Weak D phenotype in transfusion medicine and obstetrics: Challenges and opportunities

doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.102345

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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2220-315x

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Exp Med. Jun 20, 2025; 15(2): 102345
Published online Jun 20, 2025. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.102345

Weak D phenotype in transfusion medicine and obstetrics: Challenges and opportunities

Prasanna Bharathi Sainath, Velmurugan Ramaiyan

Prasanna Bharathi Sainath, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nādu, India

Velmurugan Ramaiyan, Department of Pharmacy, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nādu, India

Author contributions: Sainath PB designed the overall concept and outline of the manuscript; Ramaiyan V contributed to the discussion and design of the manuscript; Sainath PB and Velmurugan R contributed to the writing, and editing of the manuscript, illustrations, and review of the literature; and all authors thoroughly reviewed and endorsed the final manuscript.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Corresponding author: Velmurugan Ramaiyan, PhD, Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, NH 48, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nādu, India. ramaiyan.dr@gmail.com

Received: October 16, 2024
Revised: March 4, 2025
Accepted: April 3, 2025
Published online: June 20, 2025
Processing time: 182 Days and 21.4 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: In this review, we explore the weak D phenotype, caused by Rhesus D antigen (RhD) blood group allele variations, which reduces RhD expression on red blood cells, impacting transfusion strategies and anti-D immunization risks. Molecular and novel genotyping techniques may be necessary for exact identification, and mitigate the risk of alloimmunization in these weak D traits. Implementation challenges such as standardization and financial constraints are quite prevalent in several countries. Hence it emphasizes the importance of accurate weak D phenotype identification and the potential of inculcating molecular techniques in transfusion medicine and obstetrics.