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Heshmati S, Ghahraman Tabrizi K, Daneshjoo A, Hosseini E, Bahiraei S, Sahebozamani M, Konrad A, Behm DG. Effects of Asymmetric and Symmetric Sport Load on Upper and Lower Extremity Strength and Balance: A Comparison Between the Dominant and Non-Dominant Side in Adolescent Female Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:89. [PMID: 40137813 PMCID: PMC11945827 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of primarily asymmetrical (soccer and volleyball) and symmetrical sport load (sprint and swimming) in the upper and lower limbs on dynamic balance and muscle strength and to compare these values in the dominant and non-dominant limbs. This study employed a cross-sectional design, included 45 adolescent female athletes from four sports, divided into asymmetric (ASYM, n = 25) and symmetric (SYM, n = 20) groups. They were assessed for maximal voluntary isometric muscle contraction (MVIC) relative muscular strength using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) for shoulder external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR), as well as hamstring and quadricep strength. Upper and lower limb balance were also assessed using the Upper (YBT-UQ) and Lower Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-LQ) tests. The results showed significantly greater balance in the upper extremities of swimmers and in the lower extremities of the sprinters in both the dominant (DS) and non-dominant (NDS) sides than in other groups (p < 0.0001). However, no significant difference in internal and external shoulder rotator muscles strength between the groups (p > 0.05). Although significant differences were found in hamstring strength on the dominant side and quadricep strength on both sides (p < 0.05), a notable finding was that sprint athletes consistently demonstrated stronger quadriceps muscles as compared to other groups in both the dominant and non-dominant sides. According to the current findings, there are significant differences in upper and lower body balance, hamstring, and quadricep muscle strength among sports. This suggests that athletes of asymmetrical sports may need to improve non-dominant side knee strength and balance symmetry to prevent the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Heshmati
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (S.H.); (A.D.); (E.H.); (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Kourosh Ghahraman Tabrizi
- Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (S.H.); (A.D.); (E.H.); (S.B.); (M.S.)
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (S.H.); (A.D.); (E.H.); (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Saeid Bahiraei
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (S.H.); (A.D.); (E.H.); (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Mansour Sahebozamani
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran; (S.H.); (A.D.); (E.H.); (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
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Born DP, Lorentzen J, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Stöggl T, Romann M, Björklund G. Focus on One Swimming Stroke or Compete in Multiple: How Much Specialization Is Needed to Become a World-Class Female Swimmer? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2025; 10:64. [PMID: 39982304 PMCID: PMC11843929 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate performance development and variety in swimming strokes of female swimmers from early junior to elite age. Methods: A total of 194,788 race times of female 200 m swimmers representing 77 nations were ranked at peak performance age and clustered into world-class finalists (>850 swimming points), international-class (750-850), national-class (650-750) and regional-class swimmers (550-650). Annual best times for each swimming stroke were retrospectively extracted throughout adolescence from 13 years of age. Longitudinal performance development and differences between the swimmers' main and their secondary swimming strokes were analyzed using linear mixed model. Results: World-class freestyle swimmers show significantly (p ≤ 0.042) higher swimming points across all age categories compared to international-, national- and regional-class swimmers. Linear mixed model analysis indicates a significant performance progression for international- and national-class freestyle swimmers up to the 19-20-year-old category (p ≤ 0.038), but an earlier plateau was observed for regional-class swimmers (p = 0.714). Comparing main and secondary swimming strokes, freestyle swimmers show the highest degree of specialization. For breaststroke and individual medleys, specialization increases with increasing performance level and the closer an athlete is to elite age. World-class butterfly and backstroke finalists show the lowest specializations in terms of the smallest number of significant differences compared to performances in their secondary swimming strokes. Conclusions: Higher ranked swimmers show a greater degree of specialization. As different specialization patterns are evident for the various swimming strokes, decision makers and talent specialists should align development guidelines accordingly and base them on the most advantageous combinations of swimming strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Development Hub for Strength and Conditioning in Swimming, Swiss Swimming Federation, 3048 Worblaufen, Switzerland
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Lorentzen
- Swiss Development Hub for Strength and Conditioning in Swimming, Swiss Swimming Federation, 3048 Worblaufen, Switzerland
| | - Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, 5303 Thalgau, Austria
| | - Michael Romann
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Björklund
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, 831 40 Östersund, Sweden
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Lenz A, Provance A, Johnson LA, Teramoto M. Diving Into Sports Specialization: The Association of Early Specialization on Injury Rates in Youth to Young Adult Divers. Clin J Sport Med 2025; 35:75-92. [PMID: 38917297 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the link between early sports specialization and injury rates in youth divers, a relationship that remains largely unexplored within diving. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Members of the USA Diving Organization and collegiate male and female divers participated in an online survey, reporting their sports involvement and injury history. PARTICIPANTS One hundred eighty-two male and female divers aged 8 to 25 years were recruited through USA Diving or US collegiate team databases. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Early/late specialization (based on age <12 or 12 years or older), gender (M/F), springboard and/or platform divers, experience (junior/senior, regional/zone/national/international), hours of dryland/water training, and prior sport exposure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury history obtained on questionnaire. RESULTS One hundred eighty-two divers were surveyed; 70% female. Age to start diving and age to concentrate solely on diving were significantly associated with certain injuries ( P < 0.05). Beginning diving before age 13 years of age was significantly associated with lower odds of injuries in the shoulder and wrist ( P = 0.013 and 0.018, respectively), after adjusting for select covariates. Age of specialization was not significantly associated with injuries in any body part ( P > 0.05), after adjusting for covariates. Greater years of diving experience was significantly associated with diving injuries in all 11 body parts ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that early sports specialization is associated with decreased injury rates in elite youth divers who specialized before age 13 years, particularly for head/neck, shoulder, and wrist injuries. Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between experience and injury rate. Further investigation should focus on distinguishing between acute and overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lenz
- Pediatric Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Orthopedic Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Aaron Provance
- Orthopedic Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Masaru Teramoto
- Orthopedic Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Haider AA, Troyer SC, Mologne MS, Hardi A, Kuhn AW. Parental influence and perceptions on youth single sport specialization: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:541-555. [PMID: 39215398 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2024.2399496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of parental influence on youth SSS and to characterize parental perceptions of SSS. DATA SOURCES Embase.com, Ovid-Medline All, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed Central (PMC) since database inception. STUDY SELECTION Primary studies that assessed reasons for youth SSS that included parental influence as a factor and/or studies that investigated the nature or extent of parental influence on SSS were included. DATA EXTRACTION A single author extracted data, focusing on definitions and measures of SSS and parental influence, findings concerning primary reasons for SSS, any quantitative or qualitative findings on the extent of parental influence on SSS, and findings concerning various associations between parental influence, SSS, and other themes. DATA SYNTHESIS 61 articles were assessed in total, with 23 meeting criteria for inclusion. Parental influence plays a limited direct role in SSS, accounting for approximately 10.6% of the overall influence. Athlete self-influence or self-enjoyment of sport was found to be the predominant reason to pursue SSS, accounting for 82.3% of the overall influence. However, parents indirectly influence SSS by modulating athlete motivation and providing financial, practical, and emotional support. CONCLUSIONS Athlete self-motivation primarily drives SSS directly, while parents indirectly influence SSS by modulating athlete self-motivation and offering financial, practical, and emotional support. Misconceptions persist regarding parental perceptions of SSS-related injury risks, scholarship attainment, and athletic development. Communication with parents regarding the risks associated with SSS and their role in monitoring their children's sports participation is crucial for mitigating adverse outcomes in youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer A Haider
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stockton C Troyer
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell S Mologne
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Angela Hardi
- Becker Library, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew W Kuhn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Li H, Song Q, Wu X, Shi C, Shao Z, Cui G. Return to Sports After Surgical Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tear in Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241297725. [PMID: 39711609 PMCID: PMC11662332 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241297725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Young athletes who undergo surgery for a rotator cuff tear (RCT) are expected to return to sports (RTS) at the preinjury level. Purpose To determine the rate and level of RTS and associated factors after RCT surgery in young athletes. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The inclusion criteria were studies in English evaluating RTS after surgical treatment of RCTs in athletes <40 years. Study quality was evaluated according to the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies scores. Fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the overall RTS rate and the ability to RTS at the preinjury level and explore the heterogeneity of the studies. Results Of 168 studies initially identified, 13 studies (332 athletes; 270 competitive and 62 recreational) were included. The mean age of the athletes was 26.1 years (range, 13.2-39 years). Eleven studies (289 athletes) reported the type of sports; the most common sports were baseball (n = 195), football (n = 47), and tennis (n = 13). A total of 25 athletes were lost to follow-up, leaving 307 athletes with postoperative RTS data for meta-analysis. The combined rate of RTS according to the fixed-effects model was 84% (95% CI, 80%-88%). The level of RTS was evaluated in 11 studies (251 athletes), and according to the random-effects models, the combined rate of RTS at the preinjury level was 63% (95% CI, 49%-77%). In a subgroup analysis, the rate of RTS at the preinjury level was significantly different between competitive athletes (61% [95% CI, 46%-76%]) and recreational athletes (89% [95% CI, 78%-99%]) (P = .004). Conclusion Results of this review indicated that most young athletes were able to RTS after RCT surgery, and more than half were able to RTS at the preinjury level. Compared with competitive athletes, a higher proportion of recreational athletes were able to RTS at the preinjury level after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education. Beijing, China
| | - Qingfa Song
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education. Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education. Beijing, China
| | - Chengxi Shi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education. Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxing Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education. Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Cui
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education. Beijing, China
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Lenz A, Provance B, Provance A. Making a Splash: A Closer Look at Early Specialization in Competitive Diving. Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:376-380. [PMID: 39499006 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This review article explores the multifaceted aspects of early specialization in diving, focusing on its implications for injury prevalence, performance, and mental health. It highlights the increasing trend of early specialization driven by ambitions for collegiate and Olympic success, despite recommendations advocating for diversification. Divers are at risk for acute and overuse injuries, particularly during high-velocity water entries; however, data on injury patterns, especially among elite divers and early specializers, remains scarce. Recent data suggest a correlation between early specialization and reduced rates of certain injuries among youth divers, but distinguishing between acute and overuse injuries is crucial. Additionally, early specialization may pose mental health risks, with divers facing pressures related to performance, body image, and parental expectations. This article underscores the need for tailored guidelines to mitigate injury risks and promote holistic well-being among youth divers, recognizing the complex interplay between physical and psychological factors in sports specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lenz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brendan Provance
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Aaron Provance
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Lutsic JJ, Lutsic SE, Ibrahim DS, Augusta MC, Robinson JD, Tong KM, Saffarian MR, Nogel SE, Fitton NJ. The Effect of Sport Specialization on Injury Risk in NCAA Athletes: Results From the SAFE Consortium. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:578-582. [PMID: 39171957 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Youth athletes are beginning to specialize in a single sport more often. Previous studies in sports medicine and orthopedics have shown an association between intensity of sport specialization and incidence of injuries. This study is the first of its kind to explore the effects of early sport specialization on injury risk through a multicenter framework with a concentration on NCAA athletics. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING SAFE Consortium. PARTICIPANTS A total of 211 collegiate athletes from the NCAA's 3 levels of competition: Division I, II, and III. Data were collected by the SAFE investigators. INTERVENTION N/A. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed a questionnaire about their demographics, sport participation, specialization status, physical injuries, recovery period, and treatment method. Specialization status was calculated with a previously published 3-point scale: low, moderate, and high. Injuries were categorized as upper extremity injuries (UEIs) and lower extremity injuries (LEIs). RESULTS Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report UEIs and LEIs than low specialized athletes ( P < 0.0001). Moderate specialization, in contrast to low specialization, was associated with a higher likelihood of LEIs ( P = 0.03) but not UEIs ( P = 0.052). Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report an injury of any kind. CONCLUSIONS The SAFE investigators found high specialization was associated with a history of UEIs and LEIs. Return to play was longer for highly specialized athletes versus low specialized athletes (112 days and 85 days, respectively). Highly specialized athletes were more likely to be from Division I and to require surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Lutsic
- Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Seth E Lutsic
- Campbell University, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, North Carolina
| | - David S Ibrahim
- Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Matthew C Augusta
- University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, Maine
| | | | - Kevin M Tong
- Defiance College, Department of Kinesiology, Defiance, Ohio
| | - Mathew R Saffarian
- Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
- Michigan State University, Department of Orthopedics, East Lansing, Michigan; and
| | - Sally E Nogel
- Michigan State University, Department of Athletics, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nathan J Fitton
- Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
- Michigan State University, Department of Orthopedics, East Lansing, Michigan; and
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Rigon M, Signorini G, Scurati R, Trecroci A, Colella D, Formenti D, Merati G, Cherubini D, Invernizzi PL. Relationship Between Multi-Teaching Styles and Didactics Effectiveness on Rugby Instructors and Minirugby Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1319. [PMID: 39594894 PMCID: PMC11592661 DOI: 10.3390/children11111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The concept of educational systems thinking shows the rugby educational system as a network of multiple interactive and interconnected elements. However, the frameworks presented in the literature for developing sports practice through an educational vision and multisport engagement do not always have direct transferability to instructors' training courses. The study aims to evaluate the correlation between rugby instructors' methodological and didactical competencies and compare them with children's motor competence and psychological aspects. METHODS Two hundred twenty children (9.6 ± 1.1 years) and 50 instructors (39.0 ± 13.6 years) were enrolled. Instructors' competencies were investigated during the internship through evaluation sheets, questionnaires, and video analysis. Children's motor competence and psychological aspects were investigated through motor tests, questionnaires, and video analysis. RESULTS The correlation between methodological competencies and didactical-communicative competencies showed a positive significance, especially regarding production styles. Motor competence and play skills in children showed poor results. The group of instructors with more methodological competencies (a greater number of teaching styles used) showed a strong correlation between motor competence and psychological aspects. CONCLUSIONS For successful teaching, knowledge of specific technical skills is not enough, and it is important to consider all the factors (in particular, the teaching-communicative and methodological skills) that contribute most to instructors' skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rigon
- Sport Faculty, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (M.R.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.); (P.L.I.)
| | - Gabriele Signorini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.); (P.L.I.)
| | - Raffaele Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.); (P.L.I.)
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.); (P.L.I.)
| | - Dario Colella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnological and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biotechnological and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Domenico Cherubini
- Sport Faculty, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (M.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Pietro Luigi Invernizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.); (P.L.I.)
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Born DP, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Lorentzen J, Björklund G. Specializing When It Counts: Comparing the Dose-Time Effect of Distance Variety between Swimming and Track Running. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:272. [PMID: 39453238 PMCID: PMC11511460 DOI: 10.3390/sports12100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a longitudinal retrospective analysis, explore the relationship between success at peak performance age and the number of different race distances athletes competed in each year (within-sport distance variety), and compare the dose-time effect of this distance variety throughout the development process between male swimmers and track runners. METHODOLOGY Male swimmers (n = 6033) and track runners (n = 19,278) still competing at peak performance age were ranked, and the number of different race distances was extracted retrospectively for each year until early junior age (13-14-year-old category) from the databases of the European Aquatics and World Athletics federations. Firstly, correlation analysis determined the relationship between ranking at peak performance age and distance variety. Secondly, Poisson distribution provided the probability and dose-time effect of distance variety for becoming an international-class athlete at peak performance age. RESULTS Generally, correlation analysis revealed low coefficients (r ≤ 0.22) but significant effects (p < 0.001) for larger distance variety and success at peak performance age. Poisson distribution revealed the highest probability of becoming an international-class swimmer when competing in 2-4 race distances at junior age, depending on the primary race distance. The dose-time effect indicated a gradual reduction in the number of race distances as athletes approached peak performance age, narrowing down to 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4 distances for sprint, middle-, and long-distance races, respectively. Track runners exhibited a lower distance variety than swimmers, with a consistent optimum of 1-2 race distances across the age groups. CONCLUSIONS The present findings including data of the most combined race distances for each primary race distance and a comparison between swimming and track running provide new background information to challenge traditional training regimes and help establish new strategies for long-term athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Swimming Federation, Swiss Development Hub for Strength and Conditioning in Swimming, CH-3048 Worblaufen, Switzerland
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, ES-18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jenny Lorentzen
- Swiss Swimming Federation, Swiss Development Hub for Strength and Conditioning in Swimming, CH-3048 Worblaufen, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Björklund
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden;
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Nakaichi N, Sugimoto D, Numa D, Kotani R, Nakamura H, Akiyama K, Hirose N. Associations of Sport Participation and Training Volume With Overuse Injuries in Japanese Male Youth Soccer Players: Implications for Early Sport Specialization. Sports Health 2024:19417381241275658. [PMID: 39233433 PMCID: PMC11569542 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241275658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport specialization is associated with increased risk of overuse injuries. However, the effects of sport specialization on the risk of overuse injury may differ by specific sport and sociocultural parameters. This study aimed to determine the associations of sport participation and training volume with previous overuse injuries in Japanese male youth soccer players. HYPOTHESIS Being highly specialized before the age of 12 years and high training volume relative to participant age would be associated with a history of serious overuse injury. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Survey data were collected from male youth soccer players (seventh-ninth grade) during midseason of the 2020-2021 academic year. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their status of sport participation (single- and multisport athletes), weekly sports volume in first- sixth grade and injury history in the previous year. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to identify associations of specialization and training volume with a history of serious overuse injury. RESULTS A total of 841 players (mean age, 13.7 ± 0.9 years) participated; 11% reported serious overuse injury in the previous year, and 64% participated in other sports before the age of 12 years. Players who participated in other sports at <12 years old (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.09-2.94; P = 0.02) and those who trained for more weekly hours than their age in fifth to sixth grade (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72; P = 0.03) had greater odds of reporting serious overuse injuries. CONCLUSION Multisport athletes and high training volume in fifth-sixth grade were associated with previous serious overuse injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Coaches and parents of male youth soccer players should be aware of the increased risk of serious overuse injury participating in multiple sports simultaneously, and youth athletes should adhere to age-appropriate volume recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Nakaichi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Daisuke Numa
- Research Institute for Sport Business, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kotani
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakamura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Akiyama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Born DP, Romann M, Lorentzen J, Zumbach D, Feldmann A, Ruiz-Navarro JJ. Sprinting to the top: comparing quality of distance variety and specialization between swimmers and runners. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1431594. [PMID: 39161627 PMCID: PMC11330820 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1431594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare performance progression and variety in race distances of comparable lengths (timewise) between pool swimming and track running. Quality of within-sport variety was determined as the performance differences between individual athletes' main and secondary race distances across (top-) elite and (highly-) trained swimmers and runners. Methods A total of 3,827,947 race times were used to calculate performance points (race times relative to the world record) for freestyle swimmers (n = 12,588 males and n = 7,561 females) and track runners (n = 9,230 males and n = 5,841 females). Athletes were ranked based on their personal best at peak performance age, then annual best times were retrospectively traced throughout adolescence. Results Performance of world-class swimmers differentiates at an earlier age from their lower ranked peers (15-16 vs. 17-20 year age categories, P < 0.05), but also plateaus earlier towards senior age compared to runners (19-20 vs. 23 + year age category, P < 0.05), respectively. Performance development of swimmers shows a logarithmic pattern, while runners develop linearly. While swimmers compete in more secondary race distances (larger within-sport variety), runners specialize in either sprint, middle- or long-distance early in their career and compete in only 2, 4 or 3 other race distances, respectively. In both sports, sprinters specialize the most (P < 0.05). Distance-variety of middle-distance swimmers covers more longer rather than sprint race distances. Therefore, at peak performance age, (top-) elite female 200 m swimmers show significantly slower sprint performances, i.e., 50 m (P < 0.001) and 100 m (P < 0.001), but not long-distance performances, i.e., 800 m (P = 0.99) and 1,500 m (P = 0.99). In contrast, (top-) elite female 800 m middle-distance runners show significantly slower performances in all their secondary race distances (P < 0.001). (Top-) elite female athletes specialize more than (highly-) trained athletes in both sports (P < 0.05). Conclusions The comparison to track running and lower ranked swimmers, the early performance plateau towards senior age, and the maintenance of a large within-sport distance variety indicates that (top-) elite sprint swimmers benefit from greater within-sport specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Development Hub for Strength and Conditioning in Swimming, Swiss Swimming Federation, Worblaufen, Switzerland
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Romann
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Lorentzen
- Swiss Development Hub for Strength and Conditioning in Swimming, Swiss Swimming Federation, Worblaufen, Switzerland
| | - David Zumbach
- Performance Sport, Swiss Athletics Federation, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Andri Feldmann
- Performance Sport, Swiss Athletics Federation, Ittigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Albaladejo-García C, Caballero C, Asencio P, Moreno FJ. Acute effects of a vigorous-intensity warm-up on response suppression and decision-making of football referees. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1081-1089. [PMID: 39077984 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2383071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the acute effect of physical exercise simulating a standard pre-competitive warm-up on the response suppression and decision-making of football referees. Thirty-four referees (n = 17 - regional level; n = 17 - national level) participated in the study. A Stop-Signal Task (SST) and a decision-making video test were used to evaluate the referees' perceptual-cognitive functions. The findings revealed that the vigorous aerobic exercise acutely impacted basic cognitive functions, as indicated by decreased reaction time and decreased choice accuracy. However, higher-order cognitive functions such as response suppression and decision-making did not exhibit significant changes post-exercise. Based on these results, there is no evidence to suggest that a vigorous-intensity warm-up is likely to favour response suppression and decision-making factors in the initial phases of the game. National referees showed superior response suppression abilities (shorter stop-signal reaction times and lower probability of responding to the stop-signal) than regional referees, indicating that higher-level referees possess enhanced perceptual-cognitive skills, likely influenced by their experience. Further studies are required to determine whether these variables can be acutely improved through physical exercise. In this regard, our results suggest the need for alternative strategies in pre-competitive referee warm-ups if aiming to improve perceptual-cognitive skills in the initial phases of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Albaladejo-García
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carla Caballero
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Neurosciences Research Group, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Spain, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Asencio
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J Moreno
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Sannicandro I, Agostino S, Abate Daga M, Veglio F, Abate Daga F. Developing the Physical Performance in Youth Soccer: Short-Term Effect of Dynamic-Ecological versus Traditional Training Approach for Sub-Elite U13 Players-An Ecological Exploratory Cluster Randomised Trial. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38804449 PMCID: PMC11130894 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, research in youth soccer consists of methodological choices that can raise activity volumes and exercise intensity to promote proper training for youth soccer demands. Therefore, the present cluster randomised trial aims to evaluate the effects of the dynamic-ecological approach on the physical performance parameters compared with a traditional one in a group of sub-elite U13 players. Thirty-five male children (age 12.16 ± 0.55 years; weight 45.59 ± 7.15 kg; height 145.5 ± 4.2 cm; BMI 15.8 ± 2.1 kg·m-2) were recruited for this trial from two teams belonging to sub-elite soccer schools and randomly assigned to a dynamic-ecological approach (DEA) or a traditional training (TTG) group. The training program lasted six weeks and consisted of 18 training sessions of 90 min each (3 sessions per week). The sample was evaluated by the standing long jump (SLJ), hop test (HT), 10 m sprint (10 m), 10 × 5 m shuttle run test (SRT), and leg raise test (LR). The DEA group showed significantly higher results in the SLJ (p < 0.001), HT left leg (p < 0.001), 10 m sprint (p < 0.001), and SRT (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the dynamic-ecological approach provides higher performance adaptations. Therefore, this approach can be considered a suitable method to optimise pre-pubertal player training, mainly when no fitness or strength coach is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Sannicandro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Samuel Agostino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.A.); (M.A.D.); (F.V.)
| | - Massimiliano Abate Daga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.A.); (M.A.D.); (F.V.)
| | - Franco Veglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.A.); (M.A.D.); (F.V.)
| | - Federico Abate Daga
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
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Cho EH, Choi BA, Seo Y. Development of Field Tests for Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment in Wheelchair. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:580. [PMID: 38470691 PMCID: PMC10931048 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It is essential to consider both physique and physical fitness factors to minimize the risk of injuries and optimize athletic performance among elite athletes. Athletes with disabilities face limitations in fitness assessments compared to their healthy counterparts. The aim of this study was to revalidate established cardiovascular fitness assessment methods and develop field tests for wheelchair athletes. As representatives registered at the Korea Paralympic Committee's Athletes Training Center in Icheon, athletes with physical disabilities participating in para ice hockey (n = 14), who were capable of wheelchair control, were volunteered. Prior to cardiovascular fitness assessments using an ergometer and a shuttle run, demographic characteristics were surveyed, and physical measurements and muscle strength (grip strength) were recorded. All the participants performed one ergometer test based on cardiovascular fitness criteria, and for shuttle run validation, two trials were conducted using existing audio cues (National Physical Fitness 100, 20 m shuttle run). For the development of the shuttle run, considering wheelchair turning, signal-to-sound intervals were increased by 1 s and 1.5 s, respectively, in two trials. An analysis of the correlation with the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in comparison to the reference criterion, an ergometer, demonstrated high correlations in the first trial (r = 0.738) and the second trial (r = 0.780). Similarly, significant correlations were observed with the maximum heart rate (HRmax) in the first trial (r = 0.689) and the second trial (r = 0.896). Thus, the 15 m shuttle run is validated as a field test for assessing cardiovascular fitness in athletes with disabilities. Correlation analysis with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) compared to the reference criterion, an ergometer, revealed a correlation of 0.815 with a 1 s interval audio cue and 0.355 with a 1.5 s interval audio cue. A high correlation was observed with the 1 s interval audio cue. Regarding the maximum heart rate (HRmax), the correlations were 0.665 with a 1 s interval audio cue. Once again, a high correlation was noted with the 1 s interval audio cue. The field test selected for measuring cardiovascular fitness in wheelchair athletes involved performing a 15 m shuttle run while in the wheelchair. The test utilized an audio cue with a 1 s increased interval between the signal sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyung Cho
- Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul 01794, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bong-Arm Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Daegu University, Daegu 38453, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongsuk Seo
- Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul 01794, Republic of Korea;
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Zeller AM, Lear A, Post E, McNulty S, Bentley B. A National Survey on the Relationship of Youth Sport Specialization Behaviors to Self-Reported Anxiety and Depression in Youth Softball Players. Sports Health 2024; 16:184-194. [PMID: 38344769 PMCID: PMC10916774 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241228539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are little to no data on whether any associations exist between sport specialization and mental health in youth softball athletes. HYPOTHESIS Highly specialized youth softball athletes will have worse self-reported depression and anxiety symptom scores compared with low and moderate specialized athletes. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was distributed in the fall of 2021 to a national sample of female youth softball athletes between the ages of 12 and 18 years. Sport specialization status was determined using a 3-point specialization scale that classifies either low, moderate, or high. The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the 7-item general anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7) were used to assess self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Comparison also included sports participation and specialization behaviors between specialization groups. RESULTS A total of 1283 subjects (mean age, 15.1 ± 1.7 years) fully completed the survey. After adjusting for covariates, lower scores were reported on both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 by highly specialized athletes compared with moderate or low specialization athletes (PHQ-9, high = 8.6 ± 0.4; moderate = 11.2 ± 0.3; low = 10.9 ± 0.5; P < 0.01; GAD-7, high = 6.5 ± 0.4; moderate = 8.6 ± 0.3; low = 8.4 ± 0.4, P < 0.01). Conversely, higher scores were reported on both scales for athletes who received private softball coaching compared with those who did not (PHQ-9, 11.5 ± 0.3 vs 9.0 ± 0.3; P < 0.01; GAD-7, 8.8 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 0.3, P < 0.01). Finally, athletes who reported an arm overuse injury in the previous year reported higher PHQ-9 scores (10.8 ± 0.3 vs 9.8 ± 0.3; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION While sport specialization, as measured by the validated 3-point scale, was not associated with increased anxiety and depression symptom scores, other aspects of specialization behavior such as private coaching or overuse injury history were associated with worse scores on these scales, indicating potential concern for anxiety and depression. However, although the differences we observed were statistically significant, they did not exceed the minimal clinically important difference values that have been established for the PHQ-9 (5 points) or GAD-7 (4 points). CLINICAL RELEVANCE This project is a first step toward understanding the sport specialization behaviors and their influence on the mental health of youth softball athletes. Focusing on investigating specialization behaviors further may reveal to be a better indicator of risk of developing anxiety and depression symptoms compared with utilizing the 3-point specialization scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Zeller
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Aaron Lear
- Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio
| | - Eric Post
- United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Butler LS, Janosky J, Knell G, Ulman S, Latz K. Are Recreational Sports a Relic of the Past OR a Solution for the Future? Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:62-68. [PMID: 38437489 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Children's participation in sport is a critical component to their physical and social development and as such, efforts should be made to provide all children with the opportunity to play. In recent years, there has been an observed shift in the focus of youth sports from that of participation for the health benefits of physical activity and fun to that of winning and competing. As a result, there has been a rise in club sports offerings and a subsequent reduction in recreational sports opportunities. This change presents unique challenges to children's access to sport and may not adequately support their overall physical, social, and emotional development. This commentary will discuss the benefits and barriers to increasing recreational sport opportunities using the Social Ecological Model as a framework. It also will propose solutions that can be implemented at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels to revive recreational sports.
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Born DP, Lorentzen J, Björklund G, Stöggl T, Romann M. Variation vs. specialization: the dose-time-effect of technical and physiological variety in the development of elite swimmers. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:48. [PMID: 38355679 PMCID: PMC10865614 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is heavily discussed whether larger variety or specialization benefit elite performance at peak age. Therefore, this study aimed to determine technical (number of different swimming strokes) and physiological (number of different race distances) variety required to become an international-class swimmer (> 750 swimming points) based on 1'522'803 race results. RESULTS Correlation analyses showed lower technical variety in higher ranked swimmers (P < 0.001), yet with small effects (0.11-0.30). However, Poisson distribution revealed dose-time-effects and specified number of swimming strokes required during each age group. Specifically, freestyle swimmers showed highest chances when starting to compete in three to four swimming strokes but reduced their variety to three swimming strokes at the ages of 12/13yrs with another transition to two swimming strokes at the ages of 19/21yrs (female/male swimmers, respectively). Although both sexes showed similar specialization pattern throughout their career, earlier specialization was generally evident in female compared to male swimmers. At peak performance age, freestyle was most frequently combined with butterfly. Swimmers who either kept competing in all five swimming strokes or focused on only one at the beginning of their careers showed lowest probability of becoming an international-class swimmer. Physiological variety increased during junior age but declined again to three race distances towards elite age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Swimming Federation, Section for High-Performance Sports, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Hauptstrasse 247, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland.
| | - Jenny Lorentzen
- Computing in Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Glenn Björklund
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Michael Romann
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Hauptstrasse 247, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Faigenbaum AD, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Bush JA, Rial Rebullido T. May the Force Be with Youth: Foundational Strength for Lifelong Development. Curr Sports Med Rep 2023; 22:414-422. [PMID: 38055751 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Today's youth are weaker than previous generations, and measurable reductions in physical fitness are beginning to emerge. Without targeted initiatives that recognize the foundational importance of resistance training, weaker children and adolescents may be more likely to experience the inevitable consequences of neuromuscular dysfunction and less likely to experience the pleiotropic benefits of exercise and sport. Early exposure to strength-building activities is needed to prepare today's youth for ongoing participation in varied physical activities throughout this developmental phase of life. The novel iceberg of physical development is a metaphoric image that illustrates the sequential and cumulative influence of muscular strength on motor skills and physical abilities. Efforts to enhance the physical capacity of youth should include resistive skills that improve basic movement patterns and enhance motoric competence. A shift in our conceptual thinking about youth resistance training is needed to alter the current trajectory toward physical inactivity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ
| | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ
| | - Jill A Bush
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ
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Mangine GT, Grundlingh N, Feito Y. Differential improvements between men and women in repeated CrossFit open workouts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283910. [PMID: 38015875 PMCID: PMC10684022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The CrossFit® Open (CFO) acts a preliminary round that qualifies men and women for later stages of its annual Games competition. The CFO typically consists of 4-6 workouts that variably challenge an athlete's weightlifting strength, gymnastic skill, and endurance capacity. Except for differences in prescribed intensity loads, workouts are designed the same for men and women to elicit a similar challenge. While all workouts within a single year are unique to each other, one has been repeated from a previous CFO each year between 2012 and 2021. Because previous CFO workouts are often integrated into training, improvements are expected when a workout is officially repeated. However, besides documented record performances, it is unclear whether most athletes are improving, if these improvements affect ranking, or if differences exist between men and women. PURPOSE To examine sex-division differences and performance changes across repeated CFO workouts, as well as their effect on CFO and workout ranking. METHODS Eleven separate samples of 500 men and 500 women, who were representative of the same overall percent rank within each year involving one of the nine repeated CFO workouts (2011-2021) were drawn for this study. Each athlete's age (18-54 years), rank (overall and within each workout), and reported workout scores were collected from the competition's publicly-available leaderboard. Each sample had excluded any athlete who had not met minimum performance criteria (e.g., at least one completed round) for all prescribed (Rx) workouts within a given year (including those not analyzed). Since some workouts could be scored as repetitions completed or time-to-completion (TTC), and because programming was often scaled between men and women, all scores were converted to a repetition completion rate (repetitions divided by TTC [in minutes]). RESULTS Separate sex-division x time analyses of variance with repeated measures revealed significant (p < 0.05) interactions in all but one repeated workout comparison. Initially, men were faster in four workouts (~18.5%, range = 3.9-35.0%, p < 0.001), women in two (~7.1%, range = 5.2-9.0%, p < 0.001), and they tied in the remaining three workouts. When workouts were repeated in subsequent years, men were faster in three workouts (~5.4%, range = 0.9-7.8%, p < 0.05), while women were faster in two (~3.8%, range = 3.5-4.1%, p < 0.01). Though performance improved in seven of the nine workouts (~14.3%, p < 0.001) and percentile rank was controlled, athletes earned a lower rank (overall and within workout) on each repeated workout (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Performance (measured as repetition completion rate) has improved in most repeated CFO workouts, particularly for women. However, improvements seen among all athletes, along with increased participation, have made it more difficult for athletes to improve their overall rank. To rank higher, individual athletes must improve their pace to a greater degree than the average improvements seen across the competitive field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nina Grundlingh
- Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuri Feito
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Camp CL, Erickson BJ, Bowman EN, Freehill MT, Smith MV, Christoffer D, Clinker C, Ishikawa H, Thomas L, Chalmers PN. Early single sport specialization does not improve pitching velocity, motion, strength, or utilization in high school baseball pitchers. JSES REVIEWS, REPORTS, AND TECHNIQUES 2023; 3:506-510. [PMID: 37928989 PMCID: PMC10625003 DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The impact of single-sport specialization on performance and injury risk in youth and adolescent athletes remains debated. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of single-sport specialization and its association with pitch velocity, pitcher utilization, range of motion, strength, and injury history. Methods High school pitchers in the Northeastern, Southeastern, Midwestern, and Western Regions of the United States were prospectively recruited. Prior to the season, pitchers were surveyed about their basic demographics, sport participation history, and injury history. At this timepoint, a standardized physical examination was performed and max pitch velocity was measured. They were then prospectively followed over the ensuing high school season, where pitch utilization and counts were followed and injuries were tracked. Results Across the study, 115 pitchers were recruited, of whom 53% played baseball as their only sport and 47% played other sports. Single- position specialization within baseball was uncommon as 90% of athletes played positions other than pitcher. There were no differences in range of motion, strength, or pitch velocity between multisport athletes and single-sport specialists. Within the multisport group, 26% reported a history of injury, while 38% of the single-sport specialists reported a history of injury (P = .179). There were no significant differences in pitcher utilization between multisport athletes and single-sport specialists. Only a single prospective injury occurred in the 115 players. Conclusion Although single-sport specialization is common, nearly half of all high school pitchers in this study were multisport athletes. While injury history was generally similar between the two groups, single-sport baseball players did not have the following: improved motion, increased strength, higher ball velocity, or greater pitching volumes during the high school baseball season compared to multisport athletes. Accordingly, single-sport specialization did not have a competitive advantage for these high school pitchers based on the performance factors studied. Further prospective studies are necessary to understand the association between single-sport specialization and injury risk in high school baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric N. Bowman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Matthew V. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dan Christoffer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chris Clinker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Logan Thomas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter N. Chalmers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Strosser S. Youth Sport Specialization and Risk of Injury: A General Review. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:652-657. [PMID: 37104869 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this literature review was to analyze, understand, and disclose prior empirical findings about the injury risks associated with youth sport specialization. DATA SOURCES Articles were included in this review if they examined the association between youth sport specialization status and injury. Nine articles from 5 journals met these criteria. All articles summarized the findings of cross-sectional (N = 5) or cohort studies (N = 4). MAIN RESULTS Each article included in this review indicated that specialized youth athletes are more susceptible to injury. Only 5 studies assessed the injury risks linked to specialization independent of sport training volume. These studies produced contradictory results. CONCLUSIONS Although specialized youth athletes are more prone to injury, future research is needed to determine the independent and inherent injury risk associated with specialization. Nevertheless, youth athletes should refrain from specialization until at least adolescence.
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Garland WJ, Smith KL, Dixon JC, Horton S. Developmental activities of elite junior hockey players: an analysis of early sport specialization. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1253007. [PMID: 38022788 PMCID: PMC10644152 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1253007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early sport specialization is a popular and contentious topic in the scientific literature and popular media. The lure of extrinsic rewards has led to increasing rates of specialization among young athletes, while expert recommendations promote multisport participation. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze developmental activities of a group of elite junior hockey players in Canada. Within this context, elements of specialization were investigated in accordance with existing theoretical frameworks and long-term athlete development models to enhance the literature. Fifteen participants from the Ontario Hockey League completed quantitative retrospective interviews, detailing past sport and recreational activities. Thirty-one developmental milestones were assessed. Accumulated hours of activity were categorized in accordance with Côté's (1999) Developmental Model of Sports Participation, along with the number and types of sports in which they participated during childhood. Jayanthi et al.'s (2015) continuum was utilized to determine the age at which the athletes became moderately and highly specialized. Accrued hours of deliberate practice reported by participants increased from ages 6 to 16 years, as did competition in organized hockey games. Reported hours of deliberate play peaked at 9 years of age and decreased thereafter. Participants played a combined 16 sports other than hockey, ranging from an average of 2.0 at age 6, to a maximum average of 5.6 at 12 years old, and decreasing each year to 2.3 by age 15. The greatest number of hours in other sports was accumulated at 12 years of age. Using a three-point scale, participants considered themselves "highly specialized" at 14 years old; however, other quantitative indicators suggested this may have occurred at 12 years of age. Relative to previous research on early sport specialization, participants in this study spent more time practicing hockey, while ceasing hockey-specific play and other sports at younger ages. Despite a diverse sport history, hockey competition was initiated earlier than recommended, showing high levels of sport commitment as young as 9 years old. The early specialization path remains a popular trajectory among coaches, parents, and athletes in Canadian ice hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. L. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Oršolić M, Barbaros P, Novak D. What makes a Grand Slam champion? Early engagement, late specialization and timely transition from having fun to dedication. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213317. [PMID: 37547818 PMCID: PMC10401607 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide adequate support for young tennis players, it is important to understand the development path and factors which can have a positive or negative impact on the development of a player. The aim of this research was to determine the factors that affected sports specialization in tennis by means of qualitative analysis (early, optimal, or late). As well as to deepen the knowledge around the phenomenon of specialization in tennis among players of differing success levels through their personal experiences, in order to contribute to a better understanding of their specialization. The authors interviewed 30 tennis players of differing levels, including 10 participants from the most elite level (Grand Slam champions), exploring their contrasting experiences of development. The data set was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three topics were generated, which included the following: engaging in sport, decisions, and time of specialization. The obtained results offer a stimulus to reflect on numerous aspects of athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Oršolić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj StrossmayerUniversity of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Barbaros
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Novak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Williams MD, Hammond A, Moran J. Beyond athletic development: The effects of parkour-based versus conventional neuromuscular exercises in pre-adolescent basketball players. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288439. [PMID: 37437087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a parkour-based warm-up to a conventional neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up on the athletic capabilities of youth basketball players. This was examined through two arms: In Investigation 1, the aims were to measure the effects of the two warm-ups on physical measures of athletic performance in prepubescent basketball players. Using post-intervention semi-structured interviews, Investigation 2 aimed to gain insights from the players in relation to the perceived benefits of the two warm-ups. Pre-adolescent children were recruited from two youth level basketball teams. Participants from one club were randomly assigned to either a conventional NMT warm-up group or a parkour warm-up group, while a control group was formed of participants from the second club. Participants of both experimental groups were required to complete a 15-minute warm-up once per week before their regular basketball practice across 8-weeks. For both groups, the coach adopted the same pedagogical approach, utilising a guided discovery strategy. Pre-post test measures of overhead squat performance, countermovement jump, and 10-metre sprint speed were recorded in all three groups. Additionally, pre-post measures were recorded for a timed parkour-based obstacle course for the two experimental groups. No significant between-group differences were found between pre- and post-test measures. However, analysis using Cohen's d effect sizes revealed improvements in both intervention groups versus the control. Moreover, between group effect size differences were observed between the two experimental groups. Following the intervention, participants from both experimental groups were also invited to take part in a post-intervention semi-structured interview to discuss their experiences. The thematic analysis of these semi-structured interviews revealed three higher order themes: Enjoyment; Physical literacy; and Docility; of which the two former themes appear to align to constructs relating to the wider concept of physical literacy. In summary, warm-ups designed to improve athleticism can include less structured and more diverse movement skills than are typical of conventional NMT warm-ups. Specifically, we provide evidence that advocates for warm ups that include parkour-related activities alongside conventional NMT exercises to preserve physical fitness qualities and to simultaneously evoke a sense of enjoyment, fun, and purpose. The benefit of such activities may extend beyond athletic development and, more broadly, contribute to the development of physical literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark David Williams
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Writtle University College, Chelmsford, Essex, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
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25
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Li X, Feng R, Luo S, Li C, Gómez-Ruano MA. The associations of early specialization, sports volume, and maturity status with musculoskeletal injury in elite youth football players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1183204. [PMID: 37250118 PMCID: PMC10213919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1183204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Youth football in schools has experienced rapid growth in China. Despite the increase of players engaging in more frequent, intensive, and organized sports training at their early ages, the controversy over early specialization (ES) still exists. This study aims to: a) investigate the training situation of players in the Chinese School Football Programme and b) examine the associations of early specialization, sports volume, and maturity status with musculoskeletal injury. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used. Players who participated in the National School Football Winter Camp were invited to fill out a questionnaire that included the data of maturity, ES, sports volume, and injury history (n = 88 boys and n = 90 girls). Results: The results have shown that 80.3% of the athletes were classified as ES, while 19.7% of them were classified as non-ES. Almost all athletes (96%) participated in a sport for more than 8 months in a year. Most athletes (75.8%) spent more than twice of the time on organized sports than leisure activities. 30.3% of the athletes trained on average more hours per week than the number of their ages. Binomial logistic regression models reflected the significant differences in the odds ratios (OR) of reporting a history of injury among athletes with different levels of specialization (p = 0.024) and the OR of reporting a history of leg injury among players with different weekly sports volumes (p = 0.038). Significant differences were also shown in the OR of players reporting foot injuries between players with different maturity states (p = 0.046), and the Chi-squared test showed significant differences in the OR of reporting acute injuries between players with different levels of specialization (p = 0.048) and weekly activity (p = 0.022). No significant differences were found between the remaining variables. Conclusion: Most school football elite players follow the ES pathway even though ES increases the risk of injury, especially acute injury. Pre-pubertal and early pubertal players have a higher incidence of foot injuries. Players who train more hours per week than their ages have more leg injuries and acute injuries. Therefore, priority protection and intervention should be carried out for populations with a high risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Runze Feng
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shiyi Luo
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chunman Li
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Miguel A. Gómez-Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Difference Asymmetry between Preferred Dominant and Non-Dominant Legs in Muscular Power and Balance among Sub-Elite Soccer Players in Qatar. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and compare leg asymmetry between preferred dominant and non-dominant legs in muscular power and balance among sub-elite soccer (football) players in Qatar. Thirty-two professional local soccer players from the Qatar Stars League (Second Division) participated in the study (23.1 ± 6.1 years). They were classified according to their preferred dominant leg (preferred leg to kick the ball). Twenty-two players had a right dominant leg, and the remaining ten had a left dominant leg. Countermovement jump (CMJ) was used to measure unilateral and bilateral vertical jump performances. The Y-balance test (YBT) was used to assess dynamic balance. No significant differences were found between the dominant and non-dominant leg for CMJ flight height (p > 0.05; asymmetry index (AI) = 1.83 ± 11.46) or the relative and absolute reach distance derived from the YBT (p > 0.05; AI (relative) = −0.45 ± 9.68, AI (absolute) = −0.60 ± 12.3). Bilateral asymmetry in dynamic balance was not significant for any of the anterior, posteromedial, or the posterolateral reaching directions (p > 0.05). The selected football players demonstrated an acceptable level of leg symmetry for power and dynamic balance. These findings may prove helpful for the assessment and evaluation of talents and should help to develop and optimize training regimes.
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27
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Pesenti S, Choufani E, Prost S, Guillaume JM, Launay F, Jouve JL. Athletic children: Guidelines and monitoring in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2023; 109:103455. [PMID: 36302446 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In day-to-day practice pediatric orthopedic surgeons often come up against the question of sport. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between sport and childhood, with 3 questions: (1) What are the benefits of sport for children? (2) How to manage high-level child athletes? And (3) What sports are possible after major orthopedic surgery? Sports provide many benefits for children, and are to be encouraged. Sixty minutes' moderate to intense physical activity per day benefits motor development and bone mineralization and reduces the risk of obesity. On the other hand, excessive sports activity, as encountered in high-level sport, can be harmful for the child's development. The amount of training should not exceed a certain threshold in terms of hours per week according to age. Surgical treatment of sport-related traumatic lesions does not necessarily accelerate return to sport: indications need to be reasonable, despite pressure from the patient's circle. Sports are possible after major orthopedic surgery, although return to sport tends to be delayed and the level is lower than preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pesenti
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Elie Choufani
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Solène Prost
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guillaume
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Launay
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jouve
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
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Bonnette S, Riley MA, Riehm C, DiCesare C, Christy M, Wilson J, Schille A, Diekfuss JA, Kiefer AW, Jayanthi N, Myer GD. Differences in Lower Extremity Coordination Patterns as a Function of Sports Specialization. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:245-255. [PMID: 36642425 PMCID: PMC11187714 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2166453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The practice of early sport specialization, defined as intense year-round training in a single sport at the exclusion of others, is increasing in youth athletics. Despite potential benefits, sport specialization may be detrimental to the health of young athletes, as specialization may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries-particularly overuse injuries. However, there remains limited knowledge about how sports specialization uniquely alters underlying sports-related motor behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare the variability of movement patterns exhibited by highly sports specialized youth athletes to that of nonspecialized athletes during performance of a sport-specific, virtual reality based cutting task. It was hypothesized that highly specialized athletes would display different patterns of movement coordination compared to nonspecialized athletes during both the run-up phase and cut-and-decelerate phase. In support of the hypothesis, specialized athletes exhibited both intra- and inter-limb coordination that were significantly different than unspecialized athletes. Overall, the results indicate that the highly specialized athletes tended to exhibit greater degrees of coordination but also the ability to break the coordinated patterns of joint angle changes to execute a cutting maneuver, which requires asymmetric demands on the lower extremities while planting on one leg and changing direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bonnette
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Michael A. Riley
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, & Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Christopher Riehm
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
| | | | - Michele Christy
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John Wilson
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Schille
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
| | - Jed A. Diekfuss
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam W. Kiefer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Neeru Jayanthi
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
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Linker J, Strand B, Deutsch J, Kang S, Slater K, Driscoll A, McGrath R. Single and Especially Multisport Participation May Increase Physical Fitness in Younger Americans. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120202. [PMID: 36548499 PMCID: PMC9786319 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to examine the associations between sports participation and physical fitness in younger Americans. METHODS The analytic sample included 1108 Americans aged 6-15 years. Muscular fitness assessments included handgrip strength, leg extension strength, and plank position. Cardiorespiratory fitness was examined with graded treadmill tests. RESULTS Youth participating in any sports had increased physical fitness performance for each marker: 1.63 kg (CI: 0.91-2.35) for handgrip strength, 6.23 kg (CI: 3.15-9.32) for leg extension strength, 9.41 lbs. (CI: 4.51-14.31) for plank position held, and 3.02 mL/kg/min (CI: 1.23-4.80) for estimated maximal oxygen uptake. Participants engaging in a single sport had increased performance for most fitness markers: 1.52 kg (CI: 0.67-2.38) for handgrip strength, 5.16 kg (CI: 1.50-8.82) for leg extension strength, 5.98 s (CI: 0.17-11.78) for plank position held, and 2.67 mL/kg/min (CI: 0.58-4.77) for estimated maximal oxygen uptake. Youth engaging in multiple sports exhibited even steeper trends: 1.77 kg (CI: 0.83-2.70) for handgrip strength, 7.63 kg (CI: 3.62-11.65) for leg extension strength, 13.89 s (CI: 7.52-20.27) for plank position held, and 3.50 mL/kg/min (CI: 1.15-5.85) for estimated maximal oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS Any sports participation, including single and multiple sports, is linked to increased physical fitness in American youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan McGrath
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-701-231-7474; Fax: +1-701-231-8872
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McLellan M, Allahabadi S, Pandya NK. Youth Sports Specialization and Its Effect on Professional, Elite, and Olympic Athlete Performance, Career Longevity, and Injury Rates: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221129594. [PMID: 36353394 PMCID: PMC9638532 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221129594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available on the long-term consequences of early sports specialization in high-level athletes. PURPOSE To evaluate the existing literature on the effects of sports specialization among professional, Olympic, and other elite athletes. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS We performed a systematic review of studies from 1990 to 2021 on youth sports specialization in professional, elite, and/or Olympic athletes following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. An elite athlete was defined as one who performed at the highest level of his or her sport, beyond college level. Data were summarized according to 6 objectives: (1) definitions of specialization, age at specialization, and participation in other sports; (2) motivation for specialization; (3) athlete perspectives on specialization; (4) performance data; (5) specialization and injury risk; and (6) career longevity. RESULTS From 8756 articles, 29 studies were included, of which 17 (58.6%) were survey-based studies. Of the 8 articles that commented on injury risk, all demonstrated reduction in injury risk in athletes who delayed specialization. Performance benefits were apparent with later specialization in 7 of 9 articles; the remaining 2 showed benefit with earlier specialization in marathon runners and soccer players. There were less definitive results on career longevity, with 5 of 9 articles finding no association between career longevity and sports specialization. CONCLUSION Although current data on sports specialization in elite, professional, and Olympic athletes are mostly retrospective and survey-based evidence, most sports demonstrate better performance after youth multisport engagement, and youth sports specialization was linked with increased injury risk in athletes at the highest levels of competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison McLellan
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,
California, USA
| | - Sachin Allahabadi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nirav K. Pandya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Okoruwa ET, Abbott A, Stamm M, Mulcahey MK. Sport Specialization Classification and Injury Risk in Female Athletes. Sports Health 2022; 14:797-804. [PMID: 36203320 PMCID: PMC9631047 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221123532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Description of possible detrimental effects of sport specialization specific to adolescent female athletes is limited in current literature with no consensus on sport specialization classification. HYPOTHESIS Specialized female athletes will have higher rates of injury, body image issues, and menstrual dysfunction, regardless of the specialization classification utilized. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Retrospective data was obtained from questionnaires from female athletes in local high schools (n = 229; 13-18 years of age). The 3-point specialization scale was used to analyze differences in injury rates, body image issues, and menstrual dysfunction within low, moderate, and highly specialized athletes. When comparing accuracy of specialization scales in identifying high risk athletes, three peer-reviewed specialization classification scales were utilized-a 3-point scale, a 6-point scale, and a binary self-selection scale. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for studied variables (a priori p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Of 229 athletes surveyed, 219 (95.6%) completed the 3-point specialization classification questions and were included in the study. 91 athletes (41.6%) were categorized as low specialization (LS), 59 (26.9%) were moderately specialized (ModS), and 69 (31.5%) were highly specialized (HS). ModS athletes were more likely to have a history of stress fractures (SFx) compared to LS athletes (p = 0.02; OR 3.62; 95% CI 1.27-10.26). Compared to LS athletes, HS athletes were more likely to have injury history (p = 0.01; OR 2.93; 95% CI 1.38-6.24) and a history of concussion (p < 0.01; OR 5.00; 95% CI 1.86-13.42). CONCLUSION Among female high school athletes, higher levels of specialization are associated with greater risk of injuries overall, and greater risk of concussions and SFx. This study did not demonstrate significant associations between specialization and body image issues or menstrual dysfunction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study further strengthens the association between injury and sport specialization and suggests that combining specialization scales better improves risk stratification which overall aids in preventing athlete injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaela Stamm
- Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, Louisiana
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Temm DA, Standing RJ, Best R. Training, Wellbeing and Recovery Load Monitoring in Female Youth Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11463. [PMID: 36141735 PMCID: PMC9517577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Participation in youth sports is ever-increasing, along with training and competition demands placed upon youth athletes. Young athletes may experience high training loads due to playing several sports, as well as participating in school physical education. Therefore, monitoring youth athlete load is an emerging area of research that may help limit non-functional overreaching, injury, or illness and assist with long-term athlete development. This narrative review highlights that multiple measures have been explored to monitor both internal and external load. However, the validity, reliability and practicality of these measures are often not fully understood in female youth populations. The most commonly used external monitoring methods are GPS tracking and TRIMP whereas common internal monitoring tools are questionnaires, perceived exertion rating and heart rate measures. The reporting of injuries and menstrual cycles is also crucial for providing completeness when monitoring an athlete. It has been suggested that the combination of training load, recovery and wellbeing monitoring variables is the optimal way to monitor an athlete's fatigue levels. Whichever monitoring method is applied, in a youth population it is important that the protocol can be individualised, is inexpensive and can be easily implemented and reported so that the monitoring is sustainable.
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Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
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Ayeni OR. Prospective evaluation of sport activity and the development of femoroacetabular impingement in the adolescent hip (PREVIEW): results of the pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:201. [PMID: 36076280 PMCID: PMC9452871 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this pilot study was to validate the feasibility of a definitive study aimed at determining if high-intensity physical activity during adolescence impacts the development of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Methods This prospective cohort pilot study had a sample size target of 50 volunteers between 12 and 14 years old at sites in Canada, South Korea, and the Netherlands. Participants were evaluated clinically and radiographically at baseline and at 2 years. The participants’ sport and physical activity were evaluated using the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) and the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) criteria for sport specialization. The primary outcome was feasibility and secondary outcomes included the incidence of radiographic FAI and hip range of motion, function (Hip Outcome Score, HOS), and quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life questionnaire, PedsQL) at 24 months. Study groups were defined at the completion of follow-up, given the changes in participant activity levels over time. Results Of the 54 participants enrolled, there were 36 (33% female) included in the final analysis. At baseline, those classified as highly active and played at least one organized sport had a higher incidence of asymptomatic radiographic FAI markers (from 6/32, 18.8% at baseline to 19/32, 59.4% at 24 months) compared to those classified as low activity (1/4, 25% maintained at baseline and 24 months). The incidence of radiographic FAI markers was higher among sport specialists (12/19, 63.2%) compared to non-sport specialists (8/17, 47.1%) at 24 months. The HOS and PedsQL scores were slightly higher (better) among those that were highly active and played a sport compared to those who did not at 2 years (mean difference (95% confidence interval): HOS-ADL subscale 4.56 (− 7.57, 16.70); HOS-Sport subscale 5.97 (− 6.91, 18.84); PedsQL Physical Function 7.42 (− 0.79, 15.64); PedsQL Psychosocial Health Summary 6.51 (− 5.75, 18.77)). Conclusion Our pilot study demonstrated some feasibility for a larger scale, definitive cohort study. The preliminary descriptive data suggest that adolescents engaged in higher levels of activity in sports may have a higher risk of developing asymptomatic hip deformities related to FAI but also better quality of life over the 2-year study period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-022-01164-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi R Ayeni
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. .,McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main St West, 4E15, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Using artificial neural networks to help in the process of sports selection and orientation through morphological and biodynamic parameters: a pilot study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Mangine GT, McDougle JM, Feito Y. Relationships Between Body Composition and Performance in the High-Intensity Functional Training Workout "Fran" are Modulated by Competition Class and Percentile Rank. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893771. [PMID: 35721570 PMCID: PMC9197730 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined relationships between body composition and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) workout performance. Fifty-seven men (31.4 ± 6.9 years, 177.2 ± 7.5 cm, 84.7 ± 8.5 kg) and thirty-eight women (29.2 ± 6.4 years, 166.6 ± 6.1 cm, 66.5 ± 7.7 kg) with HIFT experience (≥6 months) reported completing “Fran” (21-15-9 repetitions of barbell thrusters and pull-ups) in 4.78 ± 2.22 min and 6.05 ± 2.84 min, respectively, and volunteered to complete dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessments. Participants were grouped by competition class (men, women, master’s men, master’s women) and percentile rank in “Fran” (≤25th percentile, 25–75th percentiles, ≥75th percentile). Two-way analyses of variance revealed expected differences (p < 0.001) between men and women in non-bone lean mass (NBLM), fat-free mass index, and fat mass, and more NBLM (10.6–10.8 kg) and less fat mass (2.7–5.2 kg) in >75th percentile compared to other percentiles. Most body composition measures were significantly (p < 0.05) related to performance in men and women but limited in master’s men; no relationships were seen in master’s women. “Fran” time was negatively correlated to NBLM and fat-free mass index in all percentile groups (ρ = -0.37 to -0.64) and bone mineral characteristics for >25th percentile (ρ = −0.41 to −0.63), and positively correlated to fat mass in 25–75th percentiles (ρ = 0.33–0.60). No other relationships were seen in ≤25th percentile. The influence of body composition on “Fran” time appears to vary by both competition class and percentile rank. Though training to increase lean mass always seems relevant, reducing body fat only appears relevant in mid-skilled trainees and when it is outside healthy parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Jacob M McDougle
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States.,Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States.,American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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37
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The Role of Verbal Feedback in the Motor Learning of Gymnastic Skills: A Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to systematically review the effects of feedback on motor skill acquisition in gymnastic skills. A systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE (EBSCO), Scopus, SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), and Web of Science. Of the initial 743 search articles, 13 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (a) healthy subjects, (b) studies with gymnastic, artistic gymnastic, or trampoline elements in the study protocol, (c) verbal feedback intervention, (d) the study compared verbal feedback intervention with other forms of feedback, instructional intervention, or with a control intervention, and (e) task performance evaluation. Methodological quality was identified using the PEDro scale. Combining verbal instructions with different forms of feedback is beneficial when learning complex gymnastic skills. Verbal feedback may be useful to improve the technical performance of a gymnastic element; in particular, information regarding the errors committed in a key element of the performance seems to be effective in the motor learning process.
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Tisano B, Zynda AJ, Ellis HB, Wilson PL. Epidemiology of Pediatric Gymnastics Injuries Reported in US Emergency Departments: Sex- and Age-Based Injury Patterns. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221102478. [PMID: 35722179 PMCID: PMC9201328 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite increasing participation rates in youth gymnastics, the majority of
epidemiologic literature focuses on older elite athletes or stratifies
athletes by level of competition. Hypothesis: The authors hypothesized that sex- and age-based patterns in youth
gymnastics–related injuries exist, which are otherwise overlooked in an
unstratified population. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Publicly available injury data from the National Electronic Injury
Surveillance System were collected on pediatric gymnastics injuries
presenting to emergency departments in the United States. Participation data
from the National Sporting Goods Association were used to calculate national
injury incidence rates in 7- to 11-year-olds (childhood) and 12- to
17-year-olds (adolescence) from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2018.
Z tests were conducted for the comparison of injury
rates between girls and boys within each age group and for overall injury
rate across age groups. Results: Girls participated in gymnastics at a frequency 6.5 times that of boys in
childhood and 13.5 times that of boys in adolescence. An estimated 72,542
youth gymnastics–related injuries were reported in US emergency departments
each year. A large proportion (61.3%) occurred in childhood, with female
predominance in both age groups. Overall, there was no difference in
weighted annual injury rate (injuries per 100,000 athlete-days per year) by
age group (6.9 [childhood] vs 8.8 [adolescence]; P = .19)
or sex (7.4 [girls] vs 8.1 [boys]; P = .65). In
adolescence, boys were more likely than girls to experience injury (16.47 vs
8.2; P = .003). Wrist and lower arm fractures were more
common in childhood than adolescence (1.07 vs 0.43; P =
.002) and specifically in girls (childhood vs adolescence, 1.06 vs 0.37;
P = .001). Ankle injuries and concussions were more
common in adolescence vs childhood (P = .01 and .0002). Conclusion: Upper extremity injuries predominated among childhood gymnasts, particularly
girls. In adolescence, girls and boys experienced increases in concussions
and foot and ankle injuries. Although representing a lower overall number of
training gymnasts as compared with girls, adolescent boys experience a
higher rate of injuries overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann Tisano
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron J Zynda
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry B Ellis
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Philip L Wilson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Menezes GB, Alexandre DRO, Pinto JCBL, Assis TVL, Faigenbaum AD, Mortatti AL. Effects of Integrative Neuromuscular Training on Motor Performance in Prepubertal Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1667-1674. [PMID: 32796417 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Menezes, GB, Alexandre, DR, Pinto, JC, Assis, TV, Faigenbaum, AD, and Mortatti, AL. Effects of integrative neuromuscular training on motor performance in prepubertal soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1667-1674, 2022-The present study examined the effects of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) on motor performance in prepubertal soccer players. Subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group (INT; n = 20, age: 8.2 ± 1.2 years; body mass: 28.4 ± 6.4 kg; height: 1.3 ± 0.1 m) or the control group (CON; n = 18, age: 8.5 ± 1.3 years; body mass: 32.8 ± 8.9 kg; height: 1.3 ± 0.1 m). Integrative neuromuscular training program was performed twice per week during the 12-week training intervention. Balance, flexibility, countermovement vertical jump height (CVJH), sprint speed, and change of direction speed (CODS) were assessed in both groups at baseline, sixth week and 12th week. A mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine the group changes in performance for each variable. There was a time effect for balance in the INT from pre to 12th weeks (p < 0.001, g = 0.72), and from 6th to 12th weeks (p = 0.005, g = 0.34). An interaction effect for balance was also observed between INT and CON after the 12th week. A time effect in flexibility was observed in INT from baseline to 6th and 12th weeks (p = 0.02; g = 0.45 and p < 0.001; g = 0.71) and from 6 to 12th weeks (p = 0.003; g = 0.24). There was a time effect in CVJH, from baseline to 12th week and from 6th to 12th weeks (p < 0.05; g = 0.34 and g = 0.53, respectively). There was no significant between-group speed performance change. A time effect was found in CODS in INT, but only from baseline to 12th week (p = 0.02; g = 0.31). There were significant improvements in the percent change (Δ%) from baseline to 12 weeks (p < 0.05) for balance, flexibility, and CVJH in INT. These findings indicate that the addition of an INT program to soccer practice can improve selected motor performance skills in prepubertal soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber B Menezes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil ; and
| | - Diego R O Alexandre
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil ; and
| | - Júlio C B L Pinto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil ; and
| | - Tereza V L Assis
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil ; and
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey
| | - Arnaldo L Mortatti
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil ; and
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40
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Duggan JD, Moody J, Byrne P, McGahan JH, Kirszenstein L. Considerations and Guidelines on Athletic Development for Youth Gaelic Athletic Association Players. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Mangine GT, McDougle JM. CrossFit® open performance is affected by the nature of past competition experiences. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:46. [PMID: 35331301 PMCID: PMC8944014 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the relationships between past competition performances and 2020 CrossFit® Open (CFO) performance. Methods A random selection from the top one thousand athletes (n = 220, 28.5 ± 4.4 years, 178 ± 7 cm, 87.5 ± 10.2 kg) were selected for this study. Overall and weekly performances (including ranks and scores) of the 2020 CFO, as well as overall ranks from all previous CFO, regional, and Games™ competitions in which they competed, were recorded from their publicly available online profile. The highest, lowest, average, and standard deviation (SD) of past rankings, as well as participation statistics (i.e., years since first appearance, total and consecutive appearances, and participation rate), were calculated for each competition stage. Relationships were then assessed between 2020 CFO performance and all past competition experience variables by calculating Kendall’s tau (τ) correlation coefficients and Bayes factors (BF10). Results Overall and weekly ranking of the 2020 CFO was extremely favored (p < 0.001, BF10 > 100) to be related to the athlete’s highest previous CFO rank (τ = 0.26–0.39) and individual regional appearances (τ = − 0.26 to − 0.34), as well as individual Games™ appearances (overall and for weeks 1, 3, and 4; τ = − 0.20 to − 0.22, p < 0.001, BF10 > 100). Evidence for all other significant relationships ranged from moderate to very strong (p < 0.05, BF10 = 3–100) and varied among specific 2020 CFO workouts. Few associations were noted for team competition experience, and these were generally limited to Games™ appearances (τ = − 0.12 to − 0.18, p < 0.05, BF10 = 3.3–100). Conclusions Although specific relationships were found between 2020 CFO performance and individual appearances at regional and Games™ competitions, the most consistent relationships were seen with participation and ranking in past CFO competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA.
| | - Jacob M McDougle
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA.,Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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42
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Nolte MT, Harada GK, LeDuc R, Sayari AJ, Basques BA, Louie PK, Colman MW, Goldberg EJ, DeWald CJ, Phillips FM, Kogan M, An HS, Samartzis D. Pediatric Back Pain: A Scoring System to Guide Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:116-122. [PMID: 34995265 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of back pain in the pediatric population is increasing, and the workup of these patients presents a clinical challenge. Many cases are selflimited, but failure to diagnose a pathology that requires clinical intervention can carry severe repercussions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) carries a high cost to the patient and health care system, and may even require procedural sedation in the pediatric population. The aim of this study was to develop a scoring system based on pediatric patient factors to help determine when an MRI will change clinical management. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort analysis of consecutive pediatric patients who presented to clinic with a chief complaint of back pain between 2010 and 2018 at single orthopaedic surgery practice. Comprehensive demographic and presentation variables were collected. A predictive model of factors that influence whether MRI results in a change in management was then generated using cross-validation least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 729 patients were included, with a mean age of 15.1 years (range: 3 to 20 y). Of these, 344 (47.2%) had an MRI. A predictive model was generated, with nocturnal symptoms (5 points), neurological deficit (10 points), age (0.7 points per year), lumbar pain (2 points), sudden onset of pain (3.25 points), and leg pain (3.75 points) identified as significant predictors. A combined score of greater than 9.5 points for a given patient is highly suggestive that an MRI will result in a change in clinical management (specificity: 0.93; positive predictive value: 0.92). CONCLUSIONS A predictive model was generated to help determine when ordering an MRI may result in a change in clinical management for workup of back pain in the pediatric population. The main factors included the presence of a neurological deficit, nocturnal symptoms, sudden onset, leg pain, lumbar pain, and age. Care providers can use these findings to better determine if and when an MRI might be appropriate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-diagnostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Nolte
- International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Rice RP, Roach K, Kirk-Sanchez N, Waltz B, Ellenbecker TS, Jayanthi N, Raya M. Age and Gender Differences in Injuries and Risk Factors in Elite Junior and Professional Tennis Players. Sports Health 2022; 14:466-477. [PMID: 35037501 PMCID: PMC9214903 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211062834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite tennis athletes experience injuries throughout the entire body. Impairments in trunk stability, lower limb flexibility, and hip range of motion (ROM) are modifiable risk factors that can impact injuries and performance. Information on nonmodifiable risk factors such as age and gender is limited. The purpose of this investigation was to provide information on risk factors to direct clinical decision-making and injury prevention and rehab programming in this population. HYPOTHESIS Prevalence and location of injuries will differ by age group and gender. Trunk stability, lower limb flexibility, and hip ROM will differ by age group and gender. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A de-identified database (n = 237; females = 126) from the United States Tennis Association High Performance Profile (HPP) 2014-2015 was used for the analysis. Subjects were elite junior and professional tennis players (mean age 14.6 [range, 9-27] years). The HPP is a tennis-specific assessment and questionnaire that includes retrospective information on injury history. Subjects were categorized by injury, gender, and age. Injury locations were classified by region. Trunk stability measures included drop vertical jump (DVJ), single-leg squat, and prone and side planks. Lower limb measures included hamstring, quadriceps and hip flexor flexibility, and hip rotation ROM. RESULTS A total of 46% of athletes reported an injury. Significant differences were found for injury prevalence and location by age group. Adolescent athletes (age 13-17 years) had more trunk injuries, while adult athletes (age ≥18 years) had more lower limb injuries. Adolescent athletes performed worse on DVJ, dominant side plank, and hamstring flexibility compared with young (age ≤12 years) and adult athletes. Significant gender differences in hip ROM included internal rotation on both the dominant and nondominant sides. CONCLUSION Impairments in trunk stability, lower limb flexibility, and hip rotation ROM may affect both health and performance outcomes in this population. Elite tennis athletes may benefit from additional off court programming to address trunk and lower limb impairments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Adolescent elite tennis athletes may be at higher risk of trunk injuries. Age, gender, injury history, and impairments should be considered with all assessments and programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Porter Rice
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Robyn Porter Rice, PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 5915 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables FL 33146 () (Twitter: @RiceRobynp)
| | - Kathryn Roach
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Neva Kirk-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Bret Waltz
- DocWaltz LLC, Scottsdale, Arizona,USTA Player Development, Orlando, Florida
| | - Todd S. Ellenbecker
- Vice President Medical Services, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida,Rehab Plus Sports Therapy Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Neeru Jayanthi
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Family Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michele Raya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Oliveira AVRRD, Juzwiak CR, Padovani RDC. “I support you in everything”: a qualitative study on maternal perception about their skating daughters. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ben-Zaken S, Eliakim A, Nemet D, Kaufman L, Meckel Y. Genetic characteristics of competitive swimmers: a review. Biol Sport 2022; 39:157-170. [PMID: 35173374 PMCID: PMC8805353 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful swimming performance is a multi-factorial accomplishment, resulting from a complex interaction of physical, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, all of which are strongly affected by the special medium of water as well as by genetic factors. The nature of competitive swimming is unique, as most of the competitive events last less than four minutes. Yet training regimens have an endurance nature (many hours and many kilometres of swimming every day), which makes it impossible to classify swimming by definitions of aerobic-type or anaerobic-type events, as in track and field sports. Therefore, genetic variants associated with swimming performance are not necessarily related to metabolic pathways, but rather to blood lactate transport (MCT1), muscle functioning (IGF1 axis), muscle damage (IL6) and others. The current paper reviews the main findings on the leading 12 genetic polymorphisms (located in the ACE, ACTN3, AMPD1, BDKRB2, IGF1, IL6, MCT1, MSTN, NOS3, PPARA, PPARGC1A, and VEGFR2 genes) related to swimming performance, while taking into consideration the unique environment of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Leonid Kaufman
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
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Orscelik A, Ercan S, Karaaslan B, Cetin C. Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the 'A Sport Fitness Index'. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14898. [PMID: 34547162 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to adapt the 'Sport Fitness Index' into Turkish and to ensure its validity and reliability. METHODS After obtaining the necessary permissions, the Sports Fitness Index was independently translated from its English original to Turkish by four different physicians specialising in sports medicine. The content validity of index v.1 was calculated using the Davis technique in sample 1 of 20 people regularly participating in sports. In sample 2 consisting of 104 athletes who had a sports-related ligament/muscle injury or applied to the sports medicine clinic for general medical examination; the validity and reliability of index v.2 were examined. ROC analysis was applied to determine the cut-off point value of the score obtained from the Turkish version of the index. RESULTS The calculated I-CVI (lowest: 0.80, highest: 0.95) and S-CVI/Ave values (0.87) showed that the index provided content validity. Item 1 and item 10 were removed from the Turkish version of the index, as it caused a decrease in the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the index v.2. Thus, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the index was calculated as 0.925. In the Turkish version of index v.2, the single-factor structure (explained variance rate 66.22%; eigenvalue 5.29) was preserved. The index provided confirmatory factor analysis model fit indices. The index provided a high level of negative correlation (r ˃ -.60; P = .0001) with the total score of the Physical Activity Inadequacy Scale Short Form-10 and the sub-scores of all summary components (r ˃ -.60; P = .0001). According to the ROC curve, the best cut-off point was 70 points with 96.6% sensitivity and 75% specificity in the Turkish version of the index. CONCLUSION The Sports Fitness Index-TR provided its Turkish validity and reliability with its 8-item and single-factor structure. The cut-off point is accepted as 70 points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydan Orscelik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Health Sciences University Gulhane Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Ercan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Burak Karaaslan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Health Sciences University Gulhane Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Cetin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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47
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Pierce KC, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Weightlifting for Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Sports Health 2021; 14:45-56. [PMID: 34781771 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for youth sport performance appears to be increasing. Weightlifting for children and adolescents has been criticized in some circles and is a controversial aspect of resistance training for young people. Although injuries can occur during weightlifting and related activities, the incidence and rate of injury appear to be relatively low and severe injury is uncommon. A number of performance, physical, and physiological variables, such as body composition, strength, and power, are improved by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young athletes. Manipulating program variables, when appropriate, can have a substantial and profound influence on the psychological, physiological, physical, and performance aspects of weightlifters. An understanding of the sport, scientific training principles, and musculoskeletal growth development is necessary to properly construct a reasonable and appropriate training program. A scientific background aids in providing an evidenced basis and sound rationale in selecting appropriate methods and directing adaptations toward more specific goals and enables the coach to make choices about training and competition that might not otherwise be possible. If weightlifting training and competition are age group appropriate and are properly supervised, the sport can be substantially safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Sports, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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48
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Jayanthi N, Schley S, Cumming SP, Myer GD, Saffel H, Hartwig T, Gabbett TJ. Developmental Training Model for the Sport Specialized Youth Athlete: A Dynamic Strategy for Individualizing Load-Response During Maturation. Sports Health 2021; 14:142-153. [PMID: 34763556 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Most available data on athletic development training models focus on adult or professional athletes, where increasing workload capacity and performance is a primary goal. Development pathways in youth athletes generally emphasize multisport participation rather than sport specialization to optimize motor skill acquisition and to minimize injury risk. Other models emphasize the need for accumulation of sport- and skill-specific hours to develop elite-level status. Despite recommendations against sport specialization, many youth athletes still specialize and need guidance on training and competition. Medical and sport professionals also recommend progressive, gradual increases in workloads to enhance resilience to the demands of high-level competition. There is no accepted model of risk stratification and return to play for training a specialized youth athlete through periods of injury and maturation. In this review, we present individualized training models for specialized youth athletes that (1) prioritize performance for healthy, resilient youth athletes and (2) are adaptable through vulnerable maturational periods and injury. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS A number of factors must be considered when developing training programs for young athletes: (1) the effect of sport specialization on athlete development and injury, (2) biological maturation, (3) motor and coordination deficits in specialized youth athletes, and (4) workload progressions and response to load. CONCLUSION Load-sensitive athletes with multiple risk factors may need medical evaluation, frequent monitoring, and a program designed to restore local tissue and sport-specific capacity. Load-naive athletes, who are often skeletally immature, will likely benefit from serial monitoring and should train and compete with caution, while load-tolerant athletes may only need occasional monitoring and progress to optimum loads. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY (SORT) B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Jayanthi
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Family Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Johns Creek, Georgia.,Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia
| | | | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Johns Creek, Georgia.,Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia.,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Saffel
- South Bend-Notre Dame Sports Medicine Fellowship, Beacon Bone & Joint Specialists, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Tim Hartwig
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Strathfield Campus, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
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49
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Whatman C, van den Berg C, Palacios-Derflingher L, Emery C. Sport Specialization, Physical Performance and Injury History in Canadian Junior High School Students. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1566-1574. [PMID: 34909261 PMCID: PMC8637261 DOI: 10.26603/001c.29590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth sports participation is encouraged for proposed physical and psychological benefits. However early sport specialization and the potentially negative consequences may be a cause for concern. PURPOSE To describe sport specialization in Canadian youth and investigate associations with previous injury and physical performance. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Junior high school students (grades 7-9, ages 11-16) were invited to participate. All participants completed a questionnaire capturing specialization level (low, moderate, high; based on year-round training, exclusion of other sports, and single-sport training) and injury history in the previous 12-months. Additionally, all participants completed physical performance measures including vertical jump (cm), predicted VO2max (mL/kg/min), single-leg balance (secs) and Y-Balance composite score (%). Logistic regression examined the association between school grade, school size, sex and sport specialization (Objective 1) and the association between sport specialization and injury history (Objective 2). Multivariable linear regression analyses (4) assessed associations between sport specialization category and physical performance measures (Objective 3). RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-eight students participated in the study. Eighteen percent of participants reported high specialization, with no significant associations between sex, grade or school size and specialization category. There was no significant difference in the odds of sustaining previous injury between participants reporting moderate (odds ratio [OR]=1.94, 95% CI 0.86-4.35) or high (OR=2.21, 95% CI 0.43-11.37) compared to low specialization. There were no significant differences in vertical jump height (mean diff [MD] = -0.4 to 2.1cm), predicted VO2max (MD = 2.2 to 3.1mL/kg/min), single leg balance (MD = 0.5 to 1.9sec) or Y-balance (MD = 0.6 to 7.0%) between sport specialization categories. CONCLUSIONS Sport specialization exists in Canadian junior high schools but may be less common than previously reported and it was not associated with sex, grade, or school size. Level of specialization was not associated with history of injury nor a range of physical performance measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whatman
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology
| | - Carla van den Berg
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary
| | - Luz Palacios-Derflingher
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary; Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary; Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary
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Sugimoto D, Lambrinakos-Raymond K, Kobelski GP, Geminiani ET, Stracciolini A, Meehan WP. Sport specialization of female figure skaters: cumulative effects on low back injuries. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:463-468. [PMID: 33337938 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1855483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: 1) to determine the proportion of sport specialization among female figure skaters, 2) to compare proportion of low back injuries between specialized female figure skaters and non-specialized female figure skaters, and 3) to identify an independent risk factor(s) for low back injuries in female figure skaters.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was used. Young female figure skaters were asked questions related to sport specialization and any history of low back injuries. The primary outcome variables were status of sport specialization, weekly training hours, and low back injury. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square analyses, and binary logistic regressions were used.Results: Responses from 132 female figure skaters (mean age: 16.3 ± 2.7 years, age range: 8-22 years) were analyzed. Sixty-two percent (82/132) of figure skaters were specialized. Specialized female figure skaters spent more time in training (11.3 ± 6.5 hours/week) than non-specialized skaters (7.6 ± 4.9 hours/week, p = 0.001). No statistical differences were found in proportion of low back injury history between specialized (25.6%) and non-specialized female figure skaters (24.0%, p = 0.836). Chronological age was also identified as an independent risk factor for low back injuries in female figure skaters (aOR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.54, p = 0.048).Conclusions: The majority of female figure skaters in this cohort were specialized. An association between chronological age and low back injuries, found in the current study, may be a result of cumulative effects of participating in figure skating over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Sugimoto
- School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Greggory P Kobelski
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen T Geminiani
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Stracciolini
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William P Meehan
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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