Coronaviruses: An overview with special emphasis on COVID-19 outbreak with musculoskeletal manifestations

Figure 1 Spike protein on the virion binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (cell surface protein), transmembrane protease serine-2, an enzyme that helps the virion enter and release virion RNA. Some RNA is translated into proteins by the cell machinery; some of these proteins form replication complexes to make more RNA. The proteins and RNA assemble into a new virion in the Golgi and are finally released. ACE-2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; TMPRSS-2: Transmembrane protease serine-2.

Figure 2 Tentative representation of musculoskeletal anomalies during severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factors; NF-κβ: Nuclear factor-kappa beta; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β.