• STAT3
• apoptosis
• genistein
• prostate cancer
• reactive oxygen species

• NRF-2022R1F1A1069376 National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea
• 2024 Soonchunhyang University Research Fund

• Age-standardized incidence rates
• Cancer
• Public health
• Regional disparity
• Trend

• Humans
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Incidence
• Male
• Female
• Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Registries/statistics & numerical data
• Middle Aged
• Health Status Disparities
• Aged
• Adult

• APC
• Brunei Darussalam
• Cancer
• Incidence
• Joinpoint
• Mortality
• Rates
• Trends

Cancers are the leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA); however, nationwide studies on cancer incidence are limited. We aimed to determine the trends in the incidence rates of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) among Korean PLWHA. Data from the National Health Insurance Sharing Service from 2004 to 2017 were collected. Age- and sex-adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for various cancer types relative to the general population were calculated. Of the 11,737 PLWHA followed-up for 65,052 person-years (PYs), 445 (ADCs, 130 and NADCs, 298) developed cancer. The incidence rate of ADCs decreased, whereas that of NADCs remained unchanged. PLWHA were at an increased risk of ADCs (SIR: 12.6, 95% CI: 10.6–15.0), including Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cervical cancer, and some NADCs, including anal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. Of the 396 patients who received antiretroviral therapy (ART), 215 with optimal adherence had lower incidence rates for ADCs and NADCs than those with non-optimal adherence. The 5-year survival rate of PLWHA with NADCs was 57.8%. Close surveillance and routine screening of cancers and improvement in ART adherence are required to improve the clinical outcomes of PLWHA.

• decision aids
• personalized risk
• prediction
• prostate cancer

• Alzheimer disease
• Androgen deprivation therapy
• Dementia
• Population-based nationwide study
• Prostate cancer

We evaluated the impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis on the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) in patients using nationally representative data of the Korean population from the National Health Insurance Service.

A total of 5,580,495 Korean men, aged >20 years, who had undergone health screening in 2009 were followed-up for 9 years until 2017. Multivariate adjusted Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between BPH and/or prostatitis and PCa. The HR for PCa according to the presence of BPH and/or prostatitis was stratified by a combination of BPH and prostatitis in multivariable-adjusted models.

The HR for PCa significantly increased in patients with BPH and prostatitis than in patients without BPH and prostatitis (adjusted HR, 1.626; 95% CI, 1.567–1.688 and adjusted HR, 1.557; 95% CI, 1.500–1.618, respectively). In particular, for the combination of BPH and prostatitis, the adjusted HR was 1.856 (95% CI, 1.743–1.976), which was the highest when a diagnosis of both BPH and prostatitis was made.

BPH and/or prostatitis are associated with an increased incidence for PCa in Korean patients, which is likely associated with similar effects to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, so care must be taken in the interpretation. However, if follow-up survival studies demonstrate differences between the two groups (BPH and prostatitis vs. general), it could be one of the evidence for the introduction of PSA screening in Korea.

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Incidence
• Prostate cancer
• Prostatitis

Evodiamine (EVO) is an indoloquinazoline alkaloid that exerts its various anti-oncogenic actions by blocking phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Met, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, thus leading to apoptosis of tumor cells. We investigated the ability of EVO to affect hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced c-Met/Src/STAT3 activation cascades in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). First, we noted that EVO showed cytotoxicity and anti-proliferation activities in PC-3 and DU145 cells. Next, we found that EVO markedly inhibited HGF-induced c-Met/Src/STAT3 phosphorylation and impaired the nuclear translocation of STAT3 protein. Then, we noted that EVO arrested the cell cycle, caused apoptosis, and downregulated the expression of various carcinogenic markers such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metallopeptidases 9 (MMP-9). Moreover, it was observed that in cPC-3 and DU145 cells transfected with c-Met small interfering RNA (siRNA), Src/STAT3 activation was also mitigated and led to a decrease in EVO-induced apoptotic cell death. According to our results, EVO can abrogate the activation of the c-Met/Src/STAT3 signaling axis and thus plays a role as a robust suppressor of tumor cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis.

• STAT3
• apoptosis
• c-Met
• evodiamine
• prostate cancer

• Pathology
• Prostatectomy
• Prostatic neoplasms

• Cohort effect
• Incidence
• Prostatic neoplasms

• Prostate cancer
• prevalence
• prostatectomy

• Adult
• Age Distribution
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Humans
• Linear Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prevalence
• Prostatectomy
• Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology

• Soonchunhyang University

• Korean population
• efficacy
• hormonal treatment
• prostate cancer
• safety
• trend

• Aged
• Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
• Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
• Cholesterol/blood
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Humans
• Leuprolide/therapeutic use
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prostatic Neoplasms/blood
• Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
• Quality of Life
• Receptors, LHRH/agonists
• Republic of Korea
• Testosterone/blood
• Treatment Outcome
• Triglycerides/blood

• Metabolic Health
• Metabolically Healthy Obese
• Metabolically Obese Normal Weight
• Obesity
• Prostate Cancer

• Adult
• Aged
• Body Mass Index
• Cohort Studies
• Databases, Factual
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Incidence
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Male
• Metabolic Syndrome/complications
• Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/diagnosis
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Prostatic Neoplasms/complications
• Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Risk Factors

The objective of this review was to describe the epidemiology and risk factors of prostate cancer (PCa) in Asian populations. English language publications published over the last 10 years covering studies on the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of PCa in Asia were reviewed. The incidence of PCa in Asia is rising but is still significantly lower than that in Western countries. Studies in Asia indicated that the consumption of red meat, fat, dairy, and eggs was associated with a higher risk for PCa. Age and family history were also found to be risk factors. The emergence of genetic data indicates that different genetic backgrounds between Asian and Western populations play a role in the observed differences in PCa incidence. The lower incidence of PCa in Asian men than in Western men may in part be due to a lack of systematic prostate-specific antigen screening, but environmental and genetic factors also play a role.

• Asia
• Epidemiology
• Prostate cancer
• Risk factors

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and the most common cause of death in Korea. There are currently approximately 200,000 incident cancer cases and 78,000 individuals die from cancer every year. The factors directly related to cancer incidence, including aging, smoking, obesity, and Westernized dietary habits, have been increasing during the past several decades. Since 1999, trends toward increased incidence have been observed for thyroid, breast (in women), colorectal, and prostate cancer. Currently, these trends have changed direction, and the incidence of stomach and liver cancer in both sexes, and cervical cancer in women have continually declined. Although the number of cancer deaths increased by a factor of 2.7 from 1983 to 2016, the age-standardized mortality associated with cancer has been decreasing by 3% every year. The 5-year relative survival rate (RSR) has also improved over the past several decades, especially for stomach, prostate, and breast cancer, which had 5-year RSRs greater than 90% in the most recent report.

• Epidemiology
• Neoplasms
• Republic of Korea

• Biopsy
• Gleason Score
• Neoplasms, Prostate
• Prostate-Specific Antigen

• Aged
• Body Mass Index
• Disease-Free Survival
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Neoplasm Grading
• Neoplasm Staging
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Prostate-Specific Antigen/analysis
• Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
• Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
• Republic of Korea
• Survival Rate
• Tertiary Care Centers

• Decision aids
• Forecasting
• Life style
• Prostate neoplasms

• Survivin
• apoptosis
• apoptosis regulator Bax
• breast cancer
• morusin

• Chinese medicine
• Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.
• apoptosis
• prostate cancer

• Animals
• Apoptosis/drug effects
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Proliferation/drug effects
• Disease Models, Animal
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Humans
• In Vitro Techniques
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Nude
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Salvia miltiorrhiza

• Amino Acid Sequence
• Computer Simulation
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
• Genotype
• Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry
• Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
• Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
• Humans
• Male
• Models, Molecular
• Mutation, Missense
• Phenotype
• Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
• Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
• Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
• Protein Domains
• Protein Stability

The multi-centre, prospective, observational study was designed to examine the efficacy of continuous combined androgen block (CAB) vs. GnRH agonist monotherapy in terms of bone mineral density (BMD) change during 12 months post-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in Asian prostate cancer patients. Multiple regression analysis and estimated the 10-year probability of major fractures among the patients with Fracture Risk Assessment Tool were conducted to investigate the underlying factors affecting BMD. Paired t-test to evaluate the change of BMD from baseline to 12 month, and two sample t-test to examine the difference of BMD changes were used between two groups. BMD significantly decreased in both the CAB and GnRH groups, with no group wise differences. The proportion of osteopenia or osteoporosis was slightly increased after the 12-month post-ADT. Ten-year probability of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture was approximately 3% and 5%, respectively. In conclusion, a significant decrease of BMD by 12-month ADT was observed without any differences between the two groups, whereas ADT-related BMD loss did not induce detrimental effects on bone health in terms of increased bone fracture risk. This was the first prospective study on BMD changes as a predictor of fracture during ADT in an Asian population.

• Androgen Deprivation Therapy
• Cause of Death
• Mortality
• Prostate Cancer
• Prostatectomy
• Radiation Therapy

• Adult
• Aged
• Asian People
• Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis
• Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality
• Cause of Death/trends
• Cohort Studies
• Databases, Factual
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prostatectomy
• Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
• Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
• Republic of Korea
• Risk Factors
• Young Adult

• National Research Foundation of Korea

Purpose: We examined the association between obesity and prostate cancer both with and without diabetic patients included in the analysis using nationally representative data of the Korean population from the National Health Insurance System (NHIS).

Materials and Methods: Of the 424,712 participants who underwent health examinations in 2002-2008, 139,519 men ≥40 years old and without prostate cancer were followed from the beginning of 2002 to the end of 2012. Multivariate adjusted Cox regression analysis was conducted to examine the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between prostate cancer and body mass index (BMI) both with and without diabetes.

Results: The HR for prostate cancer according to the existence of diabetes was stratified by BMI in both age- and multivariable-adjusted models. In the population without diabetes, the HR for prostate cancer significantly increased as BMI increased beyond the reference range in a model adjusted for age and multiple variables; however, the increase in the HR was small. In the population with diabetes, the HR for prostate cancer significantly increased as BMI increased from < 18.5 kg/m² to within the reference range (18.5 to 22.9) in the multivariable-adjusted model. In addition, a marked decrease in HR in the population with BMI of < 18.5 kg/m² was seen compared to the reference or higher BMI population.

Conclusion: This population-based study shows the evidence of association between obesity and development of prostate cancer, and the risk increases vary according to the change of BMI category and the existence of diabetes.

• Diabetes.
• Obesity
• Prostate cancer

This descriptive study assessed the current trends in the incidence of urological cancers and patient survival in Korea.

In this nationwide retrospective observational study based on the data from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database (KNCIDB), this study analyzed the age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) and annual percentage changes (APCs) of kidney, bladder, prostate, testicular, and penile cancers as well as cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter between 1999 and 2012. The relative survival rates (RSRs) were calculated for urological cancer patients diagnosed between 1993 and 2012 from the KNCIDB data.

Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 66,812 individuals followed by bladder (41,549) and kidney (36,836) cancers. The overall ASR (18.26 per 100,000) increased with age because of the higher ASRs of bladder and prostate cancers in the elderly. The ASR for kidney cancer was highest in the 40-59-year-old group, whereas testicular cancer occurred most frequently before the age of 40. The incidence of most urological cancers increased (overall APC, 6.39%; p < 0.001), except for penile (APC, –2.01%; p=0.05) and bladder (APC, –0.40%; p=0.25) cancers. The overall survival increased steadily (5-year RSR, 66.4% in 1993-1995 vs. 84.2% in 2008-2012; p < 0.001), particularly for prostate (by 34.10%) and kidney (by 16.30%) cancers, but not for renal pelvis and ureter cancers (–7.20%).

The most common urological cancer in Korea was prostate cancer followed by bladder and kidney cancers. The incidence of most urological cancers, except for penile and bladder cancers, increased. Survival also increased, particularly for prostate and kidney cancers.

• Incidence
• Korea
• Survival
• Urologic neoplasms

The authors evaluated the relationships between the clinical factors and resistive indexes (RIs) of prostate and urethral blood flows by using power Doppler transrectal ultrasonography (PDUS) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

The data of 110 patients with BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) treated between January 2015 and July 2015 were prospectively collected. PDUS was used to identify the capsular and urethral arteries of the prostate in order to measure RIs. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximal flow rate (Qmax), total prostate volume (TPV), transition zone volume (TZV), transition zone index (=TZV/TPV), presence of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), and the RIs of capsular and urethral arteries were evaluated for all of the patients by one urologist.

The 110 patients were categorized according to IPSS (mild symptoms, 0–7; moderate symptoms, 8–19; and severe symptoms, 20–35), Qmax (<10 and ≥10 mL/sec), TPV (<30 and ≥30 mL), and presence or absence of IPP. No significant relationship was found between the mean RI of any artery and IPSS or Qmax. The mean RIs of the urethral artery, and left and right capsular arteries were significantly dependent on prostate size and the presence of IPP.

RI obtained by using PDUS correlated with the presence of IPP and prostate size. The RI of prostate blood flow can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for BPH with LUTS.

• Prostate
• Prostate Hyperplasia
• Resistive Index

• Practice patterns
• Prostatectomy
• Prostatic neoplasms
• Radiotherapy

• East Asia
• Molecular epidemiology
• Molecular genetics
• Prostate cancer
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening
• Racial disparity

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Cohort Studies
• Humans
• Incidence
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasms, Second Primary/epidemiology
• Population Surveillance
• Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Registries
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Risk Factors
• Survivors/statistics & numerical data
• Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology

• Asia
• alcohol drinking
• mortality
• obesity
• prostate cancer
• prostate-specific antigen
• smoking

• Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
• Asia
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Humans
• Incidence
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Prospective Studies
• Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
• Risk Factors
• Smoking/epidemiology

• R03 CA159398 NCI NIH HHS
• UM1 CA173640 NCI NIH HHS
• UM1 CA182910 NCI NIH HHS
• R03CA159398 NCI NIH HHS

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in male. In South Korea, PCa incidence has increased significantly, while its mortality rate has decreased steadily. To optimize the distribution of public medical resources, it is essential to analyze the contemporary epidemiology of PCa.

National population data from the National Health Insurance Statistical Yearbook and the annual report of national cancer registration and statistics in Korea were assessed. From the data, the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of PCa were calculated. The data were presented with reference to other types of cancers occurring in various countries from different continents.

From 2007 to 2013, PCa incidence doubled (from 5,516 per year to 10,855 per year), while its prevalence in Korean men tripled (from 18,830 to 51,411) during the same period. The mortality rate increased slightly, from 4.2 in 2000 to 5.9 in 2007 and 6.0 in 2013 (per 100,000, age adjusted). PCa incidence increased significantly faster in men aged < 70 years than in the older age group.

PCa prevalence in South Korea has increased significantly, mainly due to the rise in its incidence. As the country is facing major changes, including westernization of dietary habits and rapid population aging, its prevalence would continue to increase in near future.

• Incidence
• Korea
• Prevalence
• Prostate cancer

Steroid 5-alpha reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) modifies testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the SRD5A2 gene might affect DHT. We sought to understand the relationship of SRD5A2 SNPs to prostate cancer in the Korean population.

Twenty-six common SNPs in the SRD5A2 gene were assessed in 272 prostate cancer cases and 173 controls. Single-locus analyses were conducted by using conditional logistic regression. Additionally, we performed a haplotype analysis for the SRD5A2 SNPs tested.

Among the 20 SNPs and 4 haplotypes, there were no statistically significant results in the prostate cancer patients and the controls. In the logistic analysis of SRD5A2 polymorphisms with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) criteria, two SNPs (rs508562, rs11675297) and haplotype 1 displayed significant results (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; p=0.05; OR, 1.88-2.02; p=0.01-0.04; OR, 0.59; p=0.02, respectively). rs508562, rs11675297, rs2208532, and haplotype 1 (OR, 1.49; p=0.05; OR, 2.02; p=0.05; OR, 2.01; p=0.04; OR, 0.56-0.64, p=0.03-0.04, respectively) had significant associations with Gleason score. rs508562, rs11675297, and haplotype 1 (OR, 1.41-2.34; p=0.004-0.05; OR, 1.74-1.82; p=0.03-0.05; OR, 0.42-0.67; p=0.0005-0.03, respectively) were significantly associated with clinical stage.

We conclude that there was no significant association between SRD5A2 SNPs and the risk of prostate cancer in the Korean population. However, we found that some SNPs and 1 haplotype influenced PSA level, Gleason score, and clinical stage.

• Genetic polymorphism
• Human SRD5A2 protein
• Prostatic neoplasms

• Prostatic neoplasms
• anthocyanins
• apoptosis

• Animals
• Anthocyanins/pharmacology
• Apoptosis/drug effects
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Proliferation/drug effects
• Cell Survival/drug effects
• Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
• Humans
• Male
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Mice, Nude
• NAD/metabolism
• Prostate-Specific Antigen/metabolism
• Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
• Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
• Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
• Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
• Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
• bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
• bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-specific mortality for men in the United States. There is a wide spectrum of aggressiveness ranging from biologically significant to indolent disease, which has led to an interest in the identification of risk factors for its development and progression. Emerging evidence has suggested an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and PCa. MetS represents a cluster of metabolic derangements that confer an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its individual components include obesity, dyslipidemias, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose levels. MetS has become pervasive and is currently associated with a high socioeconomic cost in both industrialized and developing countries throughout the world. The relationship between MetS and PCa is complex and yet to be fully defined. A better understanding of this relationship will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of PCa and improvement of outcomes among diagnosed men in the future. In this review, we evaluate the current evidence on the role of MetS in the development and progression of PCa. We also discuss the clinical implications on the management of PCa and consider the future direction of this subject.

• Diabetes mellitus
• Dyslipidemias
• Humans
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypertension
• Insulin resistance
• Male
• Metabolic syndrome X
• Obesity
• Prostatic neoplasms

The objective was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of prostate cancer patients affected by other primary malignancies.

From 1990 to 2008, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1,317 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer. We assessed the effect of other primary malignancies on clinicopathological features, biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival, cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS).

Of 1,317 patients, at least one additional other primary malignancy was detected in 187 patients (14.2%). A comparison of patient groups according to the presence or absence of other primary malignancies showed no significant differences in preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen concentrations, pathological Gleason scores, or pathological staging. Prostate cancer patients with other primary malignancies were older than patients without other primary malignancies (p<0.001). No significant differences in 5-year BCR-free survival (80.2% compared with 77.7%; p=0.656) or CSS (98.9% compared with 98.5%; p=0.733) were found between these groups, respectively. Five-year OS was significantly lower in prostate cancer patients with than in those without other primary malignancies (89.3% compared with 95.4%; p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that other primary malignancies diagnosed after RP for prostate cancer were independent predictors of OS (hazard ratio, 4.10; p<0.001) but not of BCR-free survival or CSS. Conversely, other primary malignancies diagnosed before RP for prostate cancer did not independently predict BCR-free survival, OS, or CSS.

Prostate cancer prognosis after RP is not dependent on the presence or absence of other primary malignancies. However, other primary malignancies diagnosed after RP for prostate cancer negatively affect OS.

• Neoplasms
• Prognosis
• Prostate
• Recurrence

This study was conducted to describe our early experience with active surveillance (AS).

Between January 2008 and December 2012, 35 patients were treated with AS. Selection criteria included the following: Gleason score ≤6 with single positive core, clinical stage ≤T1c, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤10 ng/mL, and unremarkable imaging results. On patient follow-up, we regularly measured PSA (every 3-6 months) and performed prostate biopsies (after 1 and 3 years).

In the first year of follow-up, prostate biopsies were performed in 25 patients (13 patients, negative for cancer; 7 patients, Gleason score of 6 without progression; 5 patients, progression, treated with radical prostatectomy [RP]). In the third year of follow-up, prostate biopsies were performed in five patients (two patients, negative for cancer; one patient, Gleason score of 6 without progression; two patients, progression, treated with RP). Seven patients discontinued AS because of increased anxiety, and three patients were lost to follow-up. Overall, seven patients (28%) who experienced progression had a mean PSA doubling time (DT) of 7.54 years. Six patients had a PSA DT of more than 3 years, whereas one had a PSA DT of less than 3 years. This study was limited by its small sample size and short follow-up period.

PSA kinetics did not correlate with progression, which suggests that regular biopsies should still be performed. AS is an available treatment option for patients with a low risk of prostate cancer but should only be used in carefully selected patients.

• Needle biopsy
• Prostate-specific antigen
• Prostatic neoplasms
• Watchful waiting

• BPH
• FDR
• GWAS
• HWE
• Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
• LD
• MAF
• OR
• PCR
• PSA
• Polymorphism
• Prostate cancer
• SNP
• SpD
• TURP
• VDR
• Vitamin D receptor
• benign prostate hyperplasia
• false discovery rate
• genome-wide association studies
• linkage disequilibrium
• minor allele frequency
• odds ratio
• polymerase chain reaction
• prostate-specific antigen
• single nucleotide polymorphism
• spectral decomposition
• transurethral resection of the prostate
• vitamin D receptor

• Adult
• Aged
• Asian/statistics & numerical data
• Cambodia/ethnology
• China/ethnology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• India/ethnology
• Japan/ethnology
• Korea/ethnology
• Laos/ethnology
• Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Neoplasms/ethnology
• Pakistan/ethnology
• Philippines/ethnology
• SEER Program
• United States/epidemiology
• Uterine Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Vietnam/ethnology

• HHSN261201100412P PHS HHS
• 1U58 DP000807-01 NCCDPHP CDC HHS
• HHSN261201000035C NCI NIH HHS
• P30 CA071789 NCI NIH HHS
• HHSN261201000034C NCI NIH HHS
• HHSN261201000140C NCI NIH HHS

• Cancer epidemiology
• Cohort study
• Incidence rate
• New primary cancer
• Prostate cancer

• Asia-Pacific
• Incidence
• Mortality
• Prostate neoplasms
• Prostate specific antigen

Type III 5-α reductase (SRD5A3; steroid 5-α reductase 3) may be associated with the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of our study was to determine whether the length of AC repeats in the SRD5A3 gene is associated with the risk of PCa and the expression of androgen receptor (AR) protein in Korean men.

We compared the length of AC repeats in the short tandem repeat (STR) region of the SRD5A3 gene in 68 PCa patients and 81 control subjects by genotyping. A total of 55 patients in the PCa group underwent radical prostatectomy. We evaluated the expression of AR protein by using Western blotting and tested the association between the type of AC repeats in the SRD5A3 gene and AR protein expression and clinical and pathologic parameters.

The short type of STR had less than 21 copies of AC repeats in the SRD5A3 gene. The SS type (short and short type) of STR of the SRD5A3 gene was 2.2 times as likely to occur in PCa patients as in controls (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 4.31; p=0.019). However, AC repeats of the SRD5A3 gene were not associated with AR protein expression or clinical or pathologic parameters in PCa samples.

These results suggest that the short AC repeats of SRD5A3 polymorphism are associated with an increased risk of PCa. SRD5A3 polymorphism may contribute to a genetic predisposition for PCa.

• 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase
• Androgen receptors
• Genetic polymorphism
• Prostatic neoplasms