Endocrine issues in critically ill transgender patients: A narrative review

doi:10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.100660

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Sep 9, 2025 (publication date) through Jul 18, 2025

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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2220-3141

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World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2025; 14(3): 100660
Published online Sep 9, 2025. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.100660

Endocrine issues in critically ill transgender patients: A narrative review

Charalampos Milionis, Emmanouil Zoumakis, Athanasios Tselebis, Ioannis Ilias

Charalampos Milionis, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou General Hospital, Athens 11521, Greece

Emmanouil Zoumakis, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece

Athanasios Tselebis, Department of Psychiatry, “Sotiria” General Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece

Ioannis Ilias, Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens GR-11527, Greece

Author contributions: Milionis M and Ilias I conceived and designed this work; Milionis M, Zoumakis E, Tselebis A, and Ilias I researched the literature, wrote the manuscript; all of the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report that they have no conflict of interest.

Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Corresponding author: Ioannis Ilias, MD, PhD, Director, Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital, 63 Evrou Street, Athens GR-11527, Greece. iiliasmd@yahoo.com

Received: August 22, 2024
Revised: February 25, 2025
Accepted: March 4, 2025
Published online: September 9, 2025
Processing time: 330 Days and 5.8 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Critically ill transgender patients receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy present unique challenges in the intensive care unit, particularly regarding the increased risks of venous thromboembolism, erythrocytosis, and potential drug interactions. Understanding and managing these endocrine alterations are essential for optimizing care and improving outcomes in this vulnerable population.