Mechanism of spinal cord injury regeneration and the effect of human neural stem cells-secretome treatment in rat model

Table 1 Loading factor value

	Anti apoptotic	Anti inflammatory	Lokomotorius	Neuroangiogenesis	Neurogenesis	Pro inflammatory
Anti apoptotic	1.000
Anti inflammatory 1		0.978
Anti inflammatory 2		0.978
Lokomotorius			1.000
Neurogenesis 1					0.932
Neurogenesis 2					0.928
Neurogenesis 3					0.892
Neuroangiogenesi				1.000
Pro inflammatory 1						0.940
Pro inflammatory 2						0.901
Pro inflammatory 3						0.936
Pro inflammatory 4						0.770

Table 2 Average variance extracted value

	Cronbach’s alpha	rho_A	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted
Anti apoptotic	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Anti inflammatory	0.954	0.954	0.978	0.956
Lokomotorius	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Neuroangiogenesis	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Neurogenesis	0.907	0.915	0.941	0.842
Pro inflammatory	0.917	0.979	0.938	0.792

Table 3 Discriminant validity values

	Anti apoptotic	Anti inflammatory	Lokomotorius	Neuroangiogenesis	Neurogenesis	Pro inflammatory
Anti apoptotic	1.000	0.697	0.271	0.850	0.815	0.085
Anti inflammatory 1	0.663	0.978	-0.293	0.714	0.704	0.642
Anti inflammatory 2	0.699	0.978	-0.140	0.796	0.739	0.532
Lokomotorius	0.271	-0.220	1.000	0.064	0.072	-0.869
Neurogenesis 1	0.725	0.691	-0.037	0.961	0.932	0.369
Neurogenesis 2	0.776	0.612	0.313	0.862	0.928	-0.006
Neurogenesis 3	0.748	0.736	-0.084	0.804	0.892	0.338
Neuroangiogenesi	0.850	0.772	0.064	1.000	0.958	0.319
Pro inflammatory 1	0.078	0.580	-0.865	0.268	0.201	0.940
Pro inflammatory 2	-0.073	0.496	-0.760	0.192	0.118	0.901
Pro inflammatory 3	0.257	0.654	-0.740	0.455	0.392	0.936
Pro inflammatory 4	-0.206	0.153	-0.881	0.012	0.046	0.770

Table 4 Results of bootstrapping and blindfolding partial least squares structural equation modeling

	O	M	STDEV	T statistics (|O/STDEV|)	P values
Anti apoptotic - > lokomotorius	0.109	0.129	0.210	4.519	0.000
Anti inflammatory - > anti apoptotic	0.697	0.692	0.145	4.818	0.000
Anti inflammatory- > neuroangiogenesis	0.772	0.768	0.125	6.196	0.000
Neuroangiogenesis - > neurogenesis	0.176	0.183	0.258	4.682	0.000
Neurogenesis - > lokomotorius	0.754	0.782	0.130	5.789	0.000
Pro inflammatory - > anti inflammatory	0.600	0.622	0.193	3.102	0.002

O: Original sample; M: Sample mean; STDEV: Standard deviation.

Table 5 F square value

	Anti apoptotic	Antiinflammatory	Lokomotorius	Neuroangiogenesis	Neurogenesis	Pro inflammatory
Anti apoptotic			0.197
Anti inflammatory	2.126			3.458
Lokomotorius
Neuroangiogenesis					0.797
Neurogenesis			0.563
Pro inflammatory		6.163

Table 6 Q square value

	SSO	SSE	Q² (= 1-SSE/SSO)
Anti apoptotic	15.000	8.131	0.458
Anti inflammatory	30.000	24.178	0.194
Lokomotorius	15.000	6.222	0.585
Neuroangiogenesis	15.000	13.410	0.106
Neurogenesis	45.000	44.724	0.006
Pro inflammatory	60.000	60.000

Table 7 R square value

	R square	R square adjusted
Anti apoptotic	0.680	0.655
Anti inflammatory	0.860	0.850
Lokomotorius	0.536	0.459
Neuroangiogenesis	0.776	0.758
Neurogenesis	0.444	0.401

Table 8 Tukey HSD test results of all biomarkers

	Biomarker	Group	Group	P value
Oxidative stress	F2-Isoprostanes	Treatment (mean = 258.40; SD = 12.45)	Normal (mean = 252.59; SD = 25.54)	0.938
			Control (mean = 338.82; SD = 36.87)	0.001
Pro-inflammatory	NF-kB	Treatment (mean = 1.400; SD = 0.254)	Normal (mean = 0.475; SD = 0.206)	0.003
			Control (mean = 2.820; SD = 0.531)	0.000
	MMP-9	Treatment (mean = 1.19; SD = 0.931)	Normal (mean = 0.160; SD = 0.213)	0.217
			Control (mean = 3.09; SD = 1.056)	0.001
	TNF-α	Treatment (mean = 171.85; SD = 35.84)	Normal (mean = 105.07; SD = 11.34)	0.002
			Control (mean = 215.14; SD = 15.38)	0.032
Anti-inflammatory	IL-10	Treatment (mean = 3.160; SD = 0.801)	Normal (mean = 0.240; SD = 0.167)	0.000
			Control (mean = 1.900; SD = 0.734)	0.022
	TGF-β	Treatment (mean = 2.740; SD = 0.684)	Normal (mean = 0.260; SD = 0.181)	0.000
			Control (mean = 1.840; SD = 0.572)	0.047
Neuroangiogenesis	VEGF	Treatment (mean = 5.12; SD = 0.878)	Normal (mean = 0.220; SD = 0.130)	0.000
			Control (mean = 2.120; SD = 0.889)	0.000
Anti-apoptotic	Bcl-2	Treatment (mean = 2.02; SD = 0.712)	Normal (mean = 0.160; SD = 0.151)	0.000
			Control (mean = 0.500; SD = 0.380)	0.001
Neurogenesis	Nestin	Treatment (mean = 1.96; SD = 0.610)	Normal (mean = 0.160; SD = 0.114)	0.000
			Control (mean = 1.000; SD = 0.524)	0.018
	BDNF	Treatment (mean = 2.01; SD = 0.576)	Normal (mean = 0.40; SD = 0.482)	0.000
			Control (mean = 0.57; SD = 0.468)	0.001
	GDNF	Treatment (mean = 3.420; SD = 2.480)	Normal (mean = 1.420; SD = 0.356)	0.000
			Control (mean = 2.480; SD = 0.788)	0.043

SD: standard deviation; NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; MMP9: Metalloproteinase matrix-9; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; F2-Isoprostanes: Free radical oxidative stress.