Host-derived biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid for complementary diagnosis of apical periodontitis

Table 1 Summary of the studies analyzing gingival crevicular fluid composition in apical periodontitis

Ref.	Study groups	Parameters	n	Results (P < 0.05)
Dezerega et al[16]	AAP and healthy controls	Oxidative balance	AAP, n = 10 controls, n = 13	Statistically non significant.
	AAP pre and post endodontic intervention	Oxidative balance	n = 16	Increase in total antioxidant status after the intervention
Garrido Flores et al[47]	AAP and healthy controls	Total protein concentration and TNF-α levels	n = 14	Higher TNF-α levels in AAP
Shin et al[11]	AP and healthy controls	MMP-8 and substance P levels	n = 35	Higher levels of MMP-8 and substance P in AP. P value not reported
	AP pre and post endodontic intervention	MMP-8 y substance P levels	n = 35	Decrease in MMP-8 and substance P after the intervention
Burgener et al[46]	AP and healthy controls	Total protein concentration and IL-1β y DSP levels	n = 40	Higher total protein concentration in AP
Belmar et al[17]	AAP and healthy controls	MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity	n = 20	Higher pro-MMP-9 activity in AAP. Active MMP-2 bands detected only in AAP

AAP: Asymptomatic apical periodontitis; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; AP: Apical periodontitis; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; IL: Interleukin; DSP: Dentin sialoprotein.