Magnesium (Mg), which is predominantly present in cells as a micronutrient, is involved in numerous vital physiological processes, such as DNA repair and energy metabolism. Mg deficiency has been reported to contribute toward the advent and progression of a variety of liver diseases; in particular, these two pathological entities may synergistically act. Given the significant impact and increasing burden of liver diseases on global healthcare resources and economic expenditure, it is tempting to manage Mg insufficiency as novel promising therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively elaborate on the complicated relationship between Mg deficiency and several contextual liver diseases, with concentrating on the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide, emphasizing the critical need for effective treatment and control strategies. Essential minerals such as copper, iron, zinc, selenium, phosphorous, calcium, and magnesium are integral to various biological processes and significantly influence cancer progression through altered metabolic pathways. For example, dysregulated copper levels promote tumor growth, while cancer cells exhibit an increased dependency on iron for signaling and redox reactions. Zinc influences tumor development through pathways such as Akt-p21. Selenium, primarily through its role in selenoproteins, exhibits anticancer potential but may also contribute to tumor progression. Similarly, dietary phosphate exacerbates tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis through signaling pathway activation. Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, is tightly regulated within cells, and its dysregulation is a hallmark of various cancers. Magnesium deficiency, on the other hand, promotes cancer progression by fostering inflammation and free radical-induced DNA mutations. Interestingly, magnesium also plays a dual role, with low levels enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical process in cancer metastasis. This complex interplay of essential minerals underscores their potential as therapeutic targets. Dysregulation of these minerals and their pathways could be exploited to selectively target cancer cells, offering novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes current research on the abnormal accumulation or depletion of these microelements in tumor biology, drawing evidence from animal models, cell lines, and clinical samples. We also highlight the potential of these minerals as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as therapeutic approaches involving metal chelators, pharmacological agents, and nanotechnology. By highlighting the intricate roles of these minerals in cancer biology, we aim to inspire further research in this critical yet underexplored area of oncology.

This study aimed to explore the associations between magnesium depletion score (MDS) and frailty prevalence, as well as its prognostic significance for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US older adults with frailty.

We analyzed data from older adults participating in the 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The primary exposure was MDS, and the main outcomes were prevalence of frailty as defined by the 49-item accumulation-deficit model and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in frail participants. The associations between MDS and frailty prevalence or mortality were analyzed using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.

Overall, 13,551 participants (mean age 71.31 years, 45.46 % men, 4464 with frailty) were included. Compared with the MDS = 0 group, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for frailty were 1.144 (0.899-1.456), 1.702 (1.327-2.183), and 2.661 (2.038-3.475) for the MDS = 1, MDS = 2, and MDS ≥ 3 groups, respectively. A total of 2195 (791 cardiovascular-related) deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 70 months. Compared with the MDS = 0 group, the hazard ratios and 95 % CIs for the MDS = 1, MDS = 2, and MDS ≥ 3 groups were 1.509 (1.146-1.986), 1.988 (1.515-2.611), and 2.751 (2.125-3.562), respectively, for all-cause mortality, and 1.376 (0.843-2.246), 1.933 (1.183-3.160), and 2.872 (1.817-4.541), respectively for cardiovascular mortality.

A higher MDS is related to a higher prevalence of frailty and increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US older adults.

Depression is a multifaceted condition with diverse underlying causes. Several contributing and inter-related factors such as genetic, nutritional, neurological, physiological, gut-brain-axis, metabolic and psychological stress factors play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. This review aims to highlight the role that nutritional factors play in the aetiology of depression. Secondly, we discuss the biomedical and functional pathology tests which measure these factors, and the current evidence supporting their use. Lastly, we make recommendations on how practitioners can incorporate the latest evidence-based research findings into clinical practice. This review highlights that diet and nutrition greatly affect the pathophysiology of depression. Nutrients influence gene expression, with folate and vitamin B12 playing vital roles in methylation reactions and homocysteine regulation. Nutrients are also involved in the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Additionally, diet influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response and the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, both of which have been implicated in depression. A comprehensive dietary assessment, combined with appropriate evaluation of biochemistry and blood pathology, may help uncover contributing factors to depressive symptoms. By employing such an approach, a more targeted and personalised treatment strategy can be devised, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.

Vitamin D and magnesium are essential nutrients that play key roles in an athlete's performance, recovery, and overall health. Vitamin D is crucial for bone health (aiding calcium absorption and preventing stress fractures), muscle function (preventing weakness and injury), and reducing respiratory infections. Magnesium is fundamental in muscle function, adenosine triphosphate production for muscle contraction, electrolyte balance, bone strength, and cardiovascular health. The magnesium requirement of healthy adults is estimated at 300-400 mg/day, but there is evidence that athletes may have higher magnesium needs compared to sedentary persons. Magnesium and vitamin D are closely linked-vitamin D aids magnesium absorption, while magnesium is vital for vitamin D synthesis, transport, and activation. Given their importance in athletes, this article explores their functions, interactions, and the effects of deficiencies and supplementation in athletic populations.

Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial element in plants, particularly for photosynthesis. Mg homeostasis is influenced by environmental and genetic factors, and our understanding of its variation in natural populations remains incomplete. We examine the variation in leaf Mg accumulation across the distribution of Arabidopsis thaliana, and we investigate the environmental and genetic factors associated with Mg levels. Using genome-wide association studies in both the widespread Eurasian population and a local-scale population in Cape Verde, we identify genetic factors associated with variation in leaf Mg. We validate our main results, including effect size estimates, using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) mutagenesis. Our findings reveal a significant association between leaf Mg and latitude of origin. In Eurasia, we find a signal at the nutrient-response regulator, RAPTOR1A, and across the species range, we find that multiple alleles of the Mg transporter, MAGNESIUM RELEASE 5 (MGR5), underlie variation in leaf Mg and contribute to the observed latitudinal cline. Overall, our results indicate that the spatial distribution of leaf Mg in A. thaliana is affected by climatic and genetic factors, resulting in a latitudinal cline. Further, they show an example of allelic heterogeneity, in which multiple alleles at a single locus contribute to a trait and the formation of a phenotypic cline.

The magnesium depletion score (MDS), a novel clinical score, incorporates alcohol consumption, kidney disease, use of diuretics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to assess magnesium levels. However, the prognostic significance of the MDS individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains uncertain. This research aimed to explore the relationship between the MDS and mortality outcomes in NAFLD patients, including all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Data acquired on 16,394 NAFLD patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2018 were analyzed in this cohort study. Mortality outcomes were assessed using the linked National Death Index, which included all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and CVD mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality outcomes related to the MDS. Subgroup analyses were also performed to explore the potential modifying influences of different demographic and clinical characteristics.

An elevated MDS was associated with significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR 1.22; 95% CI, 1.15-1.30), cancer mortality (HR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.28), and CVD mortality (HR 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18-1.51). While these associations remained consistent in many subgroups, factors such as gender, education level, and alcohol consumption influenced the link between the MDS and mortality.

The MDS is as an innovative and feasible prognostic indicator for mortality among NAFLD patients. Incorporating the MDS into clinical practice could improve risk stratification and inform targeted interventions aimed at diminishing the risk of mortality linked to magnesium deficiency within this group.

To evaluate the association between metabolic disorders and death in patients receiving Parenteral Nutrition (PN), according to a proposal for stratification into nutri-tional risk groups, using the Nutritional Risk Screening, 2002 (NRS-2002).

A cohort with 84 patients receiving PN, with an NRS-2002 score of ≥3, classified into two subgroups: moderate risk (NRS 3-4) and severe risk (NRS 5-7). Secondary data from medical and nutritional records were used. The outcome variable was "presence of metabolic disorders and death"; and exposures: moderate and severe nutritional risk. Descriptive, bivariate analyses and logistic regression models were performed.

No difference was observed between the groups in terms of death. The adjusted RR (95% CI) for sodium disorders was 4.88 (1.5-16.2) (p = 0.009), and for magnesium disorders, 7.58 (2.33-24.6) (p = 0.001), being higher in the severe risk group.

The stratification of the nutritional risk range into moderate and severe risk was able to identify patients at higher risk of developing metabolic disorders, especially sodium and magnesium ones.

Discrepancies in serum electrolyte levels have been observed between stroke patients and healthy individuals. Previous studies have indicated an association between electrolytes and all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular events in stroke patients. However, there still lacks comprehensive analysis on the connection between electrolytes and negative outcomes in hypertensive individuals with early neurological deterioration (END). Totally 1341 patients treated with thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were included. Outcomes included END, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year poor prognosis. Logistic regression assessed the correlation and restricted cubic spline analysis examined dose-response relationships. Subgroup analysis validated the relationship between electrolytes and prognosis in hypertensive patients. A total of 242 patients exhibited a 3-month poor prognosis. Significant differences were observed in Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ levels between mRS binary classification. Logistic regression identified Cl- as the strongest predictor for 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year mRS score and Ca2+ for END. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed relationships between higher concentrations of Na+ and poorer prognosis. In the hypertension subgroup, a higher concentration of Na+ indicated worse 6-month and 1-year outcomes and a lower concentration of Ca2+ was linked to a higher risk of END. The concentration of Na+ is related to adverse clinical outcomes, while that of Cl- and Ca2+ are associated with END. Among hypertensive patients, elevated levels of Na+ and Ca2+ concentration are respectively associated with 6-month poor prognosis and END. Monitoring the electrolytes may promote the early identification of individuals at high risk of poor functional outcomes.

Purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) is a highly appreciated fruit typically consumed in fresh or processed into various food products. The peel and seeds, which are by-products of fruit processing, are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds with potential to be valorised into food applications. However, raw material variability is often a major obstacle to successfully achieve such valorisation. The present study aimed to contribute to a zero-waste valorisation strategy of purple passion fruit by evaluating its temporal variability and provide a comprehensive insight into the nutritional value of fruit fraction powders.

Fruit analysis demonstrated similar characteristics between three consecutive harvests because variation observed on maturity parameters, fruit mass and dimensions, fractions fresh weight, moisture, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was not significant. This was attained despite variable weather conditions, as long as irrigation was provided during fruit development to avoid water stress. The development and subsequent analysis of the nutritional value of minimum processed powders of the fruit (peel, pulp and seeds) revealed that they can be used as a source of several macronutrients, essential minerals and vitamins. A single serving (10 g) of these fruit powders provide enough fiber (peel and seeds) and vitamin C (peel and pulp) to sustain nutritional claims.

The present study provides valuable insights into the maintenance of physicochemical properties of all fruit fractions across three consecutive harvests. The nutritional characterization of fruit fractions also contributes to move towards a zero-waste value chain in passion fruit processing through whole fruit usage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Protein film electrochemistry has helped to unravel many complex reactivities of electron-transferring proteins and enzymes. A versatile descendant, the 'Electrochemical Leaf', offers new opportunities to extend electrochemical control to myriad enzymes that neither transfer electrons nor catalyse any redox reaction, including those dependent on spectroscopically limited, labile or other challenging metal ions. By embedding a cascade comprised of several enzymes-one of which electrochemically recycles NAD(P)(H), a second being a dehydrogenase-within a porous electrode formed from fused nanoparticles, the interconnected reactions are tightly channeled to transmit energy and information, rapidly and interactively. Under nanoconfinement, nicotinamide cofactors and cascade intermediates serve as specific current carriers, far beyond the electron itself.

Macleania rupestris, a fruit-bearing species of the Ericaceae family, has traditionally been used for its potential medicinal properties.

This study investigates the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of M. rupestris fruit extract, focusing on its antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal effects.

M. rupestris (Kunth) A.C.Sm. berries (code: 4456, Herbario QUPS-Ecuador) were collected from the cloud forest Montano Alto, Cuenca-Ecuador, and the extract was obtained using an ethanolic-based extraction and chemically characterized. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the fruit extract was assessed against seven multidrug-resistant bacteria strains and four fungal strains using the microdilution method. The biofilm inhibition potential was evaluated using a microplate assay with the crystal violet staining method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays.

The bioactive compounds showed 853.9 mg phenols/100 g DW, 573.2 mg organic acid/100 g DW, and 21.5 mg C-3-gl/100 g DW of anthocyanins. The antibacterial assays demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 5 mg/mL. Additionally, the biofilm inhibition assays confirmed the potential of M. rupestris extract to disrupt bacterial biofilms, particularly in S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. Nevertheless, no significant antifungal activity was observed against Candida spp., suggesting selective antimicrobial properties. Finally, the antioxidant activity was strong (1.62 mmol TE/100 g DW by DPPH and 3.28 mmol TE/100 g DW by ABTS).

These findings indicate that M. rupestris possesses promising antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant properties, which may be attributed to its phenolic and organic acid composition. Further fractionation and targeted bioassays are required to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these effects and explore their potential applications in antimicrobial formulations.

Iron (Fe) is essential for plants and humans, with over 2 billion people suffering deficiency disorders because most plant foods, including cereals, are low in Fe. Durum wheat, a staple crop in Mediterranean regions, is facing increased droughts, which reduce plant yield and ability to acquire and use Fe. Therefore, understanding mechanisms underlying Fe acquisition and accumulation in durum wheat under drought is essential for both agronomic and nutritional purposes. Here, a durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) genotype with a purple grain pericarp was grown hydroponically under adequate (80 μM) or limited (10 μM) Fe, with or without water stress (induced with 10% PEG 6000) for 6 days. Fe accumulation decreased under Fe deficiency and drought, with the highest phytosiderophore (PS) release in Fe-deficient plants. Interestingly, despite adequate Fe availability, drought inhibited Fe accumulation in roots. This response was accompanied by increased release of PS from roots, although the increase was less than that observed with single or combined Fe deficiency. Both TdIRT1 and TdYS15 were upregulated by Fe deficiency but downregulated by drought and the combined stress. Drought stress and Fe deficiency led to increased ABA production, being 250-fold higher with respect to controls. TdIRT1 downregulation in plants exposed to the combined stress suggests a trade-off between water and Fe stress responses. Our findings demonstrate that the response to combined stress differs from, and is rarely additive to, the response to a single stressor, reinforcing the complexity of plant adaptation to combined environmental stresses.

Contaminants are a major cause of seafood export rejections in foreign markets and have significantly impacted consumer health. This investigation addresses the issues of metal contamination and biochemical markers in Litopenaeus vannamei from East Midnapore, West Bengal, India. The analyzed metals included vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), silver (Ag), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), tin (Sn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples were collected from the muscle and hepatopancreas of L. vannamei, as well as from soil sediments and water at 19 sampling sites. The trace element levels detected were within the safety limits recommended by national and international regulatory agencies. A risk assessment, based on the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) and cancer risk factors, indicated that L. vannamei cultured in this region is safe for human consumption. Additionally, oxidative enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione s-transferase were measured as biomarkers. Other biochemical markers, including lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity, were also assessed. Enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were identified as key biochemical indicators of pollution in this study. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the consumption of L. vannamei from East Midnapore is safe according to FAO/WHO guidelines. The study also highlights the utility of biochemical markers as reliable indicators of pollution in open water systems.

Higher serum magnesium concentrations have been linked to reduced risk of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). However, the dose-response relationships between magnesium intake and CKD and kidney stones in the general population remain unknown. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the dose-response relationships between magnesium intake and CKD and kidney stones.

Adult participants (≥50 years) from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Magnesium intake from diet and supplements were determined with structured dietary recalls. Patients with kidney stones were identified using a standard questionnaire. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The nonlinear relationships were explored with restricted cubic splines. Stratified analyses by sex were conducted.

The weighted prevalence of CKD and kidney stones was 12.16% and 13.13%, respectively. A nonlinear relationship between magnesium intake and CKD (Pfor nonlinearity<.01) and kidney stones (Pfor nonlinearity = .02) was found. There was an initial steep decrease in odds of CKD and kidney stones with increasing intakes of magnesium, and then a platform or weaker decrease in odds of CKD and kidney stones was observed beyond 350 mg/day of magnesium intake [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for CKD: 0.60 (0.46-0.78), 0.77 (0.61-0.98) for kidney stones]. Higher magnesium intake was inversely associated with odds of CKD in both males and females, while the inverse association between higher magnesium intake and odds of kidney stones was only statistically significant in females.

Higher magnesium intake was nonlinearly associated with lower odds of kidney stones and CKD, and a threshold level of 350 mg/day of magnesium intake was observed in adults aged 50 years and older. These findings deserve to be confirmed by prospective cohort studies.

Background: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with many common chronic conditions and potentially severe health care outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes. However, Mg deficiency is underdiagnosed and often underrecognized in the ambulatory health care setting, and nutrition education and training are often limited for health care providers (HCPs). Methods: A clinical guideline for detecting and treating Mg deficiency in the ambulatory care setting was developed. A pilot study was conducted in which HCPs received education on Mg and completed pre-test and post-test questionnaires to assess the intervention efficacy of the guideline. Results: Ten HCPs participated in the pilot study via telephone or face-to-face session. In general, there was a statistically significant increase in Mg knowledge among HCPs, due to the intervention of presentation of the guideline, with a nonsignificant increase in clinical practice application. However, the 1-month follow-up survey results showed that HCPs were likely to incorporate Mg assessment and treatment tools from the guideline in their future practice. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the use of the proposed clinical guideline may increase HCP knowledge and improve the diagnosis and treatment of Mg deficiency. Further use, development, and evaluation of this guideline is warranted.

Magnesium is an essential immune nutrient for the body, and recent studies have found that it plays an important role in osteoarthritis (OA). Magnesium depletion score(MDS) is a new method for evaluating the magnesium status of the body. Our objective is to explore the association between MDS and the incidence of OA, as well as the relationship between MDS and mortality in patients with OA.

Eligible participants were obtained from NHANES from 2005 to 2018. Logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the link between MDS and the incidence of OA. Cox regression models were employed to evaluate the link between MDS and mortality among OA patients. In addition, restricted cubic spline was utilized to explore the correlation between MDS and the incidence of OA, as well as the relationship between MDS and mortality in patients with OA. Subgroup analysis were adopted in order to ensure the credibility of the results in different subgroups, including age, gender, race, education level, BMI, smoking, diabetes and hypertension.

19,394 individuals qualified for analysis, including 3,256 OA patients. After excluding missing follow-up data, 630 all-cause deaths and 172 cardiovascular deaths (CVDs) were observed in 3,250 OA patients. The individuals with OA had higher levels of MDS. In the logistic regression model, MDS was positively related to OA (MDS≥3 vs. MDS=0, OR =1.83 (1.46-2.30, P<0.001)). Besides, a positive association was observed between MDS and all-cause mortality [MDS≥3 vs. MDS=0, HR =2.56 (1.49-4.41, P<0.001)] and CVDs [MDS≥3 vs. MDS=0, HR =3.00 (1.13-7.98, P=0.01)] in cox regression models. In addition, a 1-unit rise in MDS was significantly linked to an increased risk of mortality. Restricted cubic spline indicated a positive relationship between MDS and incidence and mortality of OA. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the results are stable in different subgroups.

MDS is positively correlated with the incidence and mortality of OA. Optimizing the nutritional status of magnesium may bring benefits to OA patients.

Nutrients consumed with food undergo the digestion process, and only some of them are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and enter the bloodstream. Minerals, including Mg, are crucial for maintaining the body's homeostasis, but their beneficial effect depends on their bioavailability, i.e., the part that can be absorbed and used by the body. The bioavailability of nutrients taken in pharmaceutical form is usually higher than the same nutrients contained in food, because their absorption requires prior release from the food matrix.

The main objective of the conducted research was to assess the bioavailability of Mg from dietary supplements and medicinal products, considering the influence of the type of diet and pharmaceutical form on bioavailability.

The experiments were conducted using a previously developed and optimized two-stage in vitro digestion model using cellulose dialysis tubes and ICP-OES method. The influence of three types of diets-standard, basic and high-residue-on the bioavailability of Mg was evaluated.

The bioavailability of Mg from the studied diets was within the range of 48.74-52.51%.

In the models studied, it was observed that the factors influencing bioavailability were the nutritional composition of the diets and the chemical form of Mg.

Magnesium, the most abundant divalent metal within the cell, is essential for physiological function and critical in cellular signaling. To maintain cellular homeostasis, intracellular magnesium levels are tightly regulated, as dysregulation is linked to numerous diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological conditions. Over the past two decades, extensive research on magnesium-regulating proteins has provided valuable insight into their pathogenic and therapeutic potential. This review explores an emerging mechanism of magnesium homeostasis involving proteins in the PRL (phosphatase of regenerating liver), ARL (ADP ribosylation factor-like GTPase family), CNNM (cyclin and cystathionine β-synthase domain magnesium transport mediator), and TRPM (transient receptor potential melastatin) families, collectively termed herein as the PACT network. While each PACT protein has been studied within its individual signaling and disease contexts, their interactions suggest a broader regulatory network with therapeutic potential. This review consolidates the current knowledge on the PACT proteins' structure, function, and interactions and identifies research gaps to encourage future investigation. As the field of magnesium homeostasis continues to advance, understanding PACT protein interactions offers new opportunities for basic research and therapeutic development targeting magnesium-related disorders.

The Magnesium Depletion Score (MDS) is a novel indicator that integrates multiple factors to assess systemic magnesium depletion. However, its association with hyperuricemia (HUA) prevalence remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between MDS and the prevalence of HUA.

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The MDS was derived by integrating multiple risk factors associated with magnesium depletion: the use of diuretics and proton pump inhibitors (PPI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and alcohol consumption exceeding recommended thresholds. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models assessed the association between MDS and HUA. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses, including the exclusion of gout patients, further evaluated this association.

Among 18,761 participants, higher MDS were associated with an increased prevalence of HUA. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed a significant positive association between MDS and HUA (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.62-1.84). Restricted cubic splines (RCS) further characterized the non-linear relationship between MDS and HUA prevalence. Subgroup analysis indicated a positive association between MDS and HUA, with significant interactions observed for sex and body mass index. Sensitivity and additional analyses reinforced the robustness of these findings.

Among U.S. adults, higher MDS were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of HUA, suggesting that interventions targeting magnesium deficiency could be beneficial in reducing HUA prevalence within this population. However, prospective studies are needed to further confirm these findings.

To determine the association between hypomagnesemia and dynapenia in older women with different nutritional status.

This cross-sectional study included older women who attended one outpatient geriatric clinic. Undernutrition was defined according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment score (MNA) (< 23,5), and handgrip strength of < 16 kg on dynamometer was defined as dynapenia. The association between hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium < 1.7 mg/dL) and dynapenia was determined by logistic regression analysis.

Among the 933 older women (mean age 81 ± 8), the prevalences of undernutrition and hypomagnesemia were 61% and 15%, respectively. The risk of hypomagnesemia increased with each step of decline in nutritional status, and undernutrition was associated with hypomagnesemia (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.11-2.43, p = 0.013) In the entire cohort, hypomagnesemia was associated with dynapenia (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.35-3.00, p = 0.001). In well-nourished patients, hypomagnesemia was not associated with dynapenia, even when unadjusted. However, in the undernourished group, hypomagnesemia was associated with dynapenia after adjusting for age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, Barthel and Lawton scores, polypharmacy, glomerular filtration rate, serum albumin, hemoglobin, and MNA score (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.04-8.32, p = 0.040). The coexistence of hypomagnesemia and undernutrition (versus neither of them) was significantly associated with dynapenia (OR 4.44, 95% CI 2.67-7.41, p < 0.001).

The prevalence of hypomagnesemia increases with worsening nutritional status. Hypomagnesemia is associated with dynapenia in older women who are undernourished, even after adjusting for nutritional status, but not in those who are well nourished. The coexistence of undernutrition and hypomagnesemia increase the risk of dynapenia substantially.

Grape pomace, also known as wine pomace, is a by-product of winemaking that has traditionally been discarded. However, recent studies have highlighted its rich nutritional and bioactive potential, positioning it as a promising resource for various applications in the functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. This review explores the nutrient and nutraceutical contents of grape pomace, including its high levels of polyphenols, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and melatonin. The biological activities of grape pomace, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects, are also discussed, emphasizing its potential as raw material endowed with multifunctional properties. Additionally, the valorization of grape pomace as a food supplement and for the development of cosmetics is examined, focusing on its incorporation into dietary products and skincare formulations. The growing interest in the sustainable utilization of grape pomace is underscored, highlighting its significant role in promoting human health and contributing to a circular economy.

Some evidence suggests magnesium might reduce serum levels of lipid profile. Due to the significance of this matter on hand, we centralized our aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to interrogate the effect of magnesium supplementation on serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the general population aged ≥ 18 years.

In line with conducting this study first, relevant articles were found through searching databases, including five databases: Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed until January 2024. Following fulfilling the first aim, their mean differences and standard deviations were calculated to conduct the meta-analysis. Ultimately, an assessment of the statistical heterogeneity of intervention effects was performed using I-squared statistics and Cochran's Q test.

Regarding serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C, twenty-one, twenty-three, twenty, and twenty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimates showed no significant differences in serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C between the magnesium group and comparison group (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.34 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.75 to 2.43, P = 0.749, I2 = 99.1%; WMD=-2.06 mg/dl, 95% CI: -6.35 to 2.23, P = 0.346, I2 = 99.1; WMD = 1.71 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.81 to 4.24, P = 0.183, I2 = 99.4, respectively). However, magnesium significantly increased HDL-C (WMD = 1.21 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.85, P < 0.001, I2 = 99.5).

In conclusion, our study showed that magnesium significantly increased HDL-C levels. However, due to high heterogeneity, we must note that more research is needed to make robust recommendations regarding magnesium supplementation in clinical practice.

This study was registered in PROSPERO under the protocol number CRD42024505142.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widely utilized plasticizer in various consumer products, is classified as an endocrine disruptor and has been implicated in numerous adverse health effects, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Despite the growing body of literature addressing the systemic effects of DEHP, the specific influence of DEHP-induced oxidative stress on mitochondrial function within detoxification organs, particularly the liver and kidneys, remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the effects of DEHP exposure (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) on mitochondrial oxidative stress, trace elements, and mineral metabolism associated with signaling pathways in the liver and kidneys of rats. Altered mitochondrial oxidative stress status was indicated by impaired glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphoglucerate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, along with significant disruptions in essential minerals and trace elements, including Na, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Key oxidative stress signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, Akt, STAT3, and CREB, glucose, and tissue homeostasis, displayed dose-dependent responses to DEHP, indicating complex regulatory mechanisms. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into DEHP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting its effects on oxidative stress metabolism, trace element homeostasis, and cellular signaling pathways in detoxification organs. These findings provide novel insights into the mitochondrial mechanisms underlying DEHP toxicity and underscores the need for further research into the implications of plasticizer exposure on human health.

Neuromuscular excitability is a vital body function, and Mg2+ is an essential regulatory cation for the function of excitable membranes. Loss of Mg2+ homeostasis disturbs fluxes of other cations across cell membranes, leading to pathophysiological electrogenesis, which can eventually cause vital threat to the patient. Chronic subclinical Mg2+ deficiency is an increasingly prevalent condition in the general population. It is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological conditions and an increased mortality. Magnesium favours bronchodilation (by antagonizing Ca2+ channels on airway smooth muscle and inhibiting the release of endogenous bronchoconstrictors). Magnesium exerts antihypertensive effects by reducing peripheral vascular resistance (increasing endothelial NO and PgI2 release and inhibiting Ca2+ influx into vascular smooth muscle). Magnesium deficiency disturbs heart impulse generation and propagation by prolonging cell depolarization (due to Na+/K+ pump and Kir channel dysfunction) and dysregulating cardiac gap junctions, causing arrhythmias, while prolonged diastolic Ca2+ release (through leaky RyRs) disturbs cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, compromising diastolic relaxation and systolic contraction. In the brain, Mg2+ regulates the function of ion channels and neurotransmitters (blocks voltage-gated Ca2+ channel-mediated transmitter release, antagonizes NMDARs, activates GABAARs, suppresses nAChR ion current and modulates gap junction channels) and blocks ACh release at neuromuscular junctions. Magnesium exerts multiple therapeutic neuroactive effects (antiepileptic, antimigraine, analgesic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, anxiolytic, etc.). This review focuses on the effects of Mg2+ on excitable tissues in health and disease. As a natural membrane stabilizer, Mg2+ opposes the development of many conditions of hyperexcitability. Its beneficial recompensation and supplementation help treat hyperexcitability and should therefore be considered wherever needed.

Nutritional status disorders have the most significant impact on the development of cardiovascular and oncologic diseases; therefore, the interest in the study of palm oil as among the leading components of nutrition has been increasing. The data examined in this review were sourced from the Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed and PubMed Central, MEDLINE, CAPlus/SciFinder, and Embase databases; experts in the field; bibliographies; and abstracts from review analyses from the past 15 years. This review summarizes recent research data focusing on the quantitative and qualitative composition of nutrition of modern humans; concepts of the relationship between high-fat diets and disorders of insulin functioning and transport and metabolism of fatty acids; analyses of data regarding the palmitic acid (16:0) to oleic acid (18:1) ratio; and the effect of diet based on palm oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors and lipid and lipoprotein levels. Several studies suggest a potential vector contributing to the transmission of maternal, high-fat-diet-induced, addictive-like behaviors and obesogenic phenotypes across generations. The relationship between cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes that may lead to lysosome dysfunction and inhibition of the autophagy process is analyzed, as is the progression of inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic liver inflammation, and obesity with associated complications. Data are discussed from analyses of differences between rodent models and human population studies in the investigated different effects of palm oil consumption as a high-fat diet component. A conclusion is reached that the results cannot be generalized in human population studies because no similar effects were observed. Although there are numerous published reports, more studies are necessary to elucidate the complex regulatory mechanisms in digestive and nutrition processes, because there are great differences in lipoprotein profiles between rodents and humans, which makes it difficult to reproduce the pathology of many diseases caused by different types of the high-fat diet.

The contemporary approach to nutrition increasingly considers the role of non-nutritive bioactive compounds in modulating the immune system and maintaining health. This article provides up-to-date insight into the immunomodulatory effects of selected bioactive compounds, including micro- and macronutrients, vitamins, as well as other health-promoting substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics (including butyric acid and sodium butyrate), coenzyme Q10, lipoic acid, and plant-derived components such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, saponins, carotenoids, and terpenoids. Micro- and macronutrients, such as zinc, selenium, magnesium, and iron, play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response and protecting against oxidative stress. Vitamins, especially vitamins C, D, E, and B, are vital for the optimal functioning of the immune system as they facilitate the production of cytokines, the differentiation of immunological cells, and the neutralization of free radicals, among other functions. Omega-3 fatty acids exhibit strong anti-inflammatory effects and enhance immune cell function. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics modulate the intestinal microbiota, thereby promoting the integrity of the intestinal barrier and communication between the microbiota and the immune system. Coenzyme Q10, renowned for its antioxidant attributes, participates in the protection of cells from oxidative stress and promotes energy processes essential for immune function. Sodium butyrate and lipoic acid exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and facilitate the regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, which is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. This article emphasizes the necessity of an integrative approach to optimal nutrition that considers not only nutritional but also non-nutritional bioactive compounds to provide adequate support for immune function. Without them, the immune system will never function properly, because it has been adapted to this in the course of evolution. The data presented in this article may serve as a foundation for further research into the potential applications of bioactive components in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with immune dysfunction.

Minerals are essential nutrients that play critical roles in human health by regulating various physiological functions. Examples include bone development, enzyme function, nerve signaling, and the immune response. Both the deficiencies and toxicities of minerals can have significant health implications. Deficiencies in macrominerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphate can lead to osteoporosis (associated with falls and fractures), cardiovascular events, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Trace mineral deficiencies, such as iron and zinc. Selenium deficiency impairs oxygen transport, immune function, and antioxidant defenses, contributing to anemia, delaying wound healing, and increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases. Conversely, excessive intake of minerals can have severe health consequences. Hypercalcemia can cause kidney stones and cardiac arrhythmias as well as soft-tissue calcification, whereas excessive iron deposition can lead to oxidative stress and organ/tissue damage. Maintaining adequate mineral levels through a balanced diet, guided supplementation, and monitoring at-risk populations is essential for good health and preventing disorders related to deficiencies and toxicities. Public health interventions and education about dietary sources of minerals are critical for minimizing health risks and ensuring optimal well-being across populations. While a comprehensive analysis of all macro and micronutrients is beyond the scope of this article, we have chosen to focus on calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. We summarize the consequences of deficiency and the adverse events associated with the overconsumption of other minerals.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects 1% of live births globally. Infants with CHD often experience growth faltering and malnutrition due to increased metabolic demands, malabsorption, and feeding intolerance, further worsened by surgical interventions and frequent hospitalizations. Malnutrition in this population is linked to higher morbidity, extended hospital stays, and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The physiological diversity among CHD types presents significant challenges in developing a universal feeding strategy to optimize nutrition. This narrative review explores the interplay between CHD physiology and nutritional management. CHD types could be categorized into three hemodynamic groups-systemic hypoperfusion, global hypoxia, and pulmonary overcirculation-which help to consider a feeding approach based on such physiology. Nutritional management in these infants could be further tailored based on the disease severity, co-morbidities, and evolving hemodynamic changes. Based on clinical opinions, this review proposes a hemodynamic-focused risk-stratified feeding approach, considering ways that may enhance growth while possibly minimizing complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), pulmonary overload, and worsening heart failure. This approach may help individualize nutritional management to address the complex needs of infants with CHD. Further quality improvement studies are needed to assess this approach. Beyond meeting macronutrient needs, micronutrients, including zinc, thiamine, magnesium, vitamin A, and calcium, potentially play a role in cardiovascular health. Given the complexity of nutritional management in these infants, a multidisciplinary team may be needed to optimize care, including cardiologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, dietitians, speech therapists, and pharmacists. With the current knowledge gap and lack of strong evidence, research should focus on nutritional interventions and study their potential impact on infant outcomes with CHDs.

Both dietary magnesium and serum magnesium are associated with the prognosis of diabetic patients. However, the impact of the magnesium depletion score (MDS), which assesses systemic magnesium deficiency, on the prognosis of diabetic patients remains unclear. This cohort study aims to explore the potential association between the MDS and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients.

In this study, we analyzed data from 5,219 diabetic individuals from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018. Participant mortality information was sourced from the National Death Index records. MDS was divided into lower MDS (0-1 points), middle MDS (2 points), and higher MDS (3-5 points) groups. Weighted multivariable Cox regression was utilized to explore the potential association between MDS and mortality in diabetic patients. Stratified analyses and sensitivity analyses were employed to validate the robustness of our findings.

Among the 5,219 participants included in this study, 1,212 experienced all-cause mortality, and 348 experienced cardiovascular mortality. Weighted multivariable Cox regression indicated that higher MDS was strongly linked to a heightened risk of mortality in all models, including the fully adjusted model (all-cause mortality: HR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.20-2.08; cardiovascular mortality: HR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.28-2.88). In the stratified analysis, we found that the association between MDS and all-cause mortality was stronger among individuals aged <60 years. No significant differences were found in the relationship between MDS and mortality within other subgroups. In the sensitivity analyses, our results remained robust.

An increase in MDS is significantly correlated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients. The risk of all-cause mortality was higher in diabetic patients aged <60. Early monitoring and management of MDS, as well as optimizing magnesium nutritional status, may benefit diabetic patients.

Consumption of pseudocereal-based foods decreased in phytate concentration can provide better nutrition concerning mineral bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the mineral bioavailability of quinoa sourdough-based snacks in a murine model. The mice were divided into five groups. One group was fed with basal snacks; three control groups received quinoa-based snacks made from non-fermented dough, dough without inoculum, and chemically acidified dough; and the test group (GF) received quinoa snacks elaborated from sourdough fermented by a phytase-positive strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 1964. Food intake, body weight, and mineral concentration in blood and organs (liver, kidney, and femur) were determined.

Food consumption increased during the feeding period and had the highest (16.2-24.5%) consumption in the GF group. Body weight also increased during the 6-weeks of trial. The GF group showed higher (6.0-10.2%) body weight compared with the other groups from the fifth week. The concentrations of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood, iron and phosphorus in the liver, manganese and magnesium in the kidney, and calcium and phosphorus in the femur increased significantly (1.1-2.7-fold) in the GF group compared to the control groups.

The diet that includes quinoa snacks elaborated with sourdough fermented by phytase-positive strain L. plantarum CRL 1964 increased the concentrations of minerals in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur of mice, counteracting the antinutritional effects of phytate. This study demonstrates that the diminution in phytate content and the consequent biofortification in minerals are a suitable tool for producing novel foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Identification of modifiable risk factors that may contribute to higher risks of mortality could facilitate targeted and intensive intervention strategies in this population. This study aims to examine whether the magnesium depletion score (MDS) is associated with all-cause and CVD mortality among individuals with MASLD or metabolic and alcohol associated liver disease (MetALD).

A total of 3802 participants with MASLD or MetALD were followed up over a median of 26 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III cohort. The MDS was calculated by aggregating four factors influencing the reabsorption capability of the kidneys. The associations between MDS and all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality were quantified using Cox proportional hazard regression models.

In the combined MASLD + MetALD cohort, a higher MDS (>2) was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR, 2.52; 95%CI, 1.77-3.61; p-trend < 0.0001) and CVD mortality (HR, 3.01; 1.87-4.86; p-trend < 0.0001) compared to MDS = 0; this association became stronger among participants who did not meet the estimated average requirement level of Mg intake (2.72; 1.69-4.37; p-trend = 0.0014) and those with a Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) < 1.3 (2.95; 1.69-5.15; p-trend = 0.0006).

In individuals with MASLD or MetALD, higher MDS, indicative of worse global Mg status, was associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Correcting global Mg deficiency in high-risk MASLD/MetALD patients may have long-term health benefits.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the existence of metabolic profile risk factors and impaired glycemic status such as dysglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Several studies demonstrated that a diet that promotes proper nutritional intake; plays a critical role in the prevention and control of MetS. Our goal for conducting this cross-sectional study was to investigate any potential relationships between the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and cardiometabolic risk variables within obese individuals. individuals.

In the present cross-sectional study, 338 seemingly healthy participants who were overweight or obese were enrolled. The assessment of dietary consumption was conducted through a validated questionnaire comprising 168 items Then NAR was calculated for all ten vitamins and six minerals. Biochemical variables are measured by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), QUICKI (quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index), and HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) were calculated using the suggested formulas.

Subjects in the upper NAR tertiles exhibited a significantly higher percentage of fat-free mass (P = .002), appetite (P = .002), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) (P = .002). In addition, Participants in the upper tertiles of NAR consumed a greater amount of energy and all vitamins and minerals included in NAR and meat, fish and poultry (MFP) (P < .001) as well as cholesterol, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (P < .05). Furthermore, no association was shown between NAR and metabolic profile and glycemic status.

According to our findings, a higher nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was associated with higher fat-free mass but no significant link between NAR and metabolic profile risk factors was observed.

Ringed (Pusa hispida), bearded (Erignathus barbatus), spotted (Phoca largha), and ribbon (Histriophoca fasciata) seals are ice-associated seals that are important subsistence resources for coastal Alaska Native people. These seals are also mid- to upper trophic level Arctic predators and primary prey of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). We analyzed concentrations of 19 trace elements in seal liver, kidney, muscle, and blubber, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and vanadium due to their potential toxicity. We also measured monomethyl mercury, the more biologically available and toxic form of mercury, in a subsample of seals. We tested for differences in elemental concentrations by seal sex, age, and two periods, 2003-2007 and 2011-2016, to detect environmental trends, assess seal health, and explore trace elements in seal tissues as indicators of seal diet. Trace element concentrations were within ranges that were similar or below that previously measured for these species throughout their range in the Arctic and subarctic. We found relationships between concentration and seal sex or age, as well as differences between periods, with a notable decline over time in magnesium for bearded seal liver and kidney, and ringed and spotted seal liver. Relative concentrations of methyl mercury and total mercury among the four seal species matched known patterns of piscivory and pelagic feeding. Cadmium concentrations were highest in bearded and ribbon seals, possibly due to greater benthic feeding and consumption of squid, respectively. Tissue trace element concentrations from sick seals collected during the 2011-2016 Northern Alaska Pinnipeds Unusual Mortality Event did not differ from those of healthy subsistence harvested seals. Our analysis of trace elements in four Alaskan ice seal species can inform toxicological risk assessments regarding non-essential elements of concern and assessments of nutritional benefits regarding essential elements for seals and for the people and polar bears that eat them.

The evaluation of hypomagnesemia's significance in predicting the presence of the black hole sign in patients with intracranial hemorrhage is currently under investigation.

The study included 261 patients with cerebral hemorrhage who underwent initial skull computed tomography within 24 hours of admission. Sixty-nine patients (26.4%) exhibited hypomagnesemia in the initial laboratory examinations. The black hole sign was observed in 123 patients (referred to as the black hole sign group, which includes patients with and without hypomagnesemia), while the remaining 138 patients (nonblack hole sign group) did not exhibit this feature. The values of hypomagnesemia were assessed through multivariable logistic regression analyses.

The black hole sign occurred in 45 of the 69 (65.2%) patients with hypomagnesemia, and in 78 of the 192 (40.6%) patients without hypomagnesemia. In the black hole sign group, hypomagnesemia was observed in 45 patients (36.6%). However, only 24 patients (19.5%) from the normal magnesium concentration group exhibited hypomagnesemia. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of hypomagnesemia for predicting the black hole sign were 69.9%, 82.5%, 36.6%, and 82.8%, respectively. The odds ratios for hypomagnesemia, smoking history, and hypokalemia in predicting the presence of the black hole sign were 2.74, 1.971, and 1.629, correspondingly.

The presence of hypomagnesemia may serve as a predictive factor for the black hole sign and rebleeding in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, thereby providing valuable guidance for clinical treatment.

Tendon injuries present a significant clinical challenge due to their limited natural healing capacity and the mechanical demands placed on these tissues. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current strategies and advancements in tendon repair and regeneration, focusing on biomaterial innovations and scaffold design. Through a systematic literature search of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, key studies were analyzed to assess the efficacy of biocompatible materials like hydrogels, synthetic polymers, and fiber-reinforced scaffolds in promoting tendon healing. Emphasis is placed on the role of collagen fiber architecture, including fiber diameter, alignment, and crimping, in restoring the mechanical strength and functional properties of tendons. Additionally, the review highlights emerging techniques such as electrospinning, melt electrowriting, and hybrid textile methods that allow for precise scaffold designs mimicking native tendon structures. Cutting-edge approaches in regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapies, bioelectronic devices, and bioactive molecules, are also explored for their potential to enhance tendon repair. The findings underscore the transformative impact of these technologies on improving tendon biomechanics and functional recovery. Future research directions are outlined, aiming to overcome the current limitations in scaffold mechanical properties and integration at tendon-bone and tendon-muscle junctions. This review contributes to the development of more effective strategies for tendon regeneration, advancing both clinical outcomes and the field of orthopedic tissue engineering.

Nutritional profiles and guidelines are determined by various associations to ensure optimum health of cats and provide pet food manufacturers nutritional recommendations to ensure the well-balanced and nutritionally adequate pet food.

It was aimed to determine some trace elements and macro minerals in prescription and non-prescription dry cat foods and compare the contents with the suggested guidelines to evaluate the potential in-compliance.

A total of 96 dry cat foods were evaluated. Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Mg, Ca and P concentrations were analysed in prescription dry cat foods developed for gastrointestinal diseases-GI (n = 18), renal diseases-R (n = 15), urinary diseases-U (n = 8), obesity-O (n = 10) and non-prescription-N-P (n = 45) foods from different flavours and brands by ICP-OES.

Ten precent of the O group exceeded the upper limit, and 15.5% of the N-P group failed to provide a nutritional minimum level. 4.44% of prescription foods were below the minimum recommended Mn level according to the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF), and 66% of N-P foods were below the minimum adult maintenance value recommended by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). One hundred percent non-compliance with the guidelines in the GI and U groups was recorded. 22.2% of the GI group was lower, and 5.55% of the GI group was higher than the recommended levels by FEDIAF, which reflects the 27.7% in compliance. While all the prescription foods have 100% compliance with the determined minimum level of guidelines, 11.1% of N-P foods were below the minimum recommended level. In compliance with the guidelines for Ca was noted in the O and U groups (10% and 12.5%, respectively). The P ratio in all prescription food groups except for GI was below the minimum level determined by AAFCO.

In all food groups, mean Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca and P concentrations were between the minimum and maximum limits recommended by FEDIAF. However, the mean Se level was above the upper legal limit in all food groups, and the Zn level was below the minimum recommended level in the N-P food group. Besides the mean values, a high number of foods in each group show a broad in-compliance with the guidelines.

This cohort study investigated the relationship between serum magnesium levels and the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP).

We analyzed data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, focusing on adult AP patients (≥18 years old) with ICU stays longer than 24 h. Univariable logistic regression was used to identify key covariates. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the link between serum magnesium levels and AKI occurrence. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to visualize the associations, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

During hospitalization, 455 (69.1%) participants experienced AKI. After adjusting for relevant factors, higher serum magnesium concentrations were significantly associated with AKI (OR: 2.247, 95% CI: 1.234-4.091; p = 0.008). Magnesium levels between 1.6-2.6 mg/dL (OR: 1.872, 95% CI: 1.105-1.174, p = 0.020) and ≥2.6 mg/dL (OR: 3.851, 95% CI: 1.08-13.736, p = 0.038) were linked to increased AKI occurrence. The RCS curve indicated a nonlinear relationship, suggesting a potential threshold effect between serum magnesium and AKI risk.

Higher serum magnesium levels were found to be associated with AKI in ICU patients with acute pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to explore this relationship.

Mineral abnormalities are a common complication of heart failure (HF). In particular, dyskalaemia, hyponatraemia, and hypomagnesaemia are prevalent, with hypo- and hyperkalaemia observed in over 40 % of HF patients, hyponatraemia in 18-27 %, hypomagnesaemia in 7-52 %, and phosphate imbalance in 13 %. These abnormalities serve as indicators of the severity of HF and are strongly associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The neurohumoral activation, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the sympathetic nervous system, and vasopressin, HF medications such as diuretics and RAAS inhibitors, amd concomitant diseases such as chronic kidney disease, can disrupt mineral homeostasis. Iron deficiency (ID) is another of the most common mineral abnormalities, affecting up to 60 % of HF patients. ID is significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes such as reduced quality of life and exercise capacity, HF re-hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. Various pathways contribute to the development of ID in HF, including reduced iron intake due to anorexia, increased hepcidin levels associated with chronic inflammation and hepatic congestion, and occult gastrointestinal bleeding due to the concomitant use of antithrombotic agents. The efficacy of iron replacement therapy has been demonstrated in clinical trials, particularly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), whilst more recently, it has also been shown to improve exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This review focuses on potassium and phosphate abnormalities, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, and ID in HF, providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, clinical significance, and intervention strategies with the latest findings.

The rise in chronic metabolic diseases has led to the exploration of alternative diets. The carnivore diet, consisting exclusively of animal products, has gained attention, anecdotally, for imparting benefit for inflammatory conditions beyond that possible by other restrictive dietary approaches. The aim was to assess the micronutrient adequacy of four versions of the carnivore diet against national nutrient reference values (NRVs).

This study assessed the nutrient adequacy of the carnivore diet against national NRVs from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand Ministry of Health. Four meal plans for hypothetical average Australian adults were developed and analysed using Foodworks.online (Version 1, Xyris Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia, 2024), dietary software. Two female and two male plans were included; one set including dairy products and the other set including offal.

The carnivore diet met several NRV thresholds for nutrients such as riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, zinc, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, selenium, and Vitamin A, and exceeded the sodium threshold. However, it fell short in thiamin, magnesium, calcium, and Vitamin C, and in iron, folate, iodine and potassium in some cases. Fibre intake was significantly below recommended levels.

The carnivore diet may offer benefits for managing certain chronic conditions. Whether the metabolic contexts from consuming such a diet facilitates a lower requirement of certain nutrients, or whether it poses risks of micronutrient inadequacies remains to be determined. Tailored nutritional guidance and supplementation strategies are recommended to ensure careful consideration of micronutrient intake to prevent deficiencies.