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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Antimicrobial resistance in clinically important biofilms
Fatemeh Rafii, Mark E Hart, Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
Author contributions: Both authors contributed to this work.
Conflict-of-interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this manuscript.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Fatemeh Rafii, Research Microbiologist, Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States. fatemeh.rafii@fda.hhs.gov
Telephone: +1-870-5437342 Fax: +1-870-5437307
Received: September 24, 2014
Peer-review started: September 24, 2014
First decision: October 17, 2014
Revised: November 27, 2014
Accepted: December 16, 2014
Article in press: December 17, 2014
Published online: March 9, 2015
Processing time: 169 Days and 19.2 Hours
Peer-review started: September 24, 2014
First decision: October 17, 2014
Revised: November 27, 2014
Accepted: December 16, 2014
Article in press: December 17, 2014
Published online: March 9, 2015
Processing time: 169 Days and 19.2 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Biofilm formation on host tissues and medically implanted devices is a major health problem, and the infections caused by bacteria in biofilms are hard to treat with antimicrobial agents. They are the cause of frequent and recurrent infections after the termination of antimicrobial treatments. The reasons for the recalcitrant nature of biofilms to antimicrobial treatment are varied and have been attributed to different factors, including impermeability of biofilms, slow rates of growth and metabolic activity, and the presence of small colonies and persisters. They have been the subject of many investigations that will be discussed in this minireview.