Alternative mechanisms for prostate-specific antigen elevation: A prospective analysis of 222 transurethral resections of prostate patients

Table 1 Characteristics of the 222 consecutive patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate between May 2008 and June 2010

	n	Mean	SD	Min	Max
PSA (ng/mL)	218	4.7	5.4	0.2	32.5
Age (yr)	222	69.1	8.6	45	90.0
UF (mL/s)	204	10.7	6.5	1	47.2
IPSS	222	15.7	6.9	0	32.0
PRV (mL)	208	83.8	130.3	0	890
P/F (cm H2O)	154	96.3	34.4	10	220
Operation time (min)	222	31.1	11.9	10	110
TURP weight (g)	222	39.4	27.3	3	189

SD: Standard deviation; PSA: Prostate specific antigen; UF: Uroflow; IPSS: International prostate symptoms score; PRV: Post residual volume; P/F: Pressure flowmetry; TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum.

Table 2 Correlation between log (prostate specific antigen) and the corresponding predictor variables

Variable	Linearity(P value)	Significance(P value)	Correlation(r)
IPSS	0.488	0.04	-0.14
Age (decades)	0.563	< 0.0001	0.29
UF (mL/s)	0.929	0.986	0.00
PRV (mL)	0.766	0.276	0.08
P/F (cm H2O)	0.443	0.032	0.17
TURP weight (g)	0.504	< 0.0001	0.54

IPSS: International prostate symptoms score; UF: Uroflow; PRV: Post residual volume; P/F: Pressure flowmetry; TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate.

Table 3 Multiple regression model results

Effect	Estimate(st.err)	P value
Age (decades)	0.18 (0.069)	0.010
IPSS	-0.02 (0.008)	0.008
Active_0	-1.58 (0.47)	0.001
Active_1	-0.96 (0.53)	0.073
Active_2	-0.78 (0.54)	0.146
Active_3	-0.80 (0.55)	0.150
TURP weight	0.034 (0.006)	< 0.0001
R2 adj	0.377

IPSS: International prostate symptoms score; Active 0: No active inflammation; Active 3: Most severe inflammation; TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate.

Table 4 Correlation between active inflammation and prostate related continuous variables

	Active inflammation				P value	Correlation, r
	0	1	2	3
Log PSA, n	25	91	88	14
Mean (SD)	1.4 (1.6)	4.4 (4.3)	5.9 (6.4)	4.6 (6.6)	<0.0001	0.21
IPSS, n	25	94	88	15
Mean (SD)	14.4 (6.3)	16.2 (7.0)	15.3 (7.0)	16.6 (7.1)	0.595	0.03
Age, n	25	94	88	15
Mean (SD)	59.7 (5.4)	70.1 (8.1)	70.8 (8.2)	68.4 (9.5)	<0.0001	0.24
PRV, n	25	90	81	15
Mean (SD)	75.0 (103.9)	83.8 (110.6)	68.9 (110.0)	202.8 (303.2)	0.001	0.09
TURP weight, n	25	94	88	15
Mean (SD)	24.7 (10.7)	39.5 (27.4)	44.2 (30.4)	32.6 (14.0)	0.011	0.13

SD: Standard deviation; PSA: Prostate specific antigen; IPSS: International prostate symptoms score; PRV: Post residual volume; TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate.

Table 5 Correlation between chronic inflammation and prostate related continuous variables

	Chronic inflammation				P value	Correlation, r
	0	1	2	3
Log PSA, n	4	109	91	14
Mean (SD)	1.0 (0.7)	4.0 (5.0)	5.7 (5.9)	4.2 (4.4)	0.005	0.19
IPSS, n	4	110	93	15
Mean (SD)	14.8 (7.9)	16.0 (6.5)	15.3 (7.2)	15.7 (8.3)	0.91	-0.03
Age, n	4	110	93	15
Mean (SD)	61.5 (5.2)	68.4 (8.75)	70.5 (8.31)	67.6 (9.3)	0.08	0.09
PRV, n	4	105	86	13
Mean (SD)	68.5 (137.0)	80.3 (129.5)	83.8 (121.8)	116.9 (191.4)	0.88	0.05
TURP weight, n	4	110	93	15
Mean (SD)	25.0 (5.2)	36.8 (25.4)	42.5 (28.9)	40.1 (31.6)	0.34	0.1

SD: Standard deviation; PSA: Prostate specific antigen; IPSS: International prostate symptoms score; PRV: Post residual volume; TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate.

Table 6 Relationship between International Prostate Symptoms Score (categorized) and inflammation

		IPSS Categorized			P value
		Mild	Moderate	Severe
Active inflammation	0	4	16	5	0.68
	1	11	47	36
	2	15	43	30
	3	2	7	6
Chronic inflammation	0	1	1	2	0.13
	1	10	65	35
	2	18	41	34
	3	3	6	6

IOSS: International Prostate Symptoms Score. 0: No inflammation; 3: Most severe inflammation.

Table 7 Correlation between inflammation (active and chronic) and risk factors for inflammation

		Active inflammation				P value	Correlation, rc	Chronic inflammation				P value
		0	1	2	3			0	1	2	3
SPC	Yes	1	6	6	5	0.003	-0.16	0	8	7	3	0.34
	No	124	88	82	10			4	102	86	12
TUC	Yes	0	1	3	0	0.710	1	0	2	2	0	1
	No	25	93	85	15			4	108	91	15
PPB	Yes	2	29	27	4	0.130	1	1	25	34	2	0.08
	No	23	65	61	11			3	85	59	13
Re-TURP	Yes	2	13	11	2	0.930	1	0	14	12	2	1
	No	23	81	77	13			4	96	81	13

¹No significant correlation. SPC: Presence of a suprapubic catheter; TUC: Presence of a transurethral catheter; PPB: Prostate biopsy punctures; Re-TURP: Previous transurethral resection of the prostate.