Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Orthop. Feb 18, 2023; 14(2): 64-82
Published online Feb 18, 2023. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i2.64
Mechanism of spinal cord injury regeneration and the effect of human neural stem cells-secretome treatment in rat model
I Nyoman Semita, Dwikora Novembri Utomo, Heri Suroto
I Nyoman Semita, Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
I Nyoman Semita, Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Dwikora Novembri Utomo, Heri Suroto, Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60118, East Java, Indonesia
Author contributions: Semita IN, Utomo DN, and Suroto H designed and coordinated the study; Semita IN performed the experiments, acquired and analyzed data; Semita IN interpreted the data; Semita IN wrote the manuscript; and all authors approved the final version of the article.
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All experimental procedures were carefully reviewed and approved Biomedical Veterinary Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jember, Surabaya, Indonesia (REC.1462/UN25.8/KEPK/DL/2021). All rats were approved by Department of Food and Livestock Health (No.503/A.1/0005. B/35.09.325/2020).
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: No additional data.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Dwikora Novembri Utomo, MD, Surgeon, Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Manyar Tirtosari Street IV/7, Surabaya 60118, East Java, Indonesia. dwikora-novembri-u@fk.unair.ac.id
Received: September 1, 2022
Peer-review started: September 1, 2022
First decision: December 19, 2022
Revised: December 22, 2022
Accepted: February 2, 2023
Article in press: February 2, 2023
Published online: February 18, 2023
Processing time: 169 Days and 11.4 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: The human neural stem cell secretomes is effective in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment, based on locomotor function improvement, decreased size of spinal cord lesions, and biomarkers expression. Based on partial least squares structural equation modeling analysis, the regeneration mechanism of SCI started with pro-inflammation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptotic, neuroangiogenesis, neurogenesis, finally, locomotor improvement.