-linked polymorphic region is more frequent in excessive internet users.
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress, personality, DAT, and SERt level with internet addiction in secondary school students.
METHODS: Methods applied in this study were a cross-sectional comparative design conducted in secondary school students in January 2016–March 2017 in Padang. The stress level was assessed using the depression anxiety and stress scale. Personality tests were measured using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescent. Internet addiction was assessed using the Young Internet Addiction Test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine peripheral blood DAT and SERt or 5 HTT levels from the students who were diagnosed with stress.
RESULTS: The results showed that personality was negatively associated with internet addiction (P = 0.271). Positive significant relationship of internet addiction was showed by association with levels of DAT (P = 0.001) and SERt (P = 0.001) in blood serum. DAT levels showed high relationship effect of stressed students become addicted to the internet.
CONCLUSION: It is suggested that students were addicted to the internet as a coping mechanism against stress. Personality questionnaire tests failed to identify students who became addicted to the internet. The peripheral blood DAT and SERt level was predictive to identify students addicted to internet use. The present study supported the hypothesis that the DAT plays an important role in internet addiction.
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Poskotinova LV, Krivonogova OV, Zaborsky OS. Cardiovascular response to physical exercise and the risk of Internet addiction in 15-16-year-old adolescents. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:347-351. [PMID: 33909593 PMCID: PMC8996800 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Subjective symptoms of Internet addiction (IA), such as interpersonal and health-related problems (IH-RP), do not correlate with objective physiological parameters. This study aimed to investigate the cardiovascular reactivity after physical exercise in 15-16-year-old adolescents showing different severities of symptoms of health-related problems due to Internet overuse. METHODS This study included 20 healthy adolescents (boys, 15-16 years) with different risks of IA (by the Chen internet addiction scale [CIAS]). The physical exercise test was to perform a standing broad jump three times. The arterial blood pressures and heart rates were recorded before, immediately after, and at 4 minutes of rest after exercise. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The total sample of adolescents was divided into two groups, that is, those with IH-RP scores of 12 or less (Group I, n = 12) and those scoring more than 12 points (Group II, n = 8). The diastolic blood pressure significantly increased after exercise in group II, whereas it remained stable in group I. The heart rate in group I tended to increase, but the changes were not statistically significant. Group II adolescents showed significant increases in heart rate, and at rest, this parameter was significantly higher than the baseline value. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with a risk of IA and severe symptoms of interpersonal and health-related problems had increased sympathetic activity during and after speed-strength physical exercise compared to those without the aforementioned symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya V. Poskotinova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Olga V. Krivonogova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Zaborsky
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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12
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Han CH, Chung JH, Lee SJ. Association between Asthma and Internet Addiction Status in Korean Adolescents. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:968-976. [PMID: 33717569 PMCID: PMC7947535 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Problematic Internet addiction (IA) has been shown to be associated with a variety of psychological comorbidities, but its relationship with adolescent asthma has not yet been investigated in detail. Methods We analyzed 18,473 adolescent patients with physician-diagnosed asthma and 205,069 non-asthmatic adolescent patients from the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Socioeconomic factors, health behavior factors, psychological factors, and IA status were assessed using the Korean Internet Addiction Proneness Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, with adjustment for multiple cofounders, to explore the association between IA and adolescent asthma. Results Comparison between the adolescent asthma group and non-adolescent asthma group indicated higher rates of probable IA (13.7% vs. 12.1%, respectively, P<0.001), IA (4.8% vs. 3.1%, respectively, P<0.001), and problematic IA (18.5% vs. 15.2%, respectively, P<0.001) in the adolescent asthma group. After adjustment for multiple confounders, probable IA [odds ratio (OR): 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.26] and IA (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.12) were significantly associated with increased risk of adolescent asthma, compared to non-problematic Internet use. Conclusions IA is associated with an increased rate of asthma in Korean adolescents. So, IA has attracted minimal attention in relation to the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Graded Exposure Therapy for Online Mobile Smartphone Sports Betting Addiction: A Case Series Report. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:1263-1275. [PMID: 33512623 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technology and increased usage of electronic mobile devices over the past decade have changed the way gamblers engage with online gambling. The convenience of mobile electronic devices is understood to be a major contributor to the increase of online gambling, which in turn has been implicated in the growth of sports betting. Emerging evidence suggests several sources of differentiation between mobile and other online gambling, which have important psychological implications. Given the inherent differences, we cannot conclude that evidence for the effectiveness of treatment for non-smartphone problem gambling (PG) automatically translates to online smartphone sports betting PG. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of cue exposure therapy (CET) to treat individuals presenting to a community-based PG therapy service with an online smartphone sports betting addiction, using a case series design. Six men (21-42 years old) received up to 10 weekly 60-min manualised CET sessions. Outcome measures were gambling harm, gambling urge, gambling cognitions, psychological distress, and functional impairment. All six participants completed a course of CET averaging 8.33 sessions (SD = 1.75) and reported improvement across each of the outcome measures. Psychological distress scores had reduced to the non-clinical range for all six participants and five participants scored below the cut offs for PG and functional impairment at 1 month follow up. The findings provide preliminary proof of concept evidence for the feasibility and efficacy of CET for online smartphone sports betting addiction.
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Li S, Wu Q, Tang C, Chen Z, Liu L. Exercise-Based Interventions for Internet Addiction: Neurobiological and Neuropsychological Evidence. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1296. [PMID: 32670157 PMCID: PMC7330165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the number of internet users, the problems associated with excessive internet use have become increasingly obvious. Internet addiction can alter neurobiology, and its symptoms can be alleviated through exercise, but whether exercise exerts these effects through neurobiological pathways is unclear. Here, we reviewed the neurobiological mechanisms of exercise-based interventions against internet addiction by searching PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant research using such keywords as “exercise”, “internet addiction”, “hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis”, “neurotrophin”, and “dopamine”. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the neurobiological processes through which exercise can reduce internet addiction, and our analysis strengthens the idea that exercise-based interventions can be effective in this regard. The available evidence suggests that exercise can increase the levels of neurotrophic factors, cortisol, and neurotransmitters; improve the morphology of specific parts of the central nervous system, such as by stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis; protect the autonomic nervous system; and control the reward urge. In other words, exercise appears to mitigate internet addiction by regulating the neurobiology of the central and autonomic nervous systems. In this way, exercise-based interventions can be recommended for reducing internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Institute of Sport Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianjin Wu
- Institute of Sport Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Institute of Sport Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zichao Chen
- Institute of Sport Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Sport Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Gros L, Debue N, Lete J, van de Leemput C. Video Game Addiction and Emotional States: Possible Confusion Between Pleasure and Happiness? Front Psychol 2020; 10:2894. [PMID: 32047450 PMCID: PMC6996247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder is characterized by a severely reduced control over gaming, resulting in an increasing gaming time and leading to negative consequences in many aspects of the individual life: personal, family, social, occupational and other relevant areas of functioning (World Health Organization). In the last years, the significant boom in using video games has been raising health issues that remain insufficiently understood. The extent of this phenomenon (the estimated prevalence is between 1.7 and 10% of the general population) has led the mentioned Organization to include gaming disorders in the list of mental health conditions (2018). Several studies show converging findings that highlight the common brain activities between substance use disorders and behavioral addictions (i.e., gaming disorders). Addiction specialists observed that addict subjects tend to confuse pleasure with happiness when linking emotional states to their addictive activities. As far as we know, beyond the mentioned observations, distinguishing the perception of these two emotional states in the frame of an addiction has not been yet the object of formal research. This study aims at examining the possible confusion between pleasure and happiness within the addiction sphere. Video game addiction has been chosen to explore the possible occurrence of this perceptional distortion. A mixed design lab-based study was carried out to compare between video games addicts and non-addicts (between-subjects), and video games-related activities and neutral activities (within-subject). Emotional reactions were gauged by self-reported scales and physiological data acquired through a range of biosensors: Relaxation and Hearth Rate. From a therapeutic standpoint, this research intends to explore alternatives to deal with this sort of disorders. More specifically, at the cognitive level, the idea is elaborating guidelines to develop patients' insights into these emotional states and thus increasing their ability to handle them. Overall, several indices resulting from this study constitute a bundle of arguments that argue in favor of the confusion between pleasure and happiness made by addict users when associating their affective states to video gaming. Furthermore, this approach illustrates how reappraising emotions may contribute to reducing the perceptional distortion of these emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Gros
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Debue
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Lete
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile van de Leemput
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Machine-Learning-Based Detection of Craving for Gaming Using Multimodal Physiological Signals: Validation of Test-Retest Reliability for Practical Use. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163475. [PMID: 31395802 PMCID: PMC6719101 DOI: 10.3390/s19163475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder in adolescents and young adults has become an increasing public concern because of its high prevalence rate and potential risk of alteration of brain functions and organizations. Cue exposure therapy is designed for reducing or maintaining craving, a core factor of relapse of addiction, and is extensively employed in addiction treatment. In a previous study, we proposed a machine-learning-based method to detect craving for gaming using multimodal physiological signals including photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response, and electrooculogram. Our previous study demonstrated that a craving for gaming could be detected with a fairly high accuracy; however, as the feature vectors for the machine-learning-based detection of the craving of a user were selected based on the physiological data of the user that were recorded on the same day, the effectiveness of the reuse of the machine learning model constructed during the previous experiments, without any further calibration sessions, was still questionable. This “high test-retest reliability” characteristic is of importance for the practical use of the craving detection system because the system needs to be repeatedly applied to the treatment processes as a tool to monitor the efficacy of the treatment. We presented short video clips of three addictive games to nine participants, during which various physiological signals were recorded. This experiment was repeated with different video clips on three different days. Initially, we investigated the test-retest reliability of 14 features used in a craving detection system by computing the intraclass correlation coefficient. Then, we classified whether each participant experienced a craving for gaming in the third experiment using various classifiers—the support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors (kNN), centroid displacement-based kNN, linear discriminant analysis, and random forest—trained with the physiological signals recorded during the first or second experiment. Consequently, the craving/non-craving states in the third experiment were classified with an accuracy that was comparable to that achieved using the data of the same day; thus, demonstrating a high test-retest reliability and the practicality of our craving detection method. In addition, the classification performance was further enhanced by using both datasets of the first and second experiments to train the classifiers, suggesting that an individually customized game craving detection system with high accuracy can be implemented by accumulating datasets recorded on different days under different experimental conditions.
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17
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Ji HM, Hsiao TC. A Novel Cue-Induced Abdominal Reaction Analysis for Internet Gaming Disorder. J Med Syst 2019; 43:94. [PMID: 30834987 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) frequently play online games to achieve satisfaction. Numerous signal processing questions regarding the negative consequences and characteristic respiration in a long-term sitting posture remain unanswered. This study recruited 50 individuals with high-risk and low-risk IGD (HIGD and LIGD); these participants were taught to perform a specific respiration during game-film stimuli. The instantaneous frequencies on abdominal movement (fDF) were calculated with ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). The difference value (ΔfDF) between rest and stimulus statuses was calculated and found that HIGD showed ΔfDF values of 0.060 during positive stimuli and 0.055 during negative stimuli before the exercise but 0.020 and 0.016, respectively, after the exercise. However, the ΔfDF value for those with LIGD during negative stimuli before the exercise was 0.013, and it increased to 0.025 after the exercise. This is the first approach to IGD discrimination toward abdominal response with EEMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Ji
- Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Hsiao
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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18
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Snodgrass JG, Dengah Ii HJF, Lacy MG, Else RJ, Polzer ER, Arevalo JMG, Cole SW. Social genomics of healthy and disordered internet gaming. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23146. [PMID: 29923288 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To combine social genomics with cultural approaches to expand understandings of the somatic health dynamics of online gaming, including in the controversial nosological construct of internet gaming disorder (IGD). METHODS In blood samples from 56 U.S. gamers, we examined expression of the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), a leukocyte gene expression profile activated by chronic stress. We compared positively engaged and problem gamers, as identified by an ethnographically developed measure, the Positive and Negative Gaming Experiences Scale (PNGE-42), and also by a clinically derived IGD scale (IGDS-SF9). RESULTS CTRA profiles showed a clear relationship with PNGE-42, with a substantial linkage to offline social support, but were not meaningfully associated with disordered play as measured by IGDS-SF9. CONCLUSIONS Our study advances understanding of the psychobiology of play, demonstrating via novel transcriptomic methods the association of negatively experienced internet play with biological measures of chronic threat, uncertainty, and distress. Our findings are consistent with the view that problematic patterns of online gaming are a proxy for broader patterns of biopsychosocial stress and distress such as loneliness, rather than a psychiatric disorder sui generis, which might exist apart from gamers' other life problems. By confirming the biological correlates of certain patterns of internet gaming, culturally-sensitive genomics approaches such as this can inform both evolutionary theorizing regarding the nature of play, as well as current psychiatric debates about the appropriateness of modeling distressful gaming on substance addiction and problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1787
| | - H J François Dengah Ii
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-0230
| | - Michael G Lacy
- Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1784
| | - Robert J Else
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487-0210
| | - Evan R Polzer
- Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1787
| | - Jesusa M G Arevalo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Steven W Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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Detection of Craving for Gaming in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder Using Multimodal Biosignals. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010102. [PMID: 29301261 PMCID: PMC5795403 DOI: 10.3390/s18010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the number of adolescents with internet gaming disorder (IGD), a type of behavioral addiction is becoming an issue of public concern. Teaching adolescents to suppress their craving for gaming in daily life situations is one of the core strategies for treating IGD. Recent studies have demonstrated that computer-aided treatment methods, such as neurofeedback therapy, are effective in relieving the symptoms of a variety of addictions. When a computer-aided treatment strategy is applied to the treatment of IGD, detecting whether an individual is currently experiencing a craving for gaming is important. We aroused a craving for gaming in 57 adolescents with mild to severe IGD using numerous short video clips showing gameplay videos of three addictive games. At the same time, a variety of biosignals were recorded including photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response, and electrooculogram measurements. After observing the changes in these biosignals during the craving state, we classified each individual participant's craving/non-craving states using a support vector machine. When video clips edited to arouse a craving for gaming were played, significant decreases in the standard deviation of the heart rate, the number of eye blinks, and saccadic eye movements were observed, along with a significant increase in the mean respiratory rate. Based on these results, we were able to classify whether an individual participant felt a craving for gaming with an average accuracy of 87.04%. This is the first study that has attempted to detect a craving for gaming in an individual with IGD using multimodal biosignal measurements. Moreover, this is the first that showed that an electrooculogram could provide useful biosignal markers for detecting a craving for gaming.
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20
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Problematic internet users' skin conductance and anxiety increase after exposure to the internet. Addict Behav 2017; 75:70-74. [PMID: 28711746 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To examine the impact of cessation of an internet session on skin conductance responses and anxiety of higher and lower problem internet users, in order to explore possible physiological withdrawal effects. METHOD Participants were measured in terms of their skin conductance before (15min), during (15min), and after (15min) an internet session, and completed self-report measures of state anxiety and problematic internet use. RESULTS Higher, but not lower, problem users showed increased skin conductance after internet use was stopped, relative to before their internet session. Higher problem users' GSR scores increased, as the time from internet cessation became longer. Higher problem users also showed increased levels of anxiety, following their internet session, which correlated with their skin conductance scores. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, following termination of an internet session, withdrawal-like effects are seen, both psychologically and physiologically.
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21
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Reed P, Romano M, Re F, Roaro A, Osborne LA, Viganò C, Truzoli R. Differential physiological changes following internet exposure in higher and lower problematic internet users. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178480. [PMID: 28542470 PMCID: PMC5444838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic internet use (PIU) has been suggested as in need of further research with a view to being included as a disorder in future Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, but lack of knowledge about the impact of internet cessation on physiological function remains a major gap in knowledge and a barrier to PIU classification. One hundred and forty-four participants were assessed for physiological (blood pressure and heart rate) and psychological (mood and state anxiety) function before and after an internet session. Individuals also completed a psychometric examination relating to their usage of the internet, as well as their levels of depression and trait anxiety. Individuals who identified themselves as having PIU displayed increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, as well as reduced mood and increased state of anxiety, following cessation of internet session. There were no such changes in individuals with no self-reported PIU. These changes were independent of levels of depression and trait anxiety. These changes after cessation of internet use are similar to those seen in individuals who have ceased using sedative or opiate drugs, and suggest PIU deserves further investigation and serious consideration as a disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Reed
- Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Federica Re
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lisa A Osborne
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
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22
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Kim K, Lee H, Hong JP, Cho MJ, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Kim DJ, Jeon HJ. Poor sleep quality and suicide attempt among adults with internet addiction: A nationwide community sample of Korea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174619. [PMID: 28384238 PMCID: PMC5383038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Internet addiction (IA) is defined as a psychological dependence on the internet, regardless of the type of activities once logged on, and previous studies have focused on adolescents and young adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between suicide attempts and sleep among community-dwelling adults with IA. Methods The Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI) and a suicide questionnaire were used in this cross-sectional multistage, cluster sampling population-based study. A total of 3212 adults aged 18–64 years were interviewed face-to-face, and they had been randomly selected through a one-person-per-household method. Results Of the 3212 adults, 204 were assessed as having IA (6.35%). Adults with IA were younger, and more frequently male, unmarried, and unemployed, and had poorer sleep quality than adults without IA (32.8% vs. 19.8%), whereas there was no significant difference in the absolute duration of sleep between the two groups. Adults with IA showed more frequent difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, non-restorative sleep, daytime functional impairment, and duration of sleep more than 10 hours on weekdays than adults without IA. IA with poor sleep quality was significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempts (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI 1.38–8.05) after adjusting for demographic covariates. Adults with IA who had more sleep problems showed more severe IA, especially those who experienced a previous suicidal attempt. Among mental disorders, IA with poor sleep quality was significantly associated with anxiety disorder and overall psychiatric disorders. Conclusions Among adults with IA, poor sleep quality was found to be associated with more severe IA and lifetime suicide attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haewoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maeng Je Cho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kim N, Hughes TL, Park CG, Quinn L, Kong ID. Altered Autonomic Functions and Distressed Personality Traits in Male Adolescents with Internet Gaming Addiction. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2017; 19:667-673. [PMID: 27831751 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Internet gaming addiction (IGA) has been associated with many negative health outcomes, especially for youth; however, few studies have examined the physiological parameters and personality features related to this addiction. This study aimed to identify differences in autonomic functions and distressed (type D) personality traits among Korean adolescent males with and without IGA. In a cross-sectional study, 68 adolescent males were recruited in a Korean city using convenience and snowball sampling methods. For each subject, heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured as autonomic functions and questionnaires were used to identify IGA and type D personality traits. Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, t tests, χ2 tests, and Pearson's correlation. Most HRV parameters significantly differed between the IGA and non-IGA groups (all p < 0.05). Type D personality total and subscale scores, including those for negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition, were significantly higher in the IGA group (all p < 0.001). Of the 68 subjects, 46 were classified as having type D personality, with nearly twice as many in the IGA group as in the non-IGA group (p = 0.002). Type D personality total scores negatively correlated with the logarithmic value of total power and low frequency among the HRV parameters (both p < 0.05). Results showed that excessive Internet gaming was related to alterations in autonomic functions and distressed personality traits in male adolescents. These findings provide further understanding of the IGA phenomenon and highlight the need for interventions that address male adolescents with IGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Kim
- 1 College of Nursing, Keimyung University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tonda L Hughes
- 2 College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chang G Park
- 2 College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laurie Quinn
- 2 College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - In Deok Kong
- 3 Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University , Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Background and aims Out of a large number of studies on Internet addiction, only a few have been published on the prevention of Internet addiction. The aim of this study is provide a systematic review of scientific articles regarding the prevention of Internet addiction and to identify the relevant topics published in this area of interest. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were adopted. The EBSCO, ProQuest Central, and PubMed databases were searched for texts published in English and Spanish between January 1995 and April 2016. A total of 179 original texts were obtained. After de-duplication and topic-relevance review, 108 texts were systematically classified and subjected to descriptive analysis and subsequent content analysis. Results The results of the content analysis yielded the following thematic areas: (a) target groups, (b) the improvement of specific skills, (c) program characteristics, and (d) environmental interventions. Discussion and conclusion Literature on the prevention of Internet addiction is scarce. There is an urgent need to introduce and implement new interventions for different at-risk populations, conduct well-designed research, and publish data on the effectiveness of these interventions. Developing prevention interventions should primarily target children and adolescents at risk of Internet addiction but also parents, teachers, peers, and others who are part of the formative environment of children and adolescents at risk of Internet addiction. Newly designed interventions focused on Internet addiction should be rigorously evaluated and the results published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vondráčková
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,Corresponding author: Petra Vondráčková; Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Apolinářská 4, 120 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic; Phone: +420 774 649 099; Fax: +420 224 965 035; E-mail:
| | - Roman Gabrhelík
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hsieh DL, Hsiao TC. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity of internet addiction abusers in negative and positive emotional states using film clips stimulation. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:69. [PMID: 27377820 PMCID: PMC4932742 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS People with internet addiction (IA) suffer from mental, physical, social, and occupational problems. IA includes psychological and physiological syndromes, and among the syndromes, emotion was suggested important mental and physiological expressions of IA. However, few physiologically emotional characters of IA were investigated. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was a good link between IA and emotion, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) gained from ANS was hypothesized related to IA. METHODS An emotional induction experiment using negative and positive emotional films was conducted to validate the hypotheses. Thirty-four participants recruited from college were classified into high-risk IA group (HIA) and low-risk IA group (LIA). The respiratory signals, ECG signals, and self-assessed emotional intensity were acquired. The relationship and difference between IA and RSA was tested using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. RESULTS The RSA values of HIA were lower than those of LIA both before and after the induction of positive and negative emotions. When participants experienced a negative emotion (anger or fear), their RSA values declined; the decline for HIA was greater than that for LIA. The RSA values of HIA participants before induction of fear, happiness, or surprise, statistically significantly differed from that after induction of those emotions, with p values of 0.007, 0.04 and 0.01 respectively. The difference between the changes in RSA values upon the induction of surprise of HIA and LIA was statistically significant difference (p = 0.03). The interaction between two IA groups among emotional induction states was statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS RSA value here was the main variable that reflected ANS activity, and especially vagus nerve regulation. The results revealed that the changes in RSA values were biologically significantly different between HIA and LIA, especially when sadness, happiness, or surprise was induced. HIA people exhibited stronger RSA reactivity following negative emotion than LIA people, but the RSA reactivity following positive emotion was weaker. This study provides more physiological information about IA and assists further investigation on the regulation of the ANS for IA abusers. The results will benefit the further application, early detection, therapy, and even early prevention. Clinical trial registration details This study was approved by the Institution Review Board of the National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch (Hsinchu, Taiwan), under the research project: A study of interactions between cognition, emotion and physiology (contract no.100IRB-32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Ling Hsieh
- />Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
- />Biomedical Electronics Translational Research Center and Biomimetic Systems Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Hsiao
- />Biomedical Electronics Translational Research Center and Biomimetic Systems Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
- />Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
- />Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
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Kim N, Hughes TL, Park CG, Quinn L, Kong ID. Resting-State Peripheral Catecholamine and Anxiety Levels in Korean Male Adolescents with Internet Game Addiction. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2016; 19:202-8. [PMID: 26849530 PMCID: PMC4799709 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the resting-state plasma catecholamine and anxiety levels of Korean male adolescents with Internet game addiction (IGA) and those without IGA. This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted with 230 male high school students in a South Korean city. Convenience and snowball sampling methods were employed, and data were collected using (1) participant blood samples analyzed for dopamine (DA), epinephrine (Epi), and norepinephrine (NE) and (2) two questionnaires to assess IGA and anxiety levels. Using SPSS 15.0, data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, χ2-tests, t-tests, and Pearson's correlation tests. The plasma Epi (t = 1.962, p < 0.050) and NE (t = 2.003, p = 0.046) levels were significantly lower in the IGA group than in the non-IGA group; DA levels did not significantly differ between the groups. The mean anxiety level of the IGA group was significantly higher compared with the non-IGA group (t =−6.193, p < 0.001). No significant correlations were found between catecholamine and anxiety levels. These results showed that excessive Internet gaming over time induced decreased peripheral Epi and NE levels, thus altering autonomic regulation, and increasing anxiety levels in male high school students. Based on these physiological and psychological effects, interventions intended to prevent and treat IGA should include stabilizing Epi, NE, and anxiety levels in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Kim
- Keimyung University College of Nursing, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tonda L. Hughes
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chang G. Park
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laurie Quinn
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Love T, Laier C, Brand M, Hatch L, Hajela R. Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015; 5:388-433. [PMID: 26393658 PMCID: PMC4600144 DOI: 10.3390/bs5030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals. Regarding Internet addiction, neuroscientific research supports the assumption that underlying neural processes are similar to substance addiction. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has recognized one such Internet related behavior, Internet gaming, as a potential addictive disorder warranting further study, in the 2013 revision of their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Other Internet related behaviors, e.g., Internet pornography use, were not covered. Within this review, we give a summary of the concepts proposed underlying addiction and give an overview about neuroscientific studies on Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder. Moreover, we reviewed available neuroscientific literature on Internet pornography addiction and connect the results to the addiction model. The review leads to the conclusion that Internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction. Together with studies on Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder we see strong evidence for considering addictive Internet behaviors as behavioral addiction. Future research needs to address whether or not there are specific differences between substance and behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Love
- Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health, Ardmore, PA 19003, USA.
| | - Christian Laier
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany.
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen 45141, Germany.
| | - Linda Hatch
- Private Practice, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, USA.
| | - Raju Hajela
- Health Upwardly Mobile Inc., Calgary, AB T2S 0J2, Canada.
- Diagnostic and Descriptive Terminology Action Group (DDTAG), American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), Chevy Chase, MD 93101, USA.
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Reed P, Vile R, Osborne LA, Romano M, Truzoli R. Problematic Internet Usage and Immune Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134538. [PMID: 26244339 PMCID: PMC4526519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic internet use has been associated with a variety of psychological comorbidities, but it relationship with physical illness has not received the same degree of investigation. The current study surveyed 505 participants online, and asked about their levels of problematic internet usage (Internet Addiction Test), depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales), social isolation (UCLA Loneliness Questionnaire), sleep problems (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and their current health – General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the Immune Function Questionnaire. The results demonstrated that around 30% of the sample displayed mild or worse levels of internet addiction, as measured by the IAT. Although there were differences in the purposes for which males and females used the internet, there were no differences in terms of levels of problematic usage between genders. The internet problems were strongly related to all of the other psychological variables such as depression, anxiety, social-isolation, and sleep problems. Internet addiction was also associated with reduced self-reported immune function, but not with the measure of general health (GHQ-28). This relationship between problematic internet use and reduced immune function was found to be independent of the impact of the co-morbidities. It is suggested that the negative relationship between level of problematic internet use and immune function may be mediated by levels of stress produced by such internet use, and subsequent sympathetic nervous activity, which related to immune-supressants, such as cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Reed
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lisa A. Osborne
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Chang JS, Kim EY, Jung D, Jeong SH, Kim Y, Roh MS, Ahn YM, Hahm BJ. Altered cardiorespiratory coupling in young male adults with excessive online gaming. Biol Psychol 2015; 110:159-66. [PMID: 26253868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate changes in heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory coupling in male college students with problematic Internet use (PIU) excessive gaming type during action video game play to assess the relationship between PIU tendency and central autonomic regulation. METHOD Electrocardiograms and respiration were simultaneously recorded from 22 male participants with excessive online gaming and 22 controls during action video game play. Sample entropy (SampEn) was computed to assess autonomic regularity, and cross-SampEn was calculated to quantify autonomic coordination. RESULTS During video game play, reduced cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) was observed in individuals with PIU excessive gaming type compared with controls, implicating central autonomic dysregulation. The PIU tendency was associated with the severity of autonomic dysregulation. CONCLUSION These findings indicate impaired CRC in PIU excessive gaming type, which may reflect alterations of central inhibitory control over autonomic responses to pleasurable online stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University Ilsan Medical Center, 27 Dongguk-Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-773, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Mental Health Clinic, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooyoung Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Hospital, 1306 Seo-Gu, Dunsan-Dong, Daejeon 302-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeni Kim
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, 398 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangin-Gu, Seoul 143-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Sun Roh
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Hahm
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Internet has been gaining worldwide popularity in recent years, but a loss of control over Internet use might lead to negative impacts on our daily lives. OBJECTIVES This study explored the effects of Internet addiction on autonomic nervous system function through heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. METHODS This was a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 240 school-aged children who completed the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaires. Spectral analysis was used to measure HRV. Independent t test was used to compare differences in characteristics and HRV between groups. A 2-way analysis of variance was used to examine group differences in HRV. RESULTS Internet addicts had significantly lower high frequency (HF) percentage, logarithmically transformed HF, and logarithmically transformed total power and significantly higher low frequency percentage than did nonaddicts. Internet addicts who had insomnia had higher low frequency percentage and lower HF percentage, logarithmically transformed HF, and logarithmically transformed total power compared with nonaddicts who did not have insomnia. CONCLUSIONS Internet addiction is associated with higher sympathetic activity and lower parasympathetic activity. The autonomic dysregulation associated with Internet addiction might partly result from insomnia, but the mechanism still needs to be further studied.
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VAN ROOIJ ANTONIUSJ, PRAUSE NICOLE. A critical review of "Internet addiction" criteria with suggestions for the future. J Behav Addict 2014; 3:203-13. [PMID: 25592305 PMCID: PMC4291825 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In the last 5 years a deluge of articles on the topic of Internet addiction (IA) has proposed many candidate symptoms as evidence of this proposed disease. We critically reviewed the current approach to the measurement and identification of this new excessive behavior syndrome. METHODS Three popular models of IA were discussed: Griffith’s components model; Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT); and the criteria by Tao et al. (2010). We selected these models because they are widely cited and propose specific criteria for IA disorder. Our approach is not meant to provide an exhaustive review, but to discuss and critique the most salient trends in the field. RESULTS The models of Internet addiction share some criteria, including feeling a loss of control over Internet use; ensuing psychological, social, or professional conflict or problems; and preoccupation when not using the Internet. Other criteria inconsistently mentioned include: mood management, tolerance, withdrawal, and craving/anticipation. The models studied here share the assumption that the Internet can produce a qualitative shift to a diseased state in humans. CONCLUSIONS We critically discussed the above criteria and concluded that the evidence base is currently not strong enough to provide support for an Internet addiction disorder. Future research areas are suggested: (1) Focusing on common impaired dimensions, (2) exploring neuroimaging as a model building tool, and (3) identifying shifts in the rewarding aspects of Internet use. Given the lack of consensus on the subject of Internet addiction, a focus on problem behaviors appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANTONIUS J. VAN ROOIJ
- IVO Addiction Research Institute,Erasmus MC, The Netherlands,Corresponding author: Antonius J. van Rooij, PhD; IVO Addiction Research Institute, Heemraadssingel 194, 3021 DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, The Netherlands, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Phone: +31-10-4253366; Fax: +31-10-2763988; E-mail:
| | - NICOLE PRAUSE
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles
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Psychometric Properties of the Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R) in Chinese Adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 42:1237-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Huang ACW, Chen HE, Wang YC, Wang LM. Internet abusers associate with a depressive state but not a depressive trait. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:197-205. [PMID: 24313733 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study investigated three issues: (i) whether Internet abusers display a depressive state without a depressive trait; (ii) which symptoms are shared between Internet abuse and depression; and (iii) which personality characteristics were shown in Internet abusers. METHODS Ninety-nine male and 58 female participants aged 18-24 years were screened with the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. After screening, subjects were separated into the high- (n = 73) and low-risk (n = 84) Internet abuser groups. Participants were respectively administered the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II to assess a depressive state and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 to assess a depressive trait. RESULTS The present results showed that high-risk Internet abusers exhibited a stronger depressive state than low-risk Internet abusers in the Beck Depression Inventory-II. However, high-risk Internet abusers didnot show a depressive trait in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 compared to low-risk Internet abusers. Therefore, high-risk Internet abuse participants exhibited a depressive state without a depressive trait. CONCLUSIONS In a comparison of the symptoms of depression and Internet abuse, it was found that high-risk Internet abuse participants shared some common behavioral mechanisms with depression, including the psychiatric symptoms of loss of interest, aggressive behavior, depressive mood, and guilty feelings. High-risk Internet abuse participants may be more susceptible to a temporal depressive state but not a permanent depressive trait. The present findings have clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of Internet abuse.
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