Why should lymphocytes immune profile matter in sepsis?

Table 1 Observational studies exploring lymphocyte-derivates variables and clinical outcomes in sepsis

Ref.	Population	Variable measured	Outcome
Biyikli et al[20]	Adult patients older than 65 years with sepsis or septic shock in emergency admission	Platelet-lymphocyte ratio	Platelet-lymphocyte ratio was not associated with 30-day mortality (207.6 in non-survivors vs 168.3 in survivors)
Djordjevic et al[21]	Critically ill injured patients admitted to surgical ICU	PLR, MLR, NLR	There was no difference in the biomarkers regarding hospital mortality in septic trauma patients (8.5 in non-survivors vs 9.6 in survivors)
Gharebaghi et al[22]	Critically-ill patients with sepsis due to gram-negative pathogens	Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio	Patients who deceased had increased values of NLR in day 2 (14.9 vs 9.3) and in day 3 of ICU admission (17.2 vs 9.1), but not at day 1 (13 vs 9.8)
Goda et al[23]	Neurosurgical critically ill patients with cathteter-associated urinary tract infections or central line-associated bloodstream infections	Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio	An increased NLR was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in central-line associated bloodstream infections (7.29 in non-survivors vs 4.46 in survivors)
Guo et al[24]	Critically ill patients with sepsis, from MIMIC-IV database	Neutrophil + monocyte/lymphocyte ratio	An increased NMLR is associated with increased 30-day mortality (12.24 non-survivors vs 8.71 in survivors)
Hsu et al[25]	Critically ill cirrhotic patients with septic shock	LMR and NLR	Non-survivors had increased NLR (13 vs 10.3) and decreased LMR (1.1 vs 2.3) when compared with survivors
Li et al[26]	Critically ill septic shock patients	NLR	NLR at day 3 and delta NLR (day 3 - day 1), but not NLR at day 1 were associated with 28-day mortality, in univariate and multivariate analysis
Liang et al[27]	Critically ill patients with bloodstream infections	NLR	Delta NLR (NLR 48 hours - NLR at 0 hour) were higher in patients with shock
Liu et al[28]	Critically ill patients with sepsis, from MIMIC-IV database	LHR	Low values of LHR were associated with 90-day mortality
Lorente et al[29]	Critically ill patients with sepsis	NLR	Increase in NLR at day 1, day 4 and day 8 were associated with 30-day mortality, when controlled for SOFA score and lactate at this time intervals
Sari et al[30]	Critically ill patients with sepsis	NLR	NLR at day 1 of sepsis is not associated with ICU mortality. At day 3, NLR greater than 15 is strongly associated with mortality
Wu and Qin[31]	Critically ill patients with sepsis	NLR, PLR, MLR	There was no difference between variables measured at baseline in survivors and non-survivors at 28-days post ICU admission
Xiao et al[32]	Adult septic patients from MIMIC-IV database	N/LP	High and middle terciles of N/LP at baseline were associated with an increase in the incidence of septic AKI (HR 1.3 and 1.2, respectively), as compared with the lower tercile

ICU: Intensive care unit; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR: Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; AKI: Acute kidney injury; HR: Hazard rate; LHR: Lymphocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; MIMIC: Medical information mart for intensive care; N/LP: Neutrophil to lymphocytes and platelets ratio; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; NMLR: Neutrophil + monocyte/lymphocyte ratio.