What to do when it is breech? A state-of-the-art review on management of breech presentation

Table 1 Search terms used in platforms during course of the study

Search terms
Fetal malpresentation	External cephalic version	Fetal presentation, breech
Fetal presentation	Fetal version	Frank breech presentation
Presentation, fetal	Version, external cephalic	Incomplete breech
Version, fetal	Breech presentation	Labor presentation
Presentation, breech	Complete breech	Breech
Labor presentation

Table 2 Risk factors for breech presentation

Maternal	Fetal	Uteroplacental
A history of breech in a previous pregnancy	Fetal neurologic deficit	Oligohydramnios
Multiparity	Anencephaly	Polyhydramnios
Primiparity	Hydrocephaly	Uterine anomalies (bicornuate and unicornuate uterus, uterine didelphys)
Hypothyroidism	Macrosomia	Uterine fibroids
Gestational diabetes	Fetal asphyxia	Placenta previa
Smoking
Older or younger maternal age
Delivery before term
A personal history of being in breech

Table 3 Absolute and relative contraindications for ECV

Absolute contraindications (any contraindication for labor or a vaginal delivery)			Relative contraindications
Maternal	Fetal	Uteroplacental	Fetal growth restriction
Maternal cardiac disease	Abnormal cardiotocography (indeterminate fetal heart rate)	Rupture of membranes	Oligohydramnios
A history of classical (high vertical) hysterotomy	Fetal descent	Placental anomalies (placenta praevia, placenta accreta/increta/percreta, vasa praevia)	Preeclampsia/hypertension
A history of two or more Caeserean sections	Multiple gestation	Placental abruption	Fetal growth restriction
Cephalopelvic disproportion			Fetal macrosomia > 4000 g
Antepartum bleeding			Hyperextended fetal head
			Maternal obesity

ECV: External cephalic version.