Clinical and Translational Research
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Exp Med. Mar 20, 2024; 14(1): 88064
Published online Mar 20, 2024. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.88064
Chemical profiling of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of wild leaf and callus of Vitex negundo using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Gunjan Garg, Alok Bharadwaj, Shweta Chaudhary, Veena Gupta
Gunjan Garg, Shweta Chaudhary, School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida 201312, Uttar Pradesh, India
Alok Bharadwaj, Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
Veena Gupta, Division of Germplasm Conservation, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, New Delhi, India
Author contributions: Garg G and Chaudhary S contributed to the conceptualization of this study, writing the original draft, reviewing, and editing; Bharadwaj A was involved in the data collection, analysis and interpretation of results; Gupta V participated in critical revision of the article, and editing.
Institutional review board statement: This study did not involve animal or human experimentation. Thus, an institutional review board statement is not required.
Clinical trial registration statement: This study did not involve animal or human experimentation. Thus, a clinical trial registration statement is not required.
Informed consent statement: This study did not involve animal or human experimentation. Thus, an informed consent statement is not required.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: No additional data to those presented in the study are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Alok Bharadwaj, PhD, Associate Professor, Biotechnology, GLA University, 17 Km Mile Stone, Mathura-Delhi Highway NH#1, Post-Chaumuhan District, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India. alok.bhardwaj@gla.ac.in
Received: September 8, 2023
Peer-review started: September 8, 2023
First decision: October 24, 2023
Revised: November 12, 2023
Accepted: January 30, 2024
Article in press: January 30, 2024
Published online: March 20, 2024
Processing time: 193 Days and 5 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (V. negundo), a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, is extensively used in conventional medication.

AIM

To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V. negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

METHODS

In this study, we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts. Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and di-phenylurea (DPU) were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium.

RESULTS

The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL), DPU (2.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL) in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development. The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24, 10, and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf, green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract. Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples. The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves, green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%, 47.79% and 40.38%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo. In addition to octadecadienoic acid; butyric acid, benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), dospan, tridecanedialdehyde, methylcyclohexenylbutanol, chlorpyrifos, n-secondary terpene diester, anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected. All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro. This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants. Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.

Keywords: Leaf extracts, Callus extracts, Methanolic extract, Octadecadienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl ester, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis

Core Tip: Phytopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants and their extracts can show the presence of important elements and gives insight into new methods for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (L.) is a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, an aromatic small tree widely used in conventional medicine. In the present study, we report the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of leaf extracts from wild plants and correlate the existence of these components with those present in callus extracts. The medicinal application of Vitex negundo for various diseases has been recognized due to the identification of various bioactive compounds, and the plant is recognized as an important botanical remedy in medical research and development.