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Breitenlechner A, Bünger M, Ruczizka UK, Dolezal M, Auer U, Buzanich-Ladinig A. Comparison between Intramuscular and Intranasal Administration of Sedative Drugs Used for Piglet Castration. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2325. [PMID: 39199860 PMCID: PMC11350754 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the intranasal administration of different anaesthetics in piglets less than seven days of age undergoing castration for their suitability for providing good-quality sedation and short induction and recovery time with minimal stress. Azaperone alone at a high (5 mg/kg), medium (3 mg/kg) and low dosage (2 mg/kg) and in two combinations with either alfaxalone or midazolam were applied intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) to 120 healthy piglets. Compared to intramuscular application, intranasal application showed longer induction times, shorter recovery times and higher scores for defence and vocalisation. In conclusion, the intranasal protocols did not meet the requirements in all groups and their use can therefore not be recommended. A rapid induction phase and good quality of sedation could not be guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breitenlechner
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Moritz Bünger
- Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (U.K.R.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Ursula Katharina Ruczizka
- Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (U.K.R.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Auer
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andrea Buzanich-Ladinig
- Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (U.K.R.); (A.B.-L.)
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Chen K, de Miguel Garcia C, Delvescovo B, Parry S, Hon S. Comparison of two sedation protocols, with and without analgesia, in pigs: Assessment of sedation end points and propofol requirements. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:492-497. [PMID: 37805279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of intramuscular premedication with a novel nonanalgesic [alfaxalone-midazolam-acepromazine (AMA)] and an analgesic [ketamine-midazolam-detomidine (KMD)] protocol on sedation end points and propofol requirements for induction of anesthesia in swine. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 27 Yorkshire cross gilts weighing approximately 30 kg. METHODS Two sedation protocols, AMA and KMD, were compared. Time from intramuscular injection to ataxia, recumbency and nonresponsiveness to tactile stimulation was recorded. The propofol dose requirement for induction of general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, and any adverse events (paddling, twitching), were recorded. Data were tested for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test. Propofol requirements were compared using a Student's t test. Times from injection to sedation end points were compared using a Mood's test, and significance was confirmed using a Kaplan-Meier curve with Wilcoxon test survival analysis. RESULTS Sedation end points were reached significantly faster with KMD than with AMA. Nonresponsiveness occurred in 5 (0-16) and 9.5 (5-36) minutes for KMD and AMA, respectively (p = 0.011). No significant difference (p = 0.437) was found between propofol doses used in either group (KMD; 64.38 ± 5.98 mg, AMA; 72.00 ± 7.57 mg). More adverse events were noted with AMA (11/16 pigs) than with KMD (1/11 pigs). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In pigs, AMA can be used as a reliable sedation protocol. Frequency of adverse events and time to reach sedation end points between AMA and KMD differed, but the dose of propofol needed to induce general anesthesia was not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Chen
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cristina de Miguel Garcia
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Barbara Delvescovo
- Section of Large Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Parry
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Hon
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Walilko TJ, Sewsankar K, Wagner CD, Podolski A, Smith K, Zai L, Bentley TB. The Application of Machine Learning to Identify Large Animal Blast Exposure Thresholds. Mil Med 2023; 188:e600-e606. [PMID: 34677603 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Office of Naval Research sponsored the Blast Load Assessment Sense and Test program to develop a rapid, in-field solution that could be used by team leaders, commanders, and medical personnel to make science-based stand-down decisions for service members exposed to blast overpressure. Toward this goal, the authors propose an ensemble approach based on machine learning (ML) methods to derive a threshold surface for potential neurological deficits that encompasses the intensity of the blast events, the number of exposures, and the period over which the exposures occurred. Because of collection challenges presented by human subjects, the authors utilized data representing a comprehensive set of measures, including structural, behavioral, and cellular changes, from preclinical large animal studies on minipig models. This article describes the development process used to procure the resulting methodology from these studies. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using an ensemble of ML methods applied to experimental data obtained from 71 Yucatan minipigs, the relationship between blast exposure and neurological deficits was delineated. Despite a relatively small sample size, ML methods with k-fold cross-validation (with k = 5) were justified because of the complexity of the dataset reflecting numerous nonlinear relationships between cellular, structural, and behavioral markers. Based on the physiological responses and environmental measures collected during the large animal study, two models were developed to investigate the relationship between multiple outcome measures and exposure to blast. The histological features model was trained on single-exposure animal data to predict a binary injury response (injured or not) using histological features. The environmental features model related the observed behavioral changes to the environmental parameters collected. RESULTS The histological features model predicted a binary injury outcome from cellular and physiological measurements. Features identified in developing this classification model showed some level of correlation to observed behavioral changes, suggesting that glial activation inflammation and neurodegenerative responses occur even at the lowest levels of blast exposures tested. The results of the environmental features model, which estimated injury risk from environmental blast exposure characteristics, suggested that the observed changes are not just a function of impulse but an average dynamic impulse rate. Noticeable behavioral deficits were observed at loading rates of 100 kPa (impulse/positive duration) or peak pressures of 300-350 kPa, with an approximate positive phase duration of 3.4 ms for single exposure. Based on this analysis, a 3D threshold surface was developed to characterize the potential risk of neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS The ensemble approach facilitated the identification of a pattern of changes across multiple variables to predict the occurrence of changes in brain function. Many changes observed after blast exposure were subtle, making them difficult to measure in human subjects. ML methodologies applied to minipig data demonstrated the value of these techniques in analyzing complex datasets to complement human studies. Importantly, the threshold surface supports the development of science-based blast exposure guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Sewsankar
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA
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Mirra A, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois O. Correlation of Sedline-generated variables and clinical signs with anaesthetic depth in experimental pigs receiving propofol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275484. [PMID: 36174080 PMCID: PMC9522294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of currently available electroencephalographic (EEG)-based tools to assess depth of anaesthesia have not been studied or have been judged unreliable in pigs. Our primary aim was to investigate the dose-effect relationship between increasing propofol dose and variables generated by the EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitor Sedline in pigs. A secondary aim was to compare the anaesthetic doses with clinical outcomes commonly used to assess depth of anaesthesia in this species. Sixteen juvenile pigs were included. Propofol infusion was administered at 10 mg kg-1 h-1, increased by 10 mg kg-1 h-1 every 15 minutes, and stopped when an EEG Suppression ratio >80% was reached. Patient state index, suppression ratio, left and right spectral edge frequency 95%, and outcomes from commonly used clinical methods to assess depth of anaesthesia in pigs were recorded. The best pharmacodynamic model was assessed for Patient state index, suppression ratio, left and right spectral edge frequency 95% in response to propofol administration. The decrease of Patient state index best fitted to an inhibitory double-sigmoid model (including a plateau phase). The increase of suppression ratio fitted a typical sigmoid Emax model. No relevant relationship could be identified between spectral edge frequency 95% values and propofol administration. A large variability in clinical outcomes was observed among pigs, such that they did not provide a reliable evaluation of propofol dose. The relationship between propofol dose and Patient state index/suppression ratio described in the present study can be used for prediction in future investigations. The evaluation of depth of anaesthesia based on common clinical outcomes was not reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mirra
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Levionnois
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kat I, Ahern BJ, Dhanani J, Whitten G, Cowling N, Goodwin W. Long duration anaesthesia in pigs with an infusion of alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2418-2421. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irving Kat
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Ahern
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Australia
| | - Jayesh Dhanani
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane Australia
- University of Queensland Centre of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Level 8 The University of Queensland Herston Australia
| | - Grant Whitten
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Australia
| | - Nicholas Cowling
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Australia
| | - Wendy Goodwin
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Australia
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Wheeler EP, Abelson AL, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. Sedative effects of alfaxalone and hydromorphone with or without midazolam in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:1109-1116. [PMID: 33655781 PMCID: PMC10812152 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21996155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this pilot study was to compare the quality of sedation and ease of intravenous (IV) catheter placement following sedation using two intramuscular (IM) sedation protocols in cats: hydromorphone, alfaxalone and midazolam vs hydromorphone and alfaxalone. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized and blinded study. Cats were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg), alfaxalone (1.5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg; HAM group), or hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) and alfaxalone (1.5 mg/kg; HA group). Sedation scoring (0-9, where 9 indicated maximum sedation) was performed at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mins from the time of injection. At 20 mins, an IV catheter placement score (0-10, where 10 indicated least resistance) was performed. RESULTS Twenty-one client-owned adult cats were included in this study. Sedation and IV catheter placement scores were compared between groups using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Peak sedation was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in the HAM group (median 9; range 7-9) than in the HA group (median 7; range 3-9), and IV catheter placement scores were significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the HAM group (median 9.5; range 7-10) compared with the HA group (median 7; range 4-9). Spearman correlations were calculated between IV catheter placement score and sedation scores. There was a significant positive correlation of average sedation over time (correlation 0.83; P <0.001) and sedation at 20 mins (correlation 0.76; P <0.001) with a higher, more favorable IV catheter placement score. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These preliminary results suggest that the addition of midazolam to IM alfaxalone and hydromorphone produced more profound sedation and greater ease of IV catheter placement than IM alfaxalone and hydromorphone alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L Abelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Jane C Lindsey
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lois A Wetmore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Ryden A, Fisichella S, Perchiazzi G, Nyman G. Comparison of two injectable anaesthetic techniques on induction and subsequent anaesthesia in pigs. Lab Anim 2021; 55:540-550. [PMID: 34325556 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211029810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pig experiments often require anaesthesia, and a rapid stress-free induction is desired. Induction drugs may alter the subsequent anaesthesia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare, in pigs, the effects of two different injectable anaesthetic techniques on the induction and on the physiological variables in a subsequent eight hours of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Twelve domestic castrates (Swedish Landrace/Yorkshire) 27‒31 kg were used. The pigs were randomly assigned to different induction drug combinations of zolazepam-tiletamine and medetomidine intramuscularly (ZTMe) or midazolam, ketamine intramuscularly and fentanyl intravenously (MiKF). Time from injection to unconsciousness was recorded and the ease of endotracheal intubation assessed. The TIVA infusion rate was adjusted according to the response exhibited from the nociceptive stimulus delivered by mechanically clamping the dewclaw. The time from injection to unconsciousness was briefer and intubation was easier in the ZTMe group. Results from the recorded heart rate, cardiac index and arterial blood pressure variables were satisfactorily preserved and cardiovascular function was maintained in both groups. Shivering was not observed in the ZTMe group, but was observed in four of the pigs in the MiKF group. The requirement of TIVA was lower in the ZTMe group. In conclusion, ZTMe had better results than MiKF in areas such as shorter induction time, better intubation scoring results and less adjustment and amount of TIVA required up to six hours of anaesthesia. The results may have been due to a greater depth of anaesthesia achieved with the ZTMe combination at the dose used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Ryden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Sheila Fisichella
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Gaetano Perchiazzi
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Görel Nyman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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Physiological and Clinical Responses in Pigs in Relation to Plasma Concentrations during Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, and Butorphanol. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061482. [PMID: 34063808 PMCID: PMC8224090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reliable protocols are needed for short-term anesthesia in pigs. The study’s aim is to identify an anesthetic procedure that, without the use of sophisticated equipment, ensures an acceptable depth and length of anesthesia, a regular spontaneous breathing pattern, and a stable hemodynamic condition for the animal. A total of 12 pigs were given a single intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine, zolazepam, and butorphanol. To investigate the possibility of prolonging the anesthesia, six of the pigs also received an intravenous dose of the drug combination after one hour. Physiological and clinical responses and drug plasma concentrations were examined. The main results suggest that intramuscular administration of the drug combination provides up to two hours of anesthesia with stable physiological parameters and an acceptable level of analgesia. An intravenous administration of one-third of the original dosage prolonged the anesthesia for another 30 min. Since the pigs were able to breathe spontaneously, none of them were intubated. The study also provides new information about each drug’s plasma concentrations and the impact of the drug combination in pigs. This technique can be used to perform nonsurgical operations or transports when short-term anesthesia is required. Abstract Reliable protocols for short-term anesthetics are essential to safeguard animal welfare during medical investigations. The aim of the study was to assess the adequacy and reliability of an anesthetic protocol and to evaluate physiological and clinical responses, in relation to the drug plasma concentrations, for pigs undergoing short-term anesthesia. A second aim was to see whether an intravenous dosage could prolong the anesthesia. The anesthesia was induced by an intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and butorphanol in 12 pigs. In six of the pigs, a repeated injection intravenously of one-third of the initial dose was given after one hour. The physiological and clinical effects from induction to recovery were examined. Plasma concentrations of the drugs were analyzed and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Each drug’s absorption and time to maximal concentration were rapid. All pigs were able to maintain spontaneous respiration. The route of administration did not alter the half-life of the drug. The results suggest that intramuscular administration of the four-drug combination provides up to two hours of anesthesia with stable physiological parameters and an acceptable level of analgesia while maintaining spontaneous respiration. A repeated intravenous injection may be used to extend the time of anesthesia by 30 min.
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EVALUATION OF TWO MEDETOMIDINE-AZAPERONE-ALFAXALONE COMBINATIONS IN CAPTIVE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK ( CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:825-833. [PMID: 33480562 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfaxalone has been successfully used intramuscularly (im) combined with medetomidine and azaperone for immobilization of small ungulates. An experimental 40 mg/ml alfaxalone solution (RD0387) was recently formulated for reduced injection volume. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of high-concentration alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and azaperone for the intramuscular immobilization of captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Seven adult female elk were used in a crossover design in which they were administered alfaxalone 1 mg/kg, medetomidine 0.05 mg/kg, and azaperone 0.1 mg/kg or alfaxalone 0.5 mg/kg, medetomidine 0.1 mg/kg, and azaperone 0.1 mg/kg im approximately 3 wk apart. Drugs were delivered to each elk in a chute by hand injection. Once recumbent, elk were placed in sternal recumbency for a period of 30 min, during which time level of sedation, response to minor procedures, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, and direct arterial blood pressures were recorded every 5 min. Arterial blood gases were performed every 15 min. At 30 min, elk were administered atipamezole 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg im and recovery quality and times were recorded. Statistical comparisons were made by t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and repeated measures analysis (significance level P < 0.05). Both drug combinations provided effective immobilization for 30 min, with induction and recovery time and quality similar to other medetomidine-based combinations used in elk. Cardiopulmonary effects included bradycardia, hypertension, and hypoxemia that resolved with oxygen supplementation. The average injection volume in the low-dose alfaxalone combination was approximately 5 ml. These combinations provided deep sedation and the ability to perform minor procedures in captive elk, with acceptable cardiopulmonary parameters as long as supplemental oxygen was provided.
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Balko JA, Lindemann DM, Allender MC, Chinnadurai SK. Evaluation of the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular alfaxalone administration and isoflurane in budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus) and comparison with manual restraint. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1427-1435. [PMID: 31149875 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.12.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of IM alfaxalone and isoflurane administration in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and compare use of these agents with use of manual restraint. ANIMALS 42 healthy budgerigars. PROCEDURES For dose comparison, birds received alfaxalone (5 or 10 mg/kg [2.27 or 4.54 mg/lb], IM; groups A5 and A10, respectively; n = 6/group). For treatment comparison, birds received alfaxalone (10 mg/kg, IM) or isoflurane (via face mask) or were manually restrained (groups A, I, and M, respectively; n = 10/group). Data were obtained on onset, degree, and duration of sedation or anesthesia; heart and respiratory rates; and recovery times. Birds in the treatment comparison underwent physical examination and blood gas analysis. RESULTS All group A5 birds became sedate, but not recumbent. In group A10, 5 of 6 birds lost the righting reflex; however, none lost the noxious stimulus response. Median time to initial effects was significantly shorter and mean time to complete recovery was significantly longer in group A10 than in group A5. Heart and respiratory rates in group A10 remained clinically acceptable; however, some birds had signs of excitement during induction and recovery. Times to initial effects, recumbency, and complete recovery were significantly longer, yet clinically practical, in group A than in group I. Plasma lactate concentrations were significantly higher in group M than in groups A and I. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alfaxalone administered IM at 10 mg/kg produced effective sedation in healthy budgerigars and may be a viable alternative to isoflurane and manual restraint for brief, minimally invasive procedures. Brief manual restraint resulted in a significant increase in plasma lactate concentration.
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Sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with methadone and a low dose of dexmedetomidine in healthy Beagles. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:463-471. [PMID: 32507717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone when added to a combination of dexmedetomidine and methadone injected intramuscularly (IM) in healthy Beagles. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. ANIMALS A group of six adult Beagles. METHODS Dogs were sedated on three different occasions with IM dexmedetomidine (3 μg kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg-1) combined with two doses of alfaxalone (0.5 and 1 mg kg-1; A0.5 and A1, respectively) or saline (A0). Quality of sedation, response to tail clamping and rectal temperature were recorded at baseline, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 minutes. Pulse and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2) and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) were recorded every 5 minutes. Onset of sedation and duration of recumbency, response to venous catheterization and recovery quality were assessed. Physiological variables (analysis of variance) were analysed between treatments and within treatments compared with baseline (Student t test). Nonparametric data were analysed using Friedman and Cochran's Q tests. Significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS Sedation scores were significantly higher when alfaxalone was co-administered (area under the curve; p = 0.024, A0.5; p = 0.019, A1), with no differences between doses. Onset of sedation was similar, but duration of recumbency was longer in A0.5 than in A0 [median (minimum-maximum), 43 (35-54) versus 30 (20-47) minutes, p = 0.018], but not in A1. Response to venous catheterization and tail clamping, and quality of recovery (acceptable) presented no differences between treatments. A decrease in all physiological variables (compared with baseline) was observed, except for NIBP, with no differences between treatments. All dogs required oxygen supplementation due to reduced SpO2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Adding alfaxalone to methadone and dexmedetomidine enhanced sedation and duration of recumbency. Although cardiopulmonary depression was limited, oxygen supplementation is advisable.
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Heng K, Marx JO, Jampachairsi K, Huss MK, Pacharinsak C. Continuous Rate Infusion of Alfaxalone during Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia in Rats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:170-175. [PMID: 32059754 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of alfaxalone delivered through continuous rate infusion by comparing ketamine-xylazine-alfaxalone (KXA) anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesia was induced in male and female rats by using subcutaneous KX. After induction, rats in the KXA group received alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) for 35 min, whereas rats in the KX group did not receive alfaxalone. At the end of the trial, alfaxalone was discontinued, and xylazine was reversed in all rats by using atipamezole. Throughout anesthesia, we assessed forepaw withdrawal reflex (FPWR), hindpaw withdrawal reflex (HPWR), response to surgical stimulation, heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO₂, body temperature, and time to standing. KXA produced a reliable surgical plane of anesthesia, as evidenced by the loss of both FPWR and HPWR and lack of response to surgical stimulation in all 16 rats, whereas only 6 of the 16 rats in the KX group lost HPWR. No rat in the KXA group regained a paw withdrawal reflex during alfaxalone administration, whereas 3 of the 12 rats (25%) in the KX group that reached a surgical plane of anesthesia exited that plane within the 35-min timeframe. Neither heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO₂, body temperature, nor time to standing differed between KXA and KX groups; and there were no sex-associated differences in anesthesia response. These results indicate that alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) delivered through continuous rate infusion, in combination with ketamine and xylazine, provides a safe, prolonged, and reliable surgical plane of anesthesia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Heng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Monika K Huss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California;,
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Marín P, Belda E, Laredo FG, Torres CA, Hernandis V, Escudero E. Pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of alfaxalone with or without dexmedetomidine in rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2019; 129:6-12. [PMID: 31901533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the specific pharmacokinetic profile and effects of alfaxalone after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration to rabbits and evaluate the potential interaction with dexmedetomidine. The study design was a blinded, randomized crossover with a washout period of 2 weeks. Five New Zealand white rabbits were used. Each animal received single IV and IM injections of alfaxalone at a single dose of 5 mg/kg, and single IV and IM injections of alfaxalone (5 mg/kg) combined with dexmedetomidine (100 μg/kg) administered intramuscularly. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration-time curves were analysed by non-compartmental analysis. Sedation/anaesthesia scores were evaluated by a modified numerical rating scale. At pre-determined time points heart and respiratory rates were measured. Times to sternal recumbency and standing position during the recovery were recorded. Concentrations of alfaxalone alone were very similar (slighty smaller) to concentrations when alfaxalone was combined with dexmedetomidine, after both routes of administration. Dexmedetomidine enhanced and increase the duration of the sedative effects of alfaxalone. In conclusion, alfaxalone administered in rabbits provides rapid and smooth onset of sedation. After IV and IM injections of alfaxalone combined with dexmedetomidine, a longer MRT and a deeper and extended sedation have been obtained compared to alfaxalone alone. Consequently, alfaxalone alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine could be useful to achieve respectively moderate to deep sedation in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Eliseo Belda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco G Laredo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Crhystian A Torres
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Verónica Hernandis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone and midazolam after intramuscular administration in pigs. Fourteen pigs, weighing 18 to 22 kg, aged between 55 and 70 days, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification 2, affected by congenital reducible umbilical hernia, were included in the study. Alfaxalone (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) mixed in the same syringe were administered into the neck muscle. Pain on injection, quality of sedation and time to achieve lateral recumbency were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at 0 (baseline: before drug administration), 10, 15, and 20 min after the injection. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), arterial blood pH, arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tensions and bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-) were recorded at 10, 15, and 20 min after injection. Continuous data were analysed using a repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and aP-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Ten animals out of fourteen showed no pain on injection, whereas the remaining four exhibited mild pain. The time from the end of injection to lateral recumbency was 266 ± 40 s. The quality of sedation ranged between good to very good. No significant changes in the variables monitored were observed between the time points. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and midazolam in pigs at the doses used induced reliable and fast sedation, without pain on injection and moderate respiratory effects.
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Hancock TM, Caulkett NA, Pajor EA, Grenwich L. An investigation of the effects of intratesticular alfaxalone and lidocaine during castration in piglets. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:858-864. [PMID: 30253999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether intratesticular injection of an alfaxalone-lidocaine combination can induce anesthesia and provide a rapid recovery in piglets undergoing surgical castration. STUDY DESIGN Randomized experimental study. ANIMALS A group of 30 male piglets, aged 2-10 days, weighing 1.3-4.6 kg. METHODS Animals were randomly divided into three equal groups for intratesticular administration of alfaxalone + lidocaine: high dose (group HD; 8 mg kg-1 + 2.5 mg kg-1), medium dose (group MD; 6 mg kg-1 + 2 mg kg-1) and low dose (group LD; 4 mg kg-1 + 1.5 mg kg-1). Induction and recovery times, movement and vocalization were recorded. Pulse rate (PR), oxygen saturation, respiratory rate (fR), rectal temperature, blood pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide were recorded until recovery. RESULTS Induction time did not differ significantly among groups (p = 0.19); mean time of 2.2, 3.3 and 3.7 minutes for HD, MD and LD, respectively. Recovery time to sternal recumbency was significantly faster in LD compared with HD and MD (p = 0.005). Time to standing was mean 34.1, 31.6 and 29.6 minutes for HD, MD and LD, respectively (p = 0.58). Incidences of movement and vocalization during the castration procedure were decreased in HD and MD compared with LD, but were not statistically different. There were no differences in the physiologic data among the groups except for PR, which decreased in all three groups (p < 0.05), and fR, which increased in MD and LD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The alfaxalone-lidocaine combinations investigated in this study induced deep sedation in all piglets. Physiologic data remained within clinically acceptable ranges, suggesting that this drug combination by intratesticular injection prior to castration in neonatal piglets is well tolerated. The authors recommend the alfaxalone (6 mg kg-1) + lidocaine (2 mg kg-1) dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina M Hancock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nigel A Caulkett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Ed A Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Leanna Grenwich
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Duval JD, Pang JM, Boysen SR, Caulkett NA. Cardiopulmonary Effects of a Partial Intravenous Anesthesia Technique for Laboratory Swine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018; 57:376-381. [PMID: 29933766 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Various anesthetic protocols are used in laboratory swine, each with specific advantages and disadvantages. Partial intravenous anesthetic techniques (PIVA) help minimize dose-dependent cardiopulmonary effects of inhalant drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the cardiopulmonary effects of a PIVA in laboratory swine. In a prospective, nonrandomized clinical study, 8 healthy juvenile Landrace-White pigs were premedicated with azaperone (0.20 ± 0.20 mg/kg IM), dexmedetomidine (0.02 ± 0.002 mg/kg IM), and alfaxalone (2.0 ± 0.20 mg/kg IM), and anesthesia was induced with intravenous alfaxalone. Anesthesia was maintained by using constant-rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg/h) and alfaxalone (25 μg/kg/min) in combination with isoflurane. After the fraction of expired isoflurane was adjusted to 1.1% to 1.5%, respiratory rate, heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, bispectral index, systemic vascular resistance, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were recorded every 10 min for 60 min. Statistical analysis consisted of repeated-measures one-way ANOVA. Significant decreases occurred in heart rate, pulmonary mean arterial pressure, pulmonary diastolic pressure, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, partial pressure of venous oxygen; significant increases occurred in respiratory rate, minute volume index, diastolic arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and arterial pH over time. We consider that the observed statistically significant cardiopulmonary changes were clinically important and that the PIVA protocol provided hemodynamic and respiratory stability for short-term anesthesia of laboratory swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Duval
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica M Pang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Søren R Boysen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nigel A Caulkett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;,
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El-Hawari SF, Sakata H, Oyama N, Tamura J, Higuchi C, Endo Y, Miyoshi K, Sano T, Suzuki K, Yamashita K. Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of single-bolus intravenous alfaxalone with or without intramuscular xylazine-premedication in calves. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:361-367. [PMID: 29269688 PMCID: PMC5836778 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine-alfaxalone combination were
evaluated in calves. Six calves (age: 6–9 months old; weight: 114–310 kg) were
anesthetized with intravenous alfaxalone 15 min after administration of intramuscular
saline (0.5 ml/100 kg) or xylazine (0.1 mg/kg; 0.5
ml/100 kg of a 2% xylazine solution). Anesthesia induction was smooth and
orotracheal intubation was achieved in all calves. The calves anesthetized with
xylazine-alfaxalone required a smaller induction dose of alfaxalone (1.23 ± 0.17 mg/kg,
P=0.010) and accepted endotracheal intubation for a significantly
longer period (16.8 ± 7.2 min, P=0.022) than the calves anesthetized with
alfaxalone alone (2.28 ± 0.65 mg/kg 7.3 ± 1.6 min). At 5 min after induction, tachycardia
(heart rate: 166 ± 47 beats/min of heart rate), hypertension (mean arterial blood
pressure: 147 ± 81 mmHg) and hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen
[PaO2]: 43 ± 10 mmHg) were observed in the calves anesthetized with
alfaxalone alone, whereas hypoxemia (PaO2: 47 ± 7 mmHg) and mild hypercapnia
(partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide: 54 ± 5 mmHg) were observed in the
calves anesthetized with xylazine-alfaxalone. Premedication with xylazine provided a
sparing effect on the induction dose of alfaxalone and a prolongation of anesthetic
effect. Oxygen supplementation should be considered to prevent hypoxemia during
anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Fathi El-Hawari
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Hisashi Sakata
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Norihiko Oyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Chika Higuchi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Miyoshi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
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Bertrand HGMJ, Sandersen C, Murray J, Flecknell PA. A combination of alfaxalone, medetomidine and midazolam for the chemical immobilization of Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): Preliminary results. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:332-336. [PMID: 28940590 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical immobilization of non-human primates can be required to perform scientific or veterinary procedure with different invasiveness degrees. This preliminary study was undertaken to assess the clinical effects of a combination of alfaxalone, medetomidine and midazolam (AMM). METHODS Seven rhesus macaques were chemically immobilized, for invasive veterinary procedures, with alfaxan 2 mg kg-1 , medetomidine 20 μg kg-1 and midazolam 0.3 mg kg-1 injected subcutaneously. RESULTS The alfaxalone combination induced surgical anaesthesia, with a complete absence of response to noxious stimuli, for at least 20 minutes. The total duration of anaesthesia was 56 ± 7 minutes, and the administration of atipamezole, to partially reverse the combination effects, did not appear to alter the depth of anaesthesia. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the AMM combination produced rapid onset general anaesthesia, following subcutaneous administration of a relatively low volume (0.28 mL/kg) of injectate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri G M J Bertrand
- Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Anesthesia Department, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Murray
- Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul A Flecknell
- Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Neurosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Lehmann HS, Blache D, Drynan E, Tshewang P, Blignaut DJC, Musk GC. Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7080061. [PMID: 28796153 PMCID: PMC5575573 DOI: 10.3390/ani7080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pigs are notoriously challenging patients. They are difficult to handle so the use of predictable and safe sedation techniques is required for husbandry and surgical procedures. Various combinations of sedative and analgesic drugs have been previously investigated in this species, though the combination of midazolam and detomidine with either butorphanol or morphine has not been reported for sedation in pigs. The use of these combinations was investigated in the context of adequate sedation to allow castration of boars with the aid of local anaesthetic infiltration. The combination of midazolam, detomidine with butorphanol provided a more reliable sedation combination than that including morphine. It is proposed that this combination of drugs would be useful for sedation during painful husbandry procedures in pigs. Abstract Juvenile male pigs were sedated for castration. Eight five-month old boars were sedated twice (two weeks apart) with a combination of detomidine (0.1 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and either butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDB, n = 8) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDM, n = 8) intramuscularly. The boars were positioned in lateral recumbency and lidocaine (200 mg total) was injected into the testicle and scrotal skin. Castration of a single testicle was performed on two occasions. Sedation and reaction (to positioning and surgery) scores, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, arterial blood gas parameters and the times to immobility and then recovery were recorded. Atipamezole was administered if spontaneous recovery was not evident within 60 min of sedative administration. Data were compared with either a paired-sample t-test or a Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test. There was no difference in sedation score, body temperature, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation between MDB and MDM. Mild hypoxaemia was noted in both groups. There was less reaction to castration after MDB. The pulse rate was higher after MDM sedation. The times to immobility and then recovery were similar. The combination of MDB provided more reliable sedation than MDM. MDB may be useful for sedation for short procedures in pigs, though oxygen supplementation is recommended to avoid hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi S Lehmann
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Drynan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Pema Tshewang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - David J C Blignaut
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
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20
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White KL, Paine S, Harris J. A clinical evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous alfaxalone in cyclodextrin in male and female rats following a loading dose and constant rate infusion. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:865-875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Deutsch J, Jolliffe C, Archer E, Leece EA. Intramuscular injection of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol for sedation in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:794-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The use of alfaxalone for premedication, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in pigs: a pilot study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:905-909. [PMID: 28716685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical trial. ANIMALS Nine healthy, 6-8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement. METHODS All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg-1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg-1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg-1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate. RESULTS Sedation scores were 9 (7-10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0-2.3) mg kg-1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs.
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Chiu KW, Robson S, Devi JL, Woodward A, Whittem T. The cardiopulmonary effects and quality of anesthesia after induction with alfaxalone in 2-hydroxypropyl-β
-cyclodextrin in dogs and cats: a systematic review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:525-538. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. W. Chiu
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - S. Robson
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - J. L. Devi
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - A. Woodward
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - T. Whittem
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
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Rodrigo-Mocholí D, Belda E, Bosmans T, Laredo FG. Clinical efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:291-300. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF A MEDETOMIDINE–AZAPERONE–ALFAXALONE COMBINATION IN CAPTIVE WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:29-37. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Morgaz J, Navarrete R, Granados MDM, Gómez-Villamandos RJ. Swine model in transplant research: Review of anaesthesia and perioperative management. World J Anesthesiol 2015; 4:73-82. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v4.i3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are one of most common animal species to be used in biomedical models due to their many anatomical visceral similarities with humans, particularly with regards to transplantation. Despite this use, in many of the researches in which pigs are selected for transplantation, the anaesthesia used is an adaptation of human anaesthesia and presents some limitations such as a reduced analgesia a limited control in perioperative period. In this review we show some of the most important conditions in the preanaesthetic management and of swine as well as we review of anaesthetic protocols for the most common types of swine model of transplantation.
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27
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Musk GC. Anaesthetising pigs. Vet Rec 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.h3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Musk
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia
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28
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De Monte V, Staffieri F, Di Meo A, Vannucci J, Bufalari A. Comparison of ketamine-dexmedetomidine-methadone and tiletamine-zolazepam-methadone combinations for short-term anaesthesia in domestic pigs. Vet J 2015; 205:364-8. [PMID: 26070949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory effects, quality of induction, depth of anaesthesia and quality of recovery were compared in pigs anaesthetised with 8 mg/kg ketamine, 20 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (KDM, n = 18) or 8 mg/kg tiletamine-zolazepam and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (TZM, n = 9). Anaesthesia with KDM was partially reversed in nine animals with 0.2 mg/kg atipamezole (KDMat). Sedation was observed earlier in the TZM group (47.2 ± 25.3 s) than the KDM group (91.5 ± 37.4 s). Sternal and lateral recumbency were achieved earlier in the TZM group (76.3 ± 36.5 s and 132.1 ± 30.5 s, respectively) than in the KDM group (149.1 ± 58.7 s and 249.2 ± 84.0 s, respectively). PaO2, SaO2 and PaO2:FiO2 were lower in the TZM group (68.7 ± 4.1 mmHg, 93.4 ± 1.4% and 327.2 ± 19.9 mmHg, respectively) than in the KDM group (80.4 ± 5.9 mmHg, 95.7 ± 1.0% and 380.4 ± 25.6 mmHg, respectively). Fshunt and P(A-a)O2 were higher in the TZM group (24.0 ± 11.8% and 31.4 ± 3.8 mmHg, respectively) than in the KDM group (13.4 ± 3.2% and 20.7 ± 7.4 mmHg, respectively). Times from drug injection to first head movements, sternal recumbency and standing/walking were significantly shorter in the KDM group (45.1 ± 10.5, 48.4 ± 12.6 and 54.4 ± 17.8 min, respectively) than in the TZM group (57.8 ± 11.4, 93.1 ± 14.2 and 165.7 ± 56.6 min, respectively). The median recovery score was higher in the TZM group than in the KDMnoat and KDMat subgroups. Both drug combinations provided adequate anaesthesia for minor procedures lasting about 30 min, but TZM was associated with a poor recovery and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Monte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - F Staffieri
- Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari, Str per Casamassima km3, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - A Di Meo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Vannucci
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia Loc. S. Andrea Fratte, 06134, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Bufalari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Santos M, Bertrán de Lis BT, Tendillo FJ. Effects of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine or alfaxalone in swine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 43:81-5. [PMID: 25819017 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the use of intramuscular (IM) premedication with dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine or alfaxalone in pigs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, 'blinded' trial. ANIMALS Fourteen healthy 2-month-old Landrace × Large White pigs weighing 21.5 ± 0.6 kg. METHODS Animals were distributed randomly into two groups: group KD (n = 7) was given 10 mg kg(-1) IM ketamine + 10 μg kg(-1) IM dexmedetomidine; and group AD (n = 7) was given 5 mg kg(-1) IM alfaxalone + 10 μg kg(-1) IM dexmedetomidine mixed in the same syringe. Pain on injection, degree of sedation and quality of induction were scored. The time from induction of anaesthesia to recumbency was recorded. Once pigs were recumbent, reflexes were evaluated. Pulse and respiratory rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen saturation were recorded at 5 and 10 minutes after drug administration. Data were compared using a two-way anova or a t-test for unpaired data as relevant. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (range). RESULTS Two animals in both groups showed slight pain on drug injection. The time to lateral recumbency in group KD [187 ± 34 seconds (153-230)] was similar to group AD [206 ± 36 seconds (150-248)]. In group AD, sedation was deeper, and the quality of anaesthetic induction was smoother. When moved for anaesthesia, five pigs in group KD vocalized. There were no differences between groups in pulse rates, arterial oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide; however, the respiratory rate at 10 minutes was significantly higher in group KD than in group AD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IM dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine in pigs induced moderate to deep sedation and fair to smooth induction of anaesthesia. When dexmedetomidine was combined with alfaxalone, sedation was deeper, and induction was of a better quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Santos
- Medical and Surgical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca T Bertrán de Lis
- Medical and Surgical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tendillo
- Medical and Surgical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Tamura J, Ishizuka T, Fukui S, Oyama N, Kawase K, Miyoshi K, Sano T, Pasloske K, Yamashita K. The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone after intramuscular administration to dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:289-96. [PMID: 25428797 PMCID: PMC4383774 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone were evaluated after
intramuscular (IM) administration to 6 healthy beagle dogs. The dogs received three IM
doses each of alfaxalone at increasing dose rates of 5 mg/kg (IM5), 7.5 mg/kg (IM7.5) and
10 mg/kg (IM10) every other day. Anesthetic effect was subjectively
evaluated by using an ordinal scoring system to determine the degree of neuro-depression
and the quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia. Cardiorespiratory
variables were measured using noninvasive methods. Alfaxalone administered IM produced
dose-dependent neuro-depression and lateral recumbency (i.e., 36 ± 28 min, 87 ± 26 min and
115 ± 29 min after the IM5, IM7.5 and IM10 treatments, respectively). The endotracheal
tube was tolerated in all dogs for 46 ± 20 and 58 ± 21 min after the IM7.5 and IM10
treatments, respectively. It was not possible to place endotracheal tubes in 5 of the
6 dogs after the IM5 treatment. Most cardiorespiratory variables remained
within clinically acceptable ranges, but hypoxemia was observed by pulse oximetry for 5 to
10 min in 2 dogs receiving the IM10 treatment. Dose-dependent decreases in rectal
temperature, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure also occurred. The quality of
recovery was considered satisfactory in all dogs receiving each treatment; all the dog
exhibited transient muscular tremors and staggering gait. In conclusion, IM alfaxalone
produced a dose-dependent anesthetic effect with relatively mild cardiorespiratory
depression in dogs. However, hypoxemia may occur at higher IM doses of alfaxalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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