Impact of different intravenous bolus rates on fluid and electrolyte balance and mortality in critically ill patients

Table 1 Literature review of intravenous bolus rates on fluid and electrolyte balance and mortality in critically ill patients

Ref.	Research findings	Methodologies employed	Clinical approaches	Fluid types and bolus rates	Gaps in current research/limitations	Practical insights for healthcare professionals
Caltabeloti et al[5], 2014	Early fluid loading worsens lung aeration without affecting oxygenation	Observational study with lung ultrasound	Early aggressive fluid loading in ARDS	Not specified	Limited by observational design, small sample size	Caution against early aggressive fluid loading in ARDS patients
Ukor et al[7], 2017	Bolus infusion causes more pronounced hemodynamic changes compared to slower infusion	Experimental study with healthy volunteers	Comparison of bolus vs slow infusion	Intravenous crystalloid at different rates	Limited to healthy volunteers, not critically ill patients	Consider slower infusion rates for better hemodynamic stability
Kattan et al[8], 2020	Identifies optimal targets for fluid resuscitation in septic shock	Review of existing studies and guidelines	Septic shock resuscitation strategies	Various fluids and administration rates	Variability in study designs and targets	Personalized resuscitation targets based on patient condition
Connor et al[9], 2021	Crystalloid composition and administration rate impact resuscitation outcomes	Analysis of ICU patient data	Different rates and compositions of crystalloids	Crystalloids at various rates	Lack of large-scale randomized trials	Importance of considering fluid composition and rate in ICU resuscitation
Trejnowska et al[11], 2019	Fluid balance is critical for outcomes in critically ill patients	Retrospective observational study	Monitoring and managing fluid balance	Not specified	Retrospective design, single-center study	Emphasizes meticulous fluid balance management
Barmparas et al[12], 2014	Positive fluid balance is associated with worse outcomes in surgical patients	Prospective observational study	Monitoring fluid balance	Crystalloids and colloids	Single-center study, observational design	Avoid positive fluid balance to improve outcomes
Zampieri et al[15], 2021	Slower bolus rates may improve mortality in critically ill patients	Randomized clinical trial	Comparison of slower and faster bolus rates	Intravenous fluids at different bolus rates	Potential variability in patient conditions	Slower bolus rates could be beneficial for critically ill patients
Shen et al[14], 2017	Negative fluid balance is linked to lower mortality in critically ill patients	Retrospective cohort study	Monitoring fluid intake and outcomes	Not specified	Retrospective design, potential confounding factors	Targeting negative fluid balance may improve survival
Chen et al[13], 2020	Early positive fluid balance was associated with higher 1-year mortality in critically ill cancer patients	Retrospective observational study	Emphasizes early fluid management in cancer patients	Not specified in the study	Retrospective design, single-center study, potential for confounding variables	Highlights the need for careful fluid management in critically ill cancer patients to improve long-term survival

ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU: Intensive care unit.