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Ali Mirza Z, Azhdari M, Kolomenskiy D, Rezazadeh G, Ricken T, Pathak R, Tautenhahn HM, Tautenhahn F, Seyedpour SM. Enhancing laser therapy procedure through surface temperature control in multi-layered skin tissue. J Therm Biol 2025; 129:104106. [PMID: 40273630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/31/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Laser therapy is extensively utilized in dermatology and medicine due to its ability to precisely target tissues, particularly for skin rejuvenation and colla-gen stimulation. However, the complex interactions between laser irradiation and multilayered skin structures remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a two-dimensional dual-phase-lag heat conduction model to simu-late the temperature distribution in multilayered skin subjected to pulsating laser irradiation. The model incorporates the distinct optical and thermal properties of different skin layers, enhancing the accuracy of heat transfer analysis. To regulate laser intensity and maintain surface temperature within a predefined range, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system is implemented. Experimental validation using an agar-based phantom shows strong agreement with simulation results, confirming the model's reliability. The results further indicate that the PID control system effectively maintains the target temperature with minimal overshoot. However, while surface temperature remains regulated, deeper skin layers may experience higher peak temperatures, emphasizing the need for improved subsurface thermal monitoring, particularly in high absorption treatments. Additionally, the study systematically analyzes the influence of PID gain parameters on temperature regulation, highlighting their impact on system stability and response time. These findings underscore the critical role of integrated control systems in laser-based thermal therapies, enhancing precision, safety, and clinical efficacy. The proposed framework provides a robust foundation for real-time temperature management, contributing to more reliable and effective medical applications of laser technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zargham Ali Mirza
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mohammad Azhdari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, 11km Sero Road, Urmia, 16557153, Iran
| | - Dmitry Kolomenskiy
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ghader Rezazadeh
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, 11km Sero Road, Urmia, 16557153, Iran
| | - Tim Ricken
- Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 27, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; Porous Media Lab, Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 27, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Raghav Pathak
- Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 27, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; Porous Media Lab, Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 27, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University Hospital, LiebigstraSSe 20, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Franziska Tautenhahn
- Clinic and OPD for Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Liebigstrasse 12, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Seyed Morteza Seyedpour
- Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 27, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; Porous Media Lab, Institute of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics in Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 27, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.
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Tasnim ZJ, Nasrin R. Thermal wave and Pennes' models of bioheat transfer in human skin: A transient comparative analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e40109. [PMID: 39559194 PMCID: PMC11570517 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of this study is to analyze comparative heat transfer in a two-dimensional (2D) multilayered human skin using thermal waves and Pennes' bioheat transfer models. The model comprises the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis tissue, and inner cells, and aims to understand their response to microwave (MW) power and electromagnetic (EM) frequency. The system of equations involves EM wave frequency and bioheat equations and uses the finite element method (FEM) for solving. It encompasses a range of microwave power levels (4-16 W), frequencies (0.9-4 GHz), and exposure durations (0-180 s). It examines how MW power and frequency affect temperature predictions due to different relaxation times. The results are visually represented, illustrating microwave power dissipation, isothermal profiles within the skin tissue, temperature trends at several locations, relaxation times, specific absorption rate (SAR), and the mean surface temperature of the multilayered dermal cell. Thermal analysis shows that Pennes' equation predicts higher temperatures than the thermal wave model of bioheat transfer (TWMBT). A notable disparity in temperature evolution is observed between the two models, especially in high-frequency transient heating scenarios. The TWMBT forecasts a delay in heat transfer, offering valuable insights into the more realistic short-term thermal behavior that the classical Pennes' model fails to capture. This comparative study underscores the significance of selecting an appropriate bioheat transfer model for precise thermal analysis in biomedical applications, such as hyperthermia treatment and thermal diagnostics. The findings emphasize the potential of the TWMBT to enhance the accuracy of thermal treatments in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerin Jahan Tasnim
- Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - R. Nasrin
- Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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3
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Keefe DW, Christianson DT, Davis GW, Oya H, Howard MA, Petkov CI, Toor F. Modeling for neurosurgical laser interstitial thermal therapy with and without intracranial recording electrodes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 7:100139. [PMID: 39347540 PMCID: PMC11437873 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2024.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser thermal ablation has become a prominent neurosurgical treatment approach, but in epilepsy patients it cannot currently be safely implemented with intracranial recording electrodes that are used to study interictal or epileptiform activity. There is a pressing need for computational models of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) with and without intracranial electrodes to enhance the efficacy and safety of optical neurotherapies. In this paper, we aimed to build a biophysical bioheat and ray optics model to study the effects of laser heating in the brain, with and without intracranial electrodes in the vicinity of the ablation zone during the LITT procedure. COMSOL Multiphysics finite element method (FEM) solver software was used to create a bioheat thermal model of brain tissue, with and without blood flow incorporation via Penne's model, to model neural tissue response to laser heating. We report that the close placement of intracranial electrodes can increase the maximum temperature of the brain tissue volume as well as impact the necrosis region volume if the electrodes are placed too closely to the laser coupled diffuse fiber tip. The model shows that an electrode displacement of 4 mm could be considered a safe distance of intracranial electrode placement away from the LITT probe treatment area. This work, for the first time, models the impact of intracranially implanted recording electrodes during LITT, which could improve the understanding of the LITT treatment procedure on the brain's neural networks a sufficient safe distance to the implanted intracranial recording electrodes. We recommend modeling safe distances for placing the electrodes with respect to the infrared laser coupled diffuse fiber tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Keefe
- University of Iowa, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David T. Christianson
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Neurosurgery Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Greyson W. Davis
- University of Iowa, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Neurosurgery Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Neurosurgery Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Christopher I. Petkov
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Neurosurgery Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Fatima Toor
- University of Iowa, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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4
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Zhang X, Tian M, Li J. Investigating the influencing factors and prediction models of skin burns for firefighters' occupational safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:663-676. [PMID: 38516740 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2024.2327869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Relevant studies in the fields of fire safety, occupational health and firefighter clothing were analyzed in this study to address the high injury rate among firefighters during fire rescue and the complexity of factors affecting skin burns. The findings indicate that the degree of skin burns in firefighters is primarily influenced by the heat source (heat flux, type), firefighter clothing (fabric, pattern) and the under-clothing air gap (thickness, characteristics). Since skin burns cannot be directly measured, internal skin heat transfer and burn prediction models are commonly employed to assess the impact of external factors on skin burns. These models can predict the safe working distance or time for firefighters. Investigating the influencing factors and prediction models of skin burns among firefighters holds significant value in enhancing operating procedures, optimizing firefighter clothing design and effectively preventing skin burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Tian
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
- Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
- Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Donghua University, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kim D, Kim H. Analysis of temperature behavior in biological tissue in photothermal therapy according to laser irradiation angle. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252668. [PMID: 37661750 PMCID: PMC10478739 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of death of biological tissue varies with temperature and is broadly classified as apoptosis and necrosis. A new treatment called photothermal therapy is being studied on this basis. Photothermal therapy is a treatment technique based on photothermal effects and has the advantage of not requiring incisions and, therefore, no bleeding. In this study, a numerical analysis of photothermal therapy for squamous cell carcinoma was performed. Photothermal agents used were gold nanoparticles, and the photothermal therapy effect was confirmed by changing the angle of the laser irradiating the tumor tissue. The effectiveness of photothermal therapy was quantitatively assessed on the basis of three apoptotic variables. Further, the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles in the tumor tissue and laser intensity with optimal therapeutic effect for different laser irradiation angles were studied. Thus, the findings of this study can aid the practical implementation of photothermal therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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6
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Kim D, Paik J, Kim H. Effect of gold nanoparticles distribution radius on photothermal therapy efficacy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12135. [PMID: 37495612 PMCID: PMC10371995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lasers are used in various fields, however, in the medical field, they are mainly used for incision or chemotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an anti-cancer treatment technique that uses lasers and the photothermal effect to increase the temperature of tumor tissue and induce its death. In this study, the therapeutic effect of PTT using gold nanoparticles as a photothermal converter was analyzed numerically for the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma inside a skin section consisting four layers. Numerical modeling was implemented to calculate the temperature distribution inside the biological tissue while varying the distribution radius of gold nanoparticles in the tumor tissue, the number of injections, and the intensity of the irradiating laser. For the given situation, the optimal treatment effect was observed when the distribution radius ratio of the injected gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was 1, the number of injections was 7, and the intensity of the irradiated laser was 52 mW. Three apoptotic variables were used to quantitively evaluate the effect of PTT in each case and thus suggest the optimal treatment effect. However, although the temperature range at which apoptosis occurs is known, the maintenance of that temperature range is still under research and the temporal influence of apoptosis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-Do, Suwon-Si, 16499, Korea
| | - Jeeyong Paik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-Do, Suwon-Si, 16499, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-Do, Suwon-Si, 16499, Korea.
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7
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Nagrath M, Kumar Sahu A, Jangid N, Sharma M, Chaudhary P. Enhanced skin burn assessment through transfer learning: a novel framework for human tissue analysis. J Med Eng Technol 2023; 47:288-297. [PMID: 38517037 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2024.2327459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Visual inspection is the typical way for evaluating burns, due to the rising occurrence of burns globally, visual inspection may not be sufficient to detect skin burns because the severity of burns can vary and some burns may not be immediately apparent to the naked eye. Burns can have catastrophic and incapacitating effects and if they are not treated on time can cause scarring, organ failure, and even death. Burns are a prominent cause of considerable morbidity, but for a variety of reasons, traditional clinical approaches may struggle to effectively predict the severity of burn wounds at an early stage. Since computer-aided diagnosis is growing in popularity, our proposed study tackles the gap in artificial intelligence research, where machine learning has received a lot of attention but transfer learning has received less attention. In this paper, we describe a method that makes use of transfer learning to improve the performance of ML models, showcasing its usefulness in diverse applications. The transfer learning approach estimates the severity of skin burn damage using the image data of skin burns and uses the results to improve future methods. The DL technique consists of a basic CNN and seven distinct transfer learning model types. The photos are separated into those displaying first, second, and third-degree burns as well as those showing healthy skin using a fully connected feed-forward neural network. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of 93.87% for the basic CNN model which is significantly lower, with the VGG-16 model achieving the greatest accuracy at 97.43% and being followed by the DenseNet121 model at 96.66%. The proposed approach based on CNN and transfer learning techniques are tested on datasets from Kaggle 2022 and Maharashtra Institute of Technology open-school medical repository datasets that are clubbed together. The suggested CNN-based approach can assist healthcare professionals in promptly and precisely assessing burn damage, resulting in appropriate therapies and greatly minimising the detrimental effects of burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Jangid
- CSE, SOET, The NorthCap University, Gurugram, India
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Quantitative Analysis of Photothermal Therapy of Tumor Tissue Using Various Gold Nanoparticle Injection Schemes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030911. [PMID: 36986772 PMCID: PMC10054082 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy is a new chemotherapy technique using photothermal effects, a phenomenon in which light energy is converted into thermal energy. Since the treatment technique is performed without surgical incision, it does not cause bleeding and patients are expected to make rapid recoveries, which are significant advantages. In this study, photothermal therapy with direct injection of gold nanoparticles into tumor tissue was simulated through numerical modeling. The treatment effect resulting from changing the intensity of the irradiated laser, volume fraction of the injected gold nanoparticles, and number of gold nanoparticle injections was quantitatively evaluated. The discrete dipole approximation method was applied to calculate the optical properties of the entire medium, and the Monte Carlo method was applied to identify the absorption and scattering behavior of lasers in tissue. In addition, by confirming the temperature distribution of the entire medium through the calculated light absorption distribution, the treatment effect of photothermal therapy was evaluated, and the optimal treatment conditions were suggested. This is expected to accelerate the popularization of photothermal therapy in the future.
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9
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Multilayer In Vitro Human Skin Tissue Platforms for Quantitative Burn Injury Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020265. [PMID: 36829759 PMCID: PMC9952576 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a multilayer in vitro human skin platform to quantitatively relate predicted spatial time-temperature history with measured tissue injury response. This information is needed to elucidate high-temperature, short-duration burn injury kinetics and enables determination of relevant input parameters for computational models to facilitate treatment planning. Multilayer in vitro skin platforms were constructed using human dermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts embedded in collagen I hydrogels. After three seconds of contact with a 50-100 °C burn tip, ablation, cell death, apoptosis, and HSP70 expression were spatially measured using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Finite element modeling was performed using the measured thermal characteristics of skin platforms to determine the temperature distribution within platforms over time. The process coefficients for the Arrhenius thermal injury model describing tissue ablation and cell death were determined such that the predictions calculated from the time-temperature histories fit the experimental burn results. The activation energy for thermal collagen ablation and cell death was found to be significantly lower for short-duration, high-temperature burns than those found for long-duration, low-temperature burns. Analysis of results suggests that different injury mechanisms dominate at higher temperatures, necessitating burn research in the temperature ranges of interest and demonstrating the practicality of the proposed skin platform for this purpose.
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10
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Study on the Optimal Treatment Condition Control of Photothermal Therapy under Various Cooling Time Ratios of Lasers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214266. [PMID: 36430744 PMCID: PMC9695643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy is a treatment technique that has attracted attention as an alternative to conventional surgical techniques. It is based on the photothermal effect, wherein light energy is converted into thermal energy, and facilitates rapid recovery after treatment. This study employed various laser irradiation conditions and presented conditions with the optimal treatment effects through a numerical analysis based on heat transfer. A skin layer comprising four stages containing squamous cell carcinoma was targeted, and the treatment effect was confirmed by varying the heating conditions of the laser and volume fraction of gold nanoparticles. The therapeutic effect was confirmed through both the apoptosis retention ratio, which quantitatively estimated the degree of maintenance of the apoptosis temperature range within the tumor, and the thermal hazard retention value, which quantitatively calculates the amount of thermal damage to the surrounding normal tissues. Finally, the optimal treatment conditions were determined based on the laser intensity, cooling time ratio, and volume fraction of injected gold nanoparticles through numerical analysis.
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11
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Local thermal effect of power-on setting on monopolar coagulation: a three-dimensional electrothermal coupled finite element study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:3525-3538. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Skin Temperature: The Impact of Perfusion, Epidermis Thickness, and Skin Wetness. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to elucidate the primary factors which affect skin temperature. A simple thermophysical model of the skin, which accounts for radiative, convective, and evaporative heat losses, has been developed to address it. The model is based on the skin’s morphology and consists of passive (nonviable tissue) and active (viable tissue) layers. The bioheat equation was solved for these layers using realistic assumptions. It was found that other than the ambient temperature, blood perfusion and epidermis thickness are the primary factors responsible for the skin temperature variations. The main temperature drop in the skin is attributed to the cooling of the blood in the venous plexus. The temperature drop in the epidermis is on the scale of 0.1 °C for the normal epidermis but can be 1.5–2 °C or higher in calluses. Thus, local skin temperature variations can indicate the epidermis thickness variations, particularly in callus-prone areas. The effects of relative air humidity and skin wetness on skin temperature were also quantified. The presence of free moisture on the skin (e.g., wet wound) significantly increases the heat transfer, resulting in a skin temperature drop, which can be on the scale of several degrees Celsius. The relative air humidity significantly contributes (by slowing heat dissipation) only in the case of evaporative heat loss from wet skin. Therefore, wet skin is undesirable and should be avoided during a thermographic assessment.
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Xu J, Yoshimoto S, Ienaga N, Kuroda Y. Intensity-Adjustable Non-Contact Cold Sensation Presentation Based on the Vortex Effect. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2022; 15:592-602. [PMID: 35776813 DOI: 10.1109/toh.2022.3187759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold sensations of varying intensities are perceived when human skin is subject to diverse environments. The accurate presentation of temperature changes is important to elicit immersive sensations in applications such as virtual reality. In this article, we developed a method to elicit intensity-adjustable non-contact cold sensations based on the vortex effect. We applied this effect to generate cold air at approximately 0 °C and varied the skin temperature over a wide range. The perception of different temperatures can be elicited by adjusting the volume flow rate of the cold air. Additionally, we introduced a cooling model to relate the changes in skin temperature to various parameters such as the cold air volume flow rate and distance from the cold air outlet to the skin. For validation, we conducted measurement experiments and found that our model can estimate the change in skin temperature with a root mean-square error of 0.16 °C. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of a prototype in psychophysical cold discrimination experiments based on the discrimination threshold. Thus, cold sensations of varying intensities can be generated by varying the parameters. These cold sensations can be combined with images, sounds, and other stimuli to create an immersive and realistic artificial environment.
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14
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Dremin V, Novikova I, Rafailov E. Simulation of thermal field distribution in biological tissue and cell culture media irradiated with infrared wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23078-23089. [PMID: 36224995 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the singlet form of oxygen as a regulator of the physiological functions of cells. One of the ways to generate singlet oxygen is direct optical excitation of the triplet oxygen form. Since molecular oxygen weakly absorbs light, high power is required to obtain sufficient concentrations of singlet oxygen. However, the increase in the radiation power of laser can induce a local temperature increase around the laser spot. This may be critical considering the temperature governs every biological reaction within living cells, in particular. Here, the interaction of laser radiation of infrared wavelengths, generating singlet oxygen, with biological tissues and cell culture media was simulated. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, the thermal field distribution in the volume of skin, brain tissue and cell culture media was obtained depending on the wavelength, power and exposure time. The results demonstrate the importance of taking temperature into account when conducting experimental studies at the cellular and organismal levels.
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15
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Kim D, Kim H. Optimization of Photothermal Therapy Treatment Effect under Various Laser Irradiation Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115928. [PMID: 35682607 PMCID: PMC9180462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The photothermal effect refers to a phenomenon in which light energy is converted into heat energy, and in the medical field, therapeutics based on this phenomenon are used for anticancer treatment. A new treatment technique called photothermal therapy kills tumor tissue through a temperature increase and has the advantages of no bleeding and fast recovery. In this study, the results of photothermal therapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the skin layer were analyzed numerically for different laser profiles, intensities, and radii and various concentrations of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). According to the heat-transfer theory, the temperature distribution in the tissue was calculated for the conditions under which photothermal therapy was performed, and the therapeutic effect was quantitatively confirmed through three apoptotic variables. In addition, the laser intensity and the volume fraction of AuNPs were optimized, and the results provide useful criteria for optimizing the treatment effects in photothermal therapy.
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16
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Kim D, Kim H. Numerical Study on Death of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Various Shapes of Gold Nanoparticles Using Photothermal Therapy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041671. [PMID: 35214586 PMCID: PMC8880560 DOI: 10.3390/s22041671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation caused by increased outdoor activities, the incidence of skin cancer is increasing. Incision is the most typical method for treating skin cancer, and various treatments that can minimize the risks of incision surgery are being investigated. Among them, photothermal therapy is garnering attention because it does not cause bleeding and affords rapid recovery. In photothermal therapy, tumor death is induced via temperature increase. In this study, a numerical study based on heat transfer theory was conducted to investigate the death of squamous cell carcinoma located in the skin layer based on various shapes of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) used in photothermal therapy. The quantitative correlation between the conditions of various AuNPs and the laser intensity that yields the optimal photothermal treatment effect was derived using the effective apoptosis ratio. It was confirmed that optimal conditions exist for maximizing apoptosis within a tumor tissue and minimizing the thermal damage to surrounding normal tissues when using AuNPs under various conditions. Furthermore, it is envisioned that research result will be utilized as a standard for photothermal treatment in the future.
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17
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Numerical Simulation of Enhancement of Superficial Tumor Laser Hyperthermia with Silicon Nanoparticles. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8120580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable and low-toxic silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) have potential in different biomedical applications. Previous experimental studies revealed the efficiency of some types of SiNPs in tumor hyperthermia. To analyse the feasibility of employing SiNPs produced by the laser ablation of silicon nanowire arrays in water and ethanol as agents for laser tumor hyperthermia, we numerically simulated effects of heating a millimeter-size nodal basal-cell carcinoma with embedded nanoparticles by continuous-wave laser radiation at 633 nm. Based on scanning electron microscopy data for the synthesized SiNPs size distributions, we used Mie theory to calculate their optical properties and carried out Monte Carlo simulations of light absorption inside the tumor, with and without the embedded nanoparticles, followed by an evaluation of local temperature increase based on the bioheat transfer equation. Given the same mass concentration, SiNPs obtained by the laser ablation of silicon nanowires in ethanol (eSiNPs) are characterized by smaller absorption and scattering coefficients compared to those synthesized in water (wSiNPs). In contrast, wSiNPs embedded in the tumor provide a lower overall temperature increase than eSiNPs due to the effect of shielding the laser irradiation by the highly absorbing wSiNPs-containing region at the top of the tumor. Effective tumor hyperthermia (temperature increase above 42 °C) can be performed with eSiNPs at nanoparticle mass concentrations of 3 mg/mL and higher, provided that the neighboring healthy tissues remain underheated at the applied irradiation power. The use of a laser beam with the diameter fitting the size of the tumor allows to obtain a higher temperature contrast between the tumor and surrounding normal tissues compared to the case when the beam diameter exceeds the tumor size at the comparable power.
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Kim D, Kim H. Induction of Apoptotic Temperature in Photothermal Therapy under Various Heating Conditions in Multi-Layered Skin Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011091. [PMID: 34681748 PMCID: PMC8538441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, photothermal therapy has attracted attention as an alternative treatment to conventional surgical techniques because it does not lead to bleeding and patients quickly recover after treatment compared to incisional surgery. Photothermal therapy induces tumor cell death through an increase in the temperature using the photothermal effect, which converts light energy into thermal energy. This study was conducted to perform numerical analysis based on heat transfer to induce apoptosis of tumor tissue under various heating conditions in photothermal therapy. The Monte Carlo method was applied to evaluate a multi-layered skin structure containing squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue-equivalent phantom experiments verified the numerical model. Based on the effective apoptosis retention ratio, the numerical analysis results showed the quantitative correlation for the laser intensity, volume fraction of gold nanorods injected into the tumor, and cooling time. This study reveals optimal conditions for maximizing apoptosis within tumor tissue while minimizing thermal damage to surrounding tissues under various heating conditions. This approach may be useful as a standard treatment when performing photothermal therapy.
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Majchrzak E, Stryczyński M. Dual-phase lag model of heat transfer between blood vessel and biological tissue. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:1573-1589. [PMID: 33757199 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A single blood vessel surrounded by the biological tissue with a tumor is considered. The influence of the heating technique (e.g. ultrasound, microwave, etc.) is described by setting a fixed temperature for the tumor which is higher than the blood and tissue temperature. The temperature distribution for the blood sub-domain is described by the energy equation written in the dual-phase lag convention, the temperature distribution in the biological tissue with a tumor is described also by the dual-phase lag equation. The boundary condition on the contact surface between blood vessel and biological tissue and the Neumann condition are also formulated using the extended Fourier law. So far in the literature, the temperature distribution in a blood vessel has been described by the classical energy equation. It is not clear whether the Fourier's law applies to highly heated tissues in which a significant thermal blood vessel is distinguished, therefore, taking into account the heterogeneous inner structure of the blood, the dual-phase lag equation is proposed for this sub-domain. The problem is solved by means of the implicit scheme of the finite difference method. The computations were performed for various values of delay times, which were taken from the available literature, and the influence of these values on the obtained temperature distributions was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Majchrzak
- Department of Computational Mechanics and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Stryczyński
- Department of Computational Mechanics and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology Gliwice, Poland
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20
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Qiu L, Ouyang Y, Feng Y, Zhang X, Wang X. In vivo skin thermophysical property testing technology using flexible thermosensor-based 3 ω method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 2020; 163:120550. [PMID: 33071298 PMCID: PMC7546650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermophysical properties of human skin surface and subsurface can reflect the hydration state of the skin and the blood flow rate in the near surface microvessels, which reveals important physiological information related to dermatology and overall health status of human body. Although a few techniques have been developed to measure these signs, complicated devices are required and the subjects need to be completely fixed during the test period. Here, a flexible thermosensor-based 3ω technology was used to monitor thermal conductivity of human skins at different states. Through the analysis of these characteristics, the corresponding physiological state can be established, which can provide a new detection method for the evaluation or prediction of human health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanhui Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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21
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Analysis of the effect of external heating in the human tissue: A finite element approach. POLISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/pjmpe-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thermal therapy which involves either raising or lowering tissue temperature to treat malignant cells needs precise acknowledgment of thermal history inside the biological system to ensure effective treatment. For this purpose, this study presents a two-dimensional unsteady finite element model (FEM) of the bioheat transfer problem based on Pennes bio-heat equation to analyze the thermal response of tissue subject to external heating. Crank-Nikolson scheme was used for the unsteady solution. A finite element code was developed using C language to calculate results. The obtained numerical result was compared with the analytical and other numerical results available in the literature. A good agreement was found from the comparison. Temperature distribution inside the human body due to constant and sinusoidal spatial and surface heating were analyzed. Response to point heating was also investigated. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to know the effect of various parameters, i.e. blood temperature, thermal conductivity, and blood perfusion rate on tissue temperature. The outcome of this study will be helpful for the researchers and physicians involved in the thermal treatment of human tissue.
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22
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Khadka N, Bikson M. Role of skin tissue layers and ultra-structure in transcutaneous electrical stimulation including tDCS. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:225018. [PMID: 32916670 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abb7c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), current density concentration around the electrode edges that is predicted by simplistic skin models does not match experimental observations of erythema, heating, or other adverse events. We hypothesized that enhancing models to include skin anatomical details, would alter predicted current patterns to align with experimental observations. METHOD We develop a high-resolution multi-layer skin model (epidermis, dermis, and fat), with or without additional ultra-structures (hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels). Current flow patterns across each layer and within ultra-structures were predicted using finite element methods considering a broad range of modeled tissue parameters including 78 combinations of skin layer conductivities (S m-1): epidermis (standard: 1.05 × 10-5; range: 1.05 × 10-6 to 0.465); dermis (standard: 0.23; range: 0.0023 to 23), fat (standard: 2 × 10-4; range: 0.02 to 2 × 10-5). The impact of each ultra-structures in isolation and combination was evaluated with varied basic geometries. An integrated final model is then developed. RESULTS Consistent with prior models, current flow through homogenous skin was annular (concentrated at the electrode edges). In multi-layer skin, reducing epidermis conductivity and/or increasing dermis conductivity decreased current near electrode edges, however no realistic tissue layer parameters produced non-annular current flow at both epidermis and dermis. Addition of just hair follicles, sweat glands, or blood vessels resulted in current peaks around each ultrastructure, irrespective of proximity to electrode edges. Addition of only sweat glands was the most effective approach in reducing overall current concentration near electrode edges. Representation of blood vessels resulted in a uniform current flow across the vascular network. Finally, we ran the first realistic model of current flow across the skin. CONCLUSION We confirm prior models exhibiting current concentration near hair follicles or sweat glands, but also exhibit that an overall annular pattern of current flow remains for realistic tissue parameters. We model skin blood vessels for the first time and show that this robustly distributes current across the vascular network, consistent with experimental erythema patterns. Only a state-of-the-art precise model of skin current flow predicts lack of current concentration near electrode edges across all skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Khadka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, United States of America
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23
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Characterization of performance of multihole nozzle in cryospray. Cryobiology 2020; 96:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Silva M, Freitas B, Andrade R, Espregueira-Mendes J, Silva F, Carvalho Ó, Flores P. Computational Modelling of the Bioheat Transfer Process in Human Skin Subjected to Direct Heating and/or Cooling Sources: A Systematic Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1616-1639. [PMID: 32377981 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze characteristics and methodologies utilized in bioheat transfer models of human skin to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on the topic. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched up to May 30th, 2019 for bioheat transfer models focusing on direct contact between skin and temperature (heat and/or cold) source. Ten studies were included. A 16-item checklist was used to assess their methodological quality. Four studies analyzed healthy skin and six included pathological conditions. All determined skin's thermal behavior, and studies including pathological conditions also analyzed burn damage. Studies did not present a wide variety of mathematical formulation, emphasizing on modelling equations of well-established models from the literature, such as the Pennes' bioheat transfer equation, and the Henriques and Moritz model to quantify skin damage. Reporting of modelling characteristics and formulation of the computational models is not standardized and there is shortage of implementation of validation procedures, hindering representative conclusions. The lack of validation procedures led to low methodological quality. However, all studies provided strategies and parameters as starting points for future developments in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Freitas
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Renato Andrade
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Espregueira-Mendes
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Flores
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
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Bawadekji A, Amin MM, Ezzat MA. Skin tissue responses to transient heating with memory-dependent derivative. J Therm Biol 2019; 86:102427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Sun C, Li Y, Kuang J, Liang X, Wu J, Ji C. The thermal performance of biological tissue under moxibustion therapy. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:103-111. [PMID: 31331508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the thermal performance of biological tissue under moxibustion with ash cleaning and distance adjustment (ACDA) is helpful for the optimization and standardization of moxibustion clinical treatment. This study compared surface temperature distribution of burning moxa stick with and without ash cleaning. The experimental of moxibustion treatment on in-vitro tissue and human abdomen were conducted and corresponding numerical models were developed. The effect of ACDA on thermal performance of biological tissue under moxibustion therapy were analyzed. The results show that the surface temperature of burning moxa stick with ash cleaning maintained at a higher range compared to that without ash cleaning. During moxibustion with ACDA process in in-vitro tissue experiment, the temperature increase (ΔT) at skin surface almost fluctuated in the same temperature range, and the ΔT in subcutaneous tissue (>11 mm) kept increasing. Relatively, these ΔT under moxibustion treatment without ACDA showed different trends and these values were all much smaller than those with ACDA. In addition, the position of maximum temperature of tissue under moxibustion with and without ACDA was fixed on treatment acupoint and moved away from treatment acupoint, respectively. Besides, the surface temperature of human abdomen tissue under moxibustion treatment with ACDA can be maintained at 46 °C-50 °C for a longer time compared to that under moxbustion without ACDA. In conclusion, moxibustion with ACDA can create a larger and more durable thermal effect on biological tissue. The results also suggest that ACDA may be helpful to improve moxibustion therapy efficacy in clinic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiujie Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Ximei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Changchun Ji
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Hsiao YC, Ting K, Su YL, Chang CJ. Continuous cooling system in conjunction with laser surgery for ear reshaping. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:387-393. [PMID: 31257557 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When the cartilage on the prominent ears is reshaped, the arising stress returns the tissue to its initial configuration. Laser irradiation of areas of maximal stress leads to stress relaxation and results in a stable configuration. Sixty auricles were harvested from 30 New Zealand white rabbits and cut into a rectangle measuring 50 mm by 25 mm with an average thickness of approximately 1.3 mm. Bilateral skin was included for ex vivo studies. Continuous cryogen spray cooling (CSC) with laser energy was delivered to the exposed cartilage for reshaping. In clinical applications, from January 2006 to December 2016, a total of 50 patients with 100 bat ears who underwent CO2 laser reshaping (otoplasty) were assessed. A continuous cooling system (4 °C) in conjunction with a CO2 laser was applied to make a retroauricular-approached incision and reshape the ear cartilage. The well cartilage bending correlated with the different parameters demonstrated in the continuous CSC protected group. All 100 (100%) of the subjects experienced early complications (≤ 1 month) related to laser exposure with swelling, while 5 (5%) experienced ecchymosis, 2 (2%) minimal hematoma, 2 (2%) scarring, 1 (1%) minor infection, 1 (1%) under correction, 1 (1%) overcorrection, and 1 (1%) relapse. These problems were corrected and/or had resolved after 3 months. All patients achieved good to excellent results in our final outcome assessment (> 6 months). Laser reshaping has a potential use in certain surgical procedures involving the cartilage. The appropriate conditions for laser ear reshaping clearly depend on the laser wavelength used, energy controlling, and tissue optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chang Hsiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, 10507, Republic of China
| | - Kuen Ting
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 333, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Liang Su
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jen Chang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, 10507, Republic of China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No.252, Wu Hsing Street, Taipei City, 110, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China.
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Numerical analysis of an enhanced cooling rate cryopreservation process in a biological tissue. J Therm Biol 2019; 81:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Shakouri E, Mobini A. Airbag deployment: Infrared thermography and evaluation of thermal damage. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2019; 233:424-431. [PMID: 30843466 DOI: 10.1177/0954411919832038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The performance of airbag and its deployment are based on a fast exothermic-chemical reaction. The hot gas resulting from the chemical reaction which results in airbag deployment can cause thermal damage and skin burning for the car passenger. The thermal burns due to airbags are of two types: burns due to direct contact with the airbag surface and burns resulting from exposure to the hot gas leaving the deflation vents of the airbag. In this research, for experimental study of the burns resulting from exposure of the skin to airbag, using infrared thermography, the extent of temperature rise of the airbag surface was detected and measured from the zero moment of its inflation. Next, using Henriques equation, the extent of thermal damage caused by airbag deployment and its resulting burn degree was calculated. The results indicated that during the inflation of airbag, the maximum temperature of its surface can be 92 °C ± 2 °C. Furthermore, if the vehicle's safety system functions within the predicted time intervals, the risk of thermal damage is virtually zero. However, if even a slight delay occurs in detachment of the passenger's head and face off the airbag, second- and third-degree burns could develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shakouri
- Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University-North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Mobini
- Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University-North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Abraham JP, Stark J, Gorman J, Sparrow E, Minkowycz W. Tissue burns due to contact between a skin surface and highly conducting metallic media in the presence of inter-tissue boiling. Burns 2019; 45:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kandala SK, Liapi E, Whitcomb LL, Attaluri A, Ivkov R. Temperature-controlled power modulation compensates for heterogeneous nanoparticle distributions: a computational optimization analysis for magnetic hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 36:115-129. [PMID: 30541354 PMCID: PMC6411438 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1538538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To study, with computational models, the utility of power modulation to reduce tissue temperature heterogeneity for variable nanoparticle distributions in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. Methods: Tumour and surrounding tissue were modeled by elliptical two- and three-dimensional computational phantoms having six different nanoparticle distributions. Nanoparticles were modeled as point heat sources having amplitude-dependent loss power. The total number of nanoparticles was fixed, and their spatial distribution and heat output were varied. Heat transfer was computed by solving the Pennes’ bioheat equation using finite element methods (FEM) with temperature-dependent blood perfusion. Local temperature was regulated using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Tissue temperature, thermal dose and tissue damage were calculated. The required minimum thermal dose delivered to the tumor was kept constant, and heating power was adjusted for comparison of both the heating methods. Results: Modulated power heating produced lower and more homogeneous temperature distributions than did constant power heating for all studied nanoparticle distributions. For a concentrated nanoparticle distribution, located off-center within the tumor, the maximum temperatures inside the tumor were 16% lower for modulated power heating when compared to constant power heating. This resulted in less damage to surrounding normal tissue. Modulated power heating reached target thermal doses up to nine-fold more rapidly when compared to constant power heating. Conclusions: Controlling the temperature at the tumor-healthy tissue boundary by modulating the heating power of magnetic nanoparticles demonstrably compensates for a variable nanoparticle distribution to deliver effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Kamal Kandala
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Eleni Liapi
- c Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences , Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Oncology, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Louis L Whitcomb
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- f Department of Mechanical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg , Middletown , PA , USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Oncology, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University Baltimore , MD , USA.,g Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Zhai L, Adlhart C, Spano F, Innocenti Malini R, Piątek AK, Li J, Rossi RM. Prediction of Steam Burns Severity using Raman Spectroscopy on ex vivo Porcine Skin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6946. [PMID: 29720680 PMCID: PMC5932075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin burns due to accidental exposure to hot steam have often been reported to be more severe than the ones occurring from dry heat. While skin burns due to flames or radiant heat have been thoroughly characterized, the mechanisms leading to steam burns are not well understood and a conundrum still exists: can second degree burns occur without destruction of the epidermis, i.e. even before first degree burns are detected? Skin permeability is dependent both on temperature and on the kinetic energy of incoming water molecules. To investigate the mechanism underlying the injuries related to steam exposure, we used porcine skin as an ex vivo model. This model was exposed to either steam or dry heat before measuring the skin hydration via confocal Raman microspectroscopy. The results show that during the first minute of exposure to steam, the water content in both the epidermis and dermis increases. By analyzing different mechanisms of steam diffusion through the multiple skin layers, as well as the moisture-assisted bio-heat transfer, we provide a novel model explaining why steam burns can be more severe, and why steam can penetrate deeper and much faster than an equivalent dry heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhai
- Protective Clothing Research Center, College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, 200051, Shanghai, China.,Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Adlhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Spano
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Innocenti Malini
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka K Piątek
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jun Li
- Protective Clothing Research Center, College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, 200051, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clothing Design & Technology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Li Y, Sun C, Kuang J, Ji C, Feng S, Wu J, You H. An In Vitro and Numerical Study of Moxibustion Therapy on Biological Tissue. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017. [PMID: 28650805 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2719633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moxibustion therapy achieves satisfactory therapeutic effects largely depending on the heat stimulation of burning moxa. Understanding the thermal characteristics of heating process is an effective way to reveal the underlying mechanisms of moxibustion therapy. METHODS This paper performs experimental study on temperature distributions of burning moxa sticks and fresh in vitro porcine abdominal tissue using an infrared camera and thermocouples. Meanwhile, a moxibustion model incorporating moxa stick burning model and tissue heat transfer model was established with consideration of radiation propagation and water evaporation. RESULTS The burning features of moxa sticks were acquired and the radiation energy generated by the burning moxa stick was absorbed and scattered in biological tissue, resulting in a large temperature gradient in the skin layer. And the water evaporation led to a mass loss and reduced skin surface temperature. The numerical model was verified by experimental results and the effects of moxibustion treatment distance and duration can be quantified based on model calculation. CONCLUSION The detailed heat transfer process of moxibustion was obtained experimentally and numerically. During moxibustion, the radiation attenuation and water evaporation have a significant influence on the energy transport in biological tissue which cannot be ignored. The treatment distance of 3 cm is the recommended value to achieve the treatment efficacy without thermal damage and pain. SIGNIFICANCE This research would reveal the underlying mechanisms of moxibustion therapy. Besides, the developed models are expected to establish a guideline for moxibustion clinical treatment.
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Martin NA, Falder S. A review of the evidence for threshold of burn injury. Burns 2017; 43:1624-1639. [PMID: 28536038 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Burn injury is common and depth is one measure of severity. Although the depth of burn injury is determined by many factors, the relationship between the temperature of the injurious agent and exposure duration, known as the time-temperature relationship, is widely accepted as one of the cornerstones of burn research. Moritz and Henriques first proposed this relationship in 1947 and their seminal work has been cited extensively. However, over the years, readers have misinterpreted their findings and incorporated misleading information about the time-temperature relationship into a wide range of industrial standards, burn prevention literature and medicolegal opinion. AIM The purpose of this paper is to present a critical review of the evidence that relates temperature and time to cell death and the depth of burn injury. These concepts are used by researchers, burn prevention strategists, burn care teams and child protection professionals involved in ascertaining how the mechanism of burning relates to the injury pattern and whether the injury is consistent with the history. REVIEW METHODS This review explores the robustness of the currently available evidence. The paper summarises the research from burn damage experimental work as well as bioheat transfer models and discusses the merits and limitations of these approaches. REVIEW FINDINGS There is broad agreement between in vitro and in vivo studies for superficial burns. There is clear evidence that the perception of pain in adult human skin occurs just above 43°C. When the basal layer of the epidermis reaches 44°C, burn injury occurs. For superficial dermal burns, the rate of tissue damage increases logarithmically with a linear increase in temperature. Beyond 70°C, rate of damage is so rapid that interpretation can be difficult. Depth of injury is also influenced by skin thickness, blood flow and cooling after injury. There is less clinical evidence for a time-temperature relationship for deep or subdermal burns. Bioheat transfer models are useful in research and becoming increasingly sophisticated but currently have limited practical use. Time-temperature relationships have not been established for burns in children's skin, although standards for domestic hot water suggest that the maximum temperature should be revised downward by 3-4°C to provide adequate burn protection for children. CONCLUSION Time-temperature relationships established for pain and superficial dermal burns in adult human skin have an extensive experimental modeling basis and reasonable clinical validation. However, time-temperature relationships for subdermal burns, full thickness burns and burn injury in children have limited clinical validation, being extrapolated from other data, and should be used with caution, particularly if presented during expert evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Martin
- St. Andrews Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK.
| | - S Falder
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK.
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Influence of Initial Moisture Content on Heat and Moisture Transfer in Firefighters' Protective Clothing. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:9365814. [PMID: 28466066 PMCID: PMC5390655 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9365814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a model for heat and moisture transfer through firefighters' protective clothing (FPC) during radiation exposure. The model, which accounts for air gaps in the FPC as well as heat transfer through human skin, investigates the effect of different initial moisture contents on the thermal insulation performance of FPC. Temperature, water vapor density, and the volume fraction of liquid water profiles were monitored during the simulation, and the heat quantity absorbed by water evaporation was calculated. Then the maximum durations of heat before the wearer acquires first- and second-degree burns were calculated based on the bioheat transfer equation and the Henriques equation. The results show that both the moisture weight in each layer and the total moisture weight increase linearly within a given environmental humidity level. The initial moisture content in FPC samples significantly influenced the maximum water vapor density. The first- and second-degree burn injury time increase 16 sec and 18 sec when the RH increases from 0% to 90%. The total quantity of heat accounted for by water evaporation was about 10% when the relative humidity (RH) is 80%. Finally, a linear relationship was identified between initial moisture content and the human skin burn injury time before suffering first- and second-degree burn injuries.
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Bourdon RT, Nelson-Cheeseman BB, Abraham JP. Review of the initial treatment and avoidance of scald injuries. World J Dermatol 2017; 6:17-26. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v6.i2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scald injuries, which describe burns to living tissue from hot liquids, are a very common injury that occur across geographical, social, economic, and national boundaries. Despite their ubiquitous nature, a complete understanding of the conditions which are required to cause scald burns is not yet available. In addition, clear guidance to medical practitioners is available through various guidelines however in actual situations, the extent of the burn is not fully known and this lack of knowledge complicates care. Here, a comprehensive review is made of the available knowledge of temperatures and scald durations which lead to skin-burn injuries. The range of volumes and liquid temperatures are typical of those found in heated consumer beverages. This review can help medical practitioners design initial treatment protocols and can be used by manufacturers of hot-liquid products to avoid the most severe burns. Next, within the context of this ability to quantify burn depths, a review of current burn treatment guidelines is given. Included in this review is a visual recognition of the extent of burns into the dermal layer as well as decision guidelines for selection of patients which would benefit from referral to a dedicated burn center. It is hoped that by bringing together both the quantified burn-depth information and current treatment guidelines, this review can be used as a resource for persons in the medical, manufacturing, beverage service, and other industries to reduce the human impact of scald injuries.
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kashcooli M, Salimpour MR, Shirani E. Heat transfer analysis of skin during thermal therapy using thermal wave equation. J Therm Biol 2017; 64:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khadka N, Zannou AL, Zunara F, Truong DQ, Dmochowski J, Bikson M. Minimal Heating at the Skin Surface During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Neuromodulation 2017; 21:334-339. [PMID: 28111832 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces a temperature change at the skin surface, if any change is stimulation polarity (anode or cathode) specific, and the contribution of passive heating (joule heat) or blood flow on such change. MATERIAL AND METHODS Temperature differences (ΔTs) in an agar phantom study and an in vivo study (forearm stimulation) including 20 volunteers with both experimental measures and finite element method (FEM) multiphysics prediction (current flow and bioheat) models of skin comprising three tissue layers (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer with blood perfusion) or of the phantom for active stimulation and control cases were compared. Temperature was measured during pre, post, and stimulation phases for both phantom and subject's forearms using thermocouples. RESULTS In the phantom, ΔT under both anode and cathode, compared to control, was not significantly different and less than 0.1°C. Stimulation of subjects resulted in a gradual increase in temperature under both anode and cathode electrodes, compared to control (at t = 20 min: ΔTanode = 0.9°C, ΔTcathode = 1.1°C, ΔTcontrol = 0.05°C). The FEM phantom model predicted comparable maximum ΔT of 0.27°C and 0.28°C (at t = 20 min) for the control and anode/cathode cases, respectively. The FEM skin model predicted a maximum ΔT at t = 20 min of 0.98°C for control and 1.36°C under anode/cathode electrodes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate a moderate and nonhazardous increase in temperature at the skin surface during 2 mA tDCS that is independent of polarity, and results from stimulation induced blood flow rather than joule heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Khadka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adantchede L Zannou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Zunara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Q Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacek Dmochowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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Ezquerra-Romano I, Ezquerra A. Highway to thermosensation: a traced review, from the proteins to the brain. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:45-57. [PMID: 27754972 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature maintenance and detection are essential for the survival and perpetuation of any species. This review is focused on thermosensation; thus a detailed and traced explanation of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of each component of this sensation is given. First, the proteins that react to temperature changes are identified; next, the nature of the neurons involved in thermosensation is described; and then, the pathways from the skin through the spinal cord to the brain are outlined. Finally, the areas of the brain and their interconnections where thermoperception arises are explained. Transduction of the external and internal temperature information is essentially mediated by the transient receptor potential ion channels (TRPs). These proteins are embedded in the neurons' membrane and they hyper- or de-polarize neurons in function of the intrinsic voltage and the temperature changes. There are distinct TRP sensors for different temperature ranges. Interestingly, the primary afferent neurons have either cold or hot receptors, so they are dedicated separately to cold or hot sensation. The information is transmitted by different pathways from the skin to the brain, where it either remains separated or is integrated to generate a response. It seems that both the determination of how thermoperception is produced and how we interact with the world are dependent on the particular arrangement and nature of the components, the way of transduction of information and the communication between these elements.
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SINGH SONALIKA, KUMAR SUSHIL. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TRIPLE LAYER SKIN TISSUE FREEZING USING NON-FOURIER HEAT CONDUCTION. J MECH MED BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519416500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The classical Fourier’s law assumes that the propagation speed of thermal disturbance is infinite, which is contradictory to physical reality. The living tissues are highly non-homogeneous and need a relaxation time to accumulate enough energy to transfer to the nearest element. This study proposes hyperbolic bio-heat model to study the freezing process in triple layer skin tissue with non-ideal property of skin tissue, metabolism and blood perfusion. The enthalpy formulation and finite difference method are used to solve the hyperbolic bio-heat model for triple layer skin tissue freezing. The effects of relaxation time for heat flux on temperature profile, liquidus and solidus interfaces are studied during the freezing of skin tissue. It is observed that the different values of relaxation time for heat flux have significant effect on temperature distribution, liquidus and solidus interfaces within the skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- SONALIKA SINGH
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Humanities, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - SUSHIL KUMAR
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Humanities, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
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42
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Park S. A computational prediction for the effective drug and stem cell treatment of human airway burns. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2015; 19:1116-26. [PMID: 26513000 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Burns in the airway from inhaling hot gases lead to one of the most common causes of death in the United States. In order to navigate tissues with large burn areas, the velocity, temperature, and heat flux distributions throughout the human airway system are computed for the inhalation of hot air using the finite-element method. From there, the depth of burned tissue is estimated for a range of exposure times. Additionally, the effectiveness of drug or stem cell delivery to the burned airway tissue is considered for a range of drug or cell sizes. Results showed that the highest temperature and lowest heat flux regions are observed near the pharynx and just upstream of the glottis. It was found that large particles such as stem cells (>20 μm) are effective for treatment of the upper airways, whereas small particles (<10 μm) such as drug nanoparticles are effective in the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- a School of Mechanical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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43
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Ganguly M, Miller S, Mitra K. Model development and experimental validation for analyzing initial transients of irradiation of tissues during thermal therapy using short pulse lasers. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:711-22. [PMID: 26349633 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Short pulse lasers with pulse durations in the range of nanoseconds and shorter are effective in the targeted delivery of heat energy for precise tissue heating and ablation. This photothermal therapy is useful where the removal of cancerous tissue sections is required. The objective of this paper is to use finite element modeling to demonstrate the differences in the thermal response of skin tissue to short-pulse and continuous wave laser irradiation in the initial stages of the irradiation. Models have been developed to validate the temperature distribution and heat affected zone during laser irradiation of excised rat skin samples and live anesthetized mouse tissue. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Excised rat skin samples and live anesthetized mice were subjected to Nd:YAG pulsed laser (1,064 nm, 500 ns) irradiation of varying powers. A thermal camera was used to measure the rise in surface temperature as a result of the laser irradiation. Histological analyses of the heat affected zone created in the tissue samples due to the temperature rise were performed. The thermal interaction of the laser with the tissue was quantified by measuring the thermal dose delivered by the laser. Finite element geometries of three-dimensional tissue sections for continuum and vascular models were developed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Blood flow was incorporated into the vascular model to mimic the presence of discrete blood vessels and contrasted with the continuum model without blood perfusion. RESULTS The temperature rises predicted by the continuum and the vascular models agreed with the temperature rises observed at the surface of the excised rat tissue samples and live anesthetized mice due to laser irradiation respectively. The vascular model developed was able to predict the cooling produced by the blood vessels in the region where the vessels were present. The temperature rise in the continuum model due to pulsed laser irradiation was higher than that due to continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation in the initial stages of the irradiation. The temperature rise due to pulsed and CW laser irradiation converged as the time of irradiation increased. A similar trend was observed when comparing the thermal dose for pulsed and CW laser irradiation in the vascular model. CONCLUSION Finite element models (continuum and vascular) were developed that can be used to predict temperature rise and quantify the thermal dose resulting from laser irradiation of excised rat skin samples and live anesthetized mouse tissue. The vascular model incorporating blood perfusion effects predicted temperature rise better in the live animal tissue. The models developed demonstrated that pulsed lasers caused greater temperature rise and delivered a greater thermal dose than CW lasers of equal average power, especially during the initial transients of irradiation. This analysis will be beneficial for thermal therapy applications where maximum delivery of thermal dose over a short period of time is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Ganguly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, 32901
| | - Stephanie Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, 32901
| | - Kunal Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, 32901
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Bioheat transfer problem for one-dimensional spherical biological tissues. Math Biosci 2015; 269:1-9. [PMID: 26327484 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the Pennes bioheat transfer equation with constant blood perfusion, we set up a simplified one-dimensional bioheat transfer model of the spherical living biological tissues for application in bioheat transfer problems. Using the method of separation of variables, we present in a simple way the analytical solution of the problem. The obtained exact solution is used to investigate the effects of tissue properties, the cooling medium temperature, and the point-heating on the temperature distribution in living bodies. The obtained analytical solution can be useful for investigating thermal behavior research of biological system, thermal parameter measurements, temperature field reconstruction and clinical treatment.
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Abraham JP, Plourde B, Vallez L, Stark J, Diller KR. Estimating the time and temperature relationship for causation of deep-partial thickness skin burns. Burns 2015; 41:1741-1747. [PMID: 26188899 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop and present a simple procedure for evaluating the temperature and exposure-time conditions that lead to causation of a deep-partial thickness burn and the effect that the immediate post-burn thermal environment can have on the process. A computational model has been designed and applied to predict the time required for skin burns to reach a deep-partial thickness level of injury. The model includes multiple tissue layers including the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Simulated exposure temperatures ranged from 62.8 to 87.8°C (145-190°F). Two scenarios were investigated. The first and worst case scenario was a direct exposure to water (characterized by a large convection coefficient) with the clothing left on the skin following the exposure. A second case consisted of a scald insult followed immediately by the skin being washed with cool water (20°C). For both cases, an Arrhenius injury model was applied whereby the extent and depth of injury were calculated and compared for the different post-burn treatments. In addition, injury values were compared with experiment data from the literature to assess verification of the numerical methodology. It was found that the clinical observations of injury extent agreed with the calculated values. Furthermore, inundation with cool water decreased skin temperatures more quickly than the clothing insulating case and led to a modest decrease in the burn extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Abraham
- University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering, Mail # OSS 101, 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105-1079, United States.
| | - Brian Plourde
- University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering, Mail # OSS 101, 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105-1079, United States
| | - Lauren Vallez
- University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering, Mail # OSS 101, 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105-1079, United States
| | - John Stark
- The University of Kansas, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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Bhowmik A, Repaka R, Mulaveesala R, Mishra SC. Suitability of frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for skin cancer detection—A theoretical prediction. J Therm Biol 2015; 51:65-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Attaluri A, Kandala SK, Wabler M, Zhou H, Cornejo C, Armour M, Hedayati M, Zhang Y, DeWeese TL, Herman C, Ivkov R. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia enhances radiation therapy: A study in mouse models of human prostate cancer. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:359-74. [PMID: 25811736 PMCID: PMC4696027 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1005178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to characterise magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (mNPH) with radiation therapy (RT) for prostate cancer. METHODS Human prostate cancer subcutaneous tumours, PC3 and LAPC-4, were grown in nude male mice. When tumours measured 150 mm3 magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) were injected into tumours to a target dose of 5.5 mg Fe/cm3 tumour, and treated 24 h later by exposure to alternating magnetic field (AMF). Mice were randomly assigned to one of four cohorts to characterise (1) intratumour MIONP distribution, (2) effects of variable thermal dose mNPH (fixed AMF peak amplitude 24 kA/m at 160 ± 5 kHz) with/without RT (5 Gy), (3) effects of RT (RT5: 5 Gy; RT8: 8 Gy), and (4) fixed thermal dose mNPH (43 °C for 20 min) with/without RT (5 Gy). MIONP concentration and distribution were assessed following sacrifice and tissue harvest using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Prussian blue staining, respectively. Tumour growth was monitored and compared among treated groups. RESULTS LAPC-4 tumours retained higher MIONP concentration and more uniform distribution than did PC3 tumours. AMF power modulation provided similar thermal dose for mNPH and combination therapy groups (CEM43: LAPC-4: 33.6 ± 3.4 versus 25.9 ± 0.8, and PC3: 27.19 ± 0.7 versus 27.50 ± 0.6), thereby overcoming limitations of MIONP distribution and yielding statistically significant tumour growth delay. CONCLUSION PC3 and LAPC-4 tumours represent two biological models that demonstrate different patterns of nanoparticle retention and distribution, offering a model to make comparisons of these effects for mNPH. Modulating power for mNPH offers potential to overcome limitations of MIONP distribution to enhance mNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sri Kamal Kandala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele Wabler
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Cornejo
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Armour
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Hedayati
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theodore L. DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cila Herman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhai LN, Li J. Prediction methods of skin burn for performance evaluation of thermal protective clothing. Burns 2015; 41:1385-96. [PMID: 25816966 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Most test methods use skin burn prediction to evaluate the thermal protective performance of clothing. In this paper, we reviewed different burn prediction methods used in clothing evaluation. The empirical criterion and the mathematical model were analyzed in detail as well as their relationship and limitations. Using an empirical criterion, the onset of skin burn is determined by the accumulated skin surface energy in certain periods. On the other hand, the mathematical model, which indicates denatured collagen, is more complex, which involves a heat transfer model and a burn model. Further studies should be conducted to examine the situations where the prediction methods are derived. New technologies may be used in the future to explore precise or suitable prediction methods for both flash fire tests and increasingly lower-intensity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhai
- Fashion Institute, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Fashion Institute, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; Key Laboratory of Clothing Design & Technology, Donghua University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200051, China.
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49
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Lee JY, Jung SN, Kwon H. In vitro burn model illustrating heat conduction patterns using compressed thermal papers. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 23:124-31. [PMID: 25421614 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, heat conduction from heat sources to tissue has been estimated by complex mathematical modeling. In the present study, we developed an intuitive in vitro skin burn model that illustrates heat conduction patterns inside the skin. This was composed of tightly compressed thermal papers with compression frames. Heat flow through the model left a trace by changing the color of thermal papers. These were digitized and three-dimensionally reconstituted to reproduce the heat conduction patterns in the skin. For standardization, we validated K91HG-CE thermal paper using a printout test and bivariate correlation analysis. We measured the papers' physical properties and calculated the estimated depth of heat conduction using Fourier's equation. Through contact burns of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 seconds on porcine skin and our burn model using a heated brass comb, and comparing the burn wound and heat conduction trace, we validated our model. The heat conduction pattern correlation analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.846, p < 0.001) and the heat conduction depth correlation analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.93, p < 0.001) showed statistically significant high correlations between the porcine burn wound and our model. Our model showed good correlation with porcine skin burn injury and replicated its heat conduction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University, Incheon, Korea
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Lee SL, Lu YH. Modeling of bioheat equation for skin and a preliminary study on a noninvasive diagnostic method for skin burn wounds. Burns 2014; 40:930-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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