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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Orthop. Sep 18, 2021; 12(9): 620-628
Published online Sep 18, 2021. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i9.620
Published online Sep 18, 2021. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i9.620
Coronaviruses: An overview with special emphasis on COVID-19 outbreak with musculoskeletal manifestations
Sabir Ali, Ajai Singh, Nayeem Sharief, Manish Yadav, Salma Siddiqui, Vaishnavi Pandey, Archana Raikwar, Anamika Singh, Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
Author contributions: Singh A and Ali S designed the research study; Ali S, Siddiqui S, Pandey V, Yadav M, Raikwar A, and Singh A wrote the manuscript; All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Ajai Singh, MS, Professor, Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Shatabdi phase-2, Shamina Road, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India. ajaipaedortho62@gmail.com
Received: November 24, 2020
Peer-review started: November 30, 2020
First decision: December 31, 2020
Revised: January 28, 2021
Accepted: April 22, 2021
Article in press: April 22, 2021
Published online: September 18, 2021
Processing time: 288 Days and 0.2 Hours
Peer-review started: November 30, 2020
First decision: December 31, 2020
Revised: January 28, 2021
Accepted: April 22, 2021
Article in press: April 22, 2021
Published online: September 18, 2021
Processing time: 288 Days and 0.2 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), began spreading across China in late December 2019 and became a pandemic. This review focuses on musculoskeletal signs and symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, a hypothetical pathway showing factor-induced hypoxic conditions and their downflow changes in the musculoskeletal system during severe COVID-19 infection are discussed.