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Radaelli R, Rech A, Molinari T, Markarian AM, Petropoulou M, Granacher U, Hortobágyi T, Lopez P. Effects of Resistance Training Volume on Physical Function, Lean Body Mass and Lower-Body Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of 151 Randomised Trials. Sports Med 2025; 55:167-192. [PMID: 39405023 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal prescription and precise recommendations of resistance training volume for older adults is unclear in the current literature. In addition, the interactions between resistance training volume and program duration as well as physical health status remain to be determined when assessing physical function, muscle size and hypertrophy and muscle strength adaptations in older adults. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine which resistance training volume is the most effective in improving physical function, lean body mass, lower-limb muscle hypertrophy and strength in older adults. Additionally, we examined whether effects were moderated by intervention duration (i.e. short term, < 20 weeks; medium-to-long term, ≥ 20 weeks) and physical health status (i.e. physically healthy, physically impaired, mixed physically healthy and physically impaired; PROSPERO identifier: CRD42023413209). METHODS CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scielo, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched up to April 2023. Eligible randomised trials examined the effects of supervised resistance training in older adults (i.e. ≥ 60 years). Resistance training programs were categorised as low (LVRT), moderate (MVRT) and high volume (HVRT) on the basis of terciles of prescribed weekly resistance training volume (i.e. product of frequency, number of exercises and number of sets) for full- and lower-body training. The primary outcomes for this review were physical function measured by fast walking speed, timed up and go and 6-min walking tests; lean body mass and lower-body muscle hypertrophy; and lower-body muscle strength measured by knee extension and leg press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), isometric muscle strength and isokinetic torque. A random-effects network meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the effects of different resistance training volumes on the outcomes of interest. RESULTS We included a total of 161 articles describing 151 trials (n = 6306). LVRT was the most effective for improving timed up and go [- 1.20 standardised mean difference (SMD), 95% confidence interval (95% CI): - 1.57 to - 0.82], 6-min walk test (1.03 SMD, 95% CI: 0.33-1.73), lean body mass (0.25 SMD, 95% CI: 0.10-0.40) and muscle hypertrophy (0.40 SMD, 95% CI: 0.25-0.54). Both MVRT and HVRT were the most effective for improving lower-limb strength, while only HVRT was effective in increasing fast walking speed (0.40 SMD, 95% CI: - 0.57 to 0.14). Regarding the moderators, our results were independent of program duration and mainly observed for healthy older adults, while evidence was limited for those who were physically impaired. CONCLUSIONS A low resistance training volume can substantially improve healthy older adults' physical function and benefits lean mass and muscle size independently of program duration, while a higher volume seems to be necessary for achieving greater improvements in muscle strength. A low volume of resistance training should be recommended in future exercise guidelines, particularly for physically healthy older adults targeting healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Radaelli
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal.
| | - Anderson Rech
- Curso de Educação Física, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Exercício Para Populações Clínicas (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talita Molinari
- Sport and Exercise Neuromechanics Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Markarian
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Maria Petropoulou
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Exercício Para Populações Clínicas (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Centorbi M, Di Martino G, Della Valle C, Buonsenso A, Calcagno G, Fiorilli G, di Cagno A. Enhancing Physical and Cognitive Efficiency in Elderly Individuals at Risk for Dementia Using Whole-Body Electrostimulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:246. [PMID: 39584899 PMCID: PMC11586937 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to assess the impact of a 12-week intervention of two 20-min sessions per week, combining aerobic exercise with whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), on physical and cognitive performance in the elderly. Methods: A total of 61 participants (age = 71 ± 5.64 years), healthy or at risk for dementia, were randomly assigned to an experimental training group (ETG, n = 33) and a control group (CON, n = 28). Participants underwent 20-min aerobic training sessions, with intensity increasing from 60% to 80% of heart rate reserve (HRR), with and without continuous WB-EMS stimulation (35 Hz, 350 μs). Results: Significant time/effects for both the ETG and CON were found in the physical performance tests, with significant time*group interactions favoring the ETG for the arm curl test (p < 0.001) and the sit-to-stand test, with significant differences between groups (p = 0.001), as well as for the hand grip test (p < 0.001) and the 6-min walking test (p < 0.001), with significant time*group interactions (p = 0.003). Both groups improved their performance on the soda pop test (p < 0.001). ETG outperformed CON in memory performance (PROSA, p = 0.046; RAVLT immediate recall, p < 0.001) and on selective attention and visuospatial processing (attention matrices, p = 0.014). Some cognitive tests showed no significant improvement, likely due to the short intervention period for cognitive function (MMSE, p = 0.628; TMT, p = 0.698; Stroop error, p = 0.188) or memory performance (PROSA, p = 0.338). Conclusion: The absence of decline suggests a protective effect of physical activity. WB-EMS, combined with aerobic training, enhances the benefits of physical activity and helps counteract cognitive decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.M.); or (C.D.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Di Martino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.M.); or (C.D.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Carlo Della Valle
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.M.); or (C.D.V.); (G.F.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37314 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.M.); or (C.D.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.M.); or (C.D.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.M.); or (C.D.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy
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Siddique U, Frazer AK, Avela J, Walker S, Ahtiainen JP, Tanel M, Uribe S, Akalu Y, Rostami M, Tallent J, Kidgell DJ. Differential modulation of corticomotor excitability in older compared to young adults following a single bout of strength -exercise. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 122:105384. [PMID: 38394740 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Evidence shows corticomotor plasticity diminishes with age. Nevertheless, whether strength-training, a proven intervention that induces corticomotor plasticity in younger adults, also takes effect in older adults, remains untested. This study examined the effect of a single-session of strength-exercise on corticomotor plasticity in older and younger adults. Thirteen older adults (72.3 ± 6.5 years) and eleven younger adults (29.9 ± 6.9 years), novice to strength-exercise, participated. Strength-exercise involved four sets of 6-8 repetitions of a dumbbell biceps curl at 70-75% of their one-repetition maximum (1-RM). Muscle strength, cortical, corticomotor and spinal excitability, before and up to 60-minutes after the strength-exercise session were assessed. We observed significant changes over time (p < 0.05) and an interaction between time and age group (p < 0.05) indicating a decrease in corticomotor excitability (18% p < 0.05) for older adults at 30- and 60-minutes post strength-exercise and an increase (26% and 40%, all p < 0.05) in younger adults at the same time points. Voluntary activation (VA) declined in older adults immediately post and 60-minutes post strength-exercise (36% and 25%, all p < 0.05). Exercise had no effect on the cortical silent period (cSP) in older adults however, in young adults cSP durations were shorter at both 30- and 60- minute time points (17% 30-minute post and 9% 60-minute post, p < 0.05). There were no differences in short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) or intracortical facilitation (ICF) between groups. Although the corticomotor responses to strength-exercise were different within groups, overall, the neural responses seem to be independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummatul Siddique
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Meghan Tanel
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sergio Uribe
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia; Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamad Rostami
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia; School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.
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Labanca L, Tedeschi R, Mosca M, Benedetti MG. Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability Show Abnormalities in Maximal and Submaximal Isometric Strength of the Knee Extensor and Flexor Muscles. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1328-1335. [PMID: 38459686 PMCID: PMC10986150 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241232090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that chronic ankle instability (CAI) leads to abnormalities in neuromuscular control of more proximal joints than the ankle. Although strength of the hip and the ankle muscles has been largely investigated providing concordant results, limited evidence with contrasting results has been reported regarding knee extensor and flexor muscles. PURPOSE To investigate maximal and submaximal isometric muscle strength in individuals with CAI. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Fifteen participants with unilateral CAI and 15 healthy matched controls were recruited. To quantify maximal strength, peak forces were recorded during a maximal isometric voluntary contraction of knee extensor and flexor muscles at 30° and 90° of knee flexion and normalized by the body weight of each participant. At both angles, submaximal isometric contractions at 20%, 50%, and 80% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction were performed to analyze strength steadiness, in terms of coefficient of variation, and strength accuracy, in terms of absolute error. During all the assessments, knee extensor and flexor muscle activation was recorded by means of surface electromyography. RESULTS Knee flexor maximal isometric strength was significantly lower in the injured limb of individuals with CAI in comparison with healthy controls at both 30° (0.15 ± 0.05 vs 0.20 ± 0.05; P < .05) and 90° (0.14 ± 0.04 vs 0.18 ± 0.05; P < .05). Knee extensor and flexor steadiness was significantly lower (higher coefficient of variation) in both the injured and the noninjured limbs of individuals with CAI in comparison with healthy individuals at 90° and at 30° for knee flexor steadiness of the injured limb. Knee extensor and flexor accuracy was lower (higher absolute error) in both the injured and noninjured limbs of individuals with CAI in comparison with healthy individuals, mainly at 30°, while at 90° it was lower only in the injured limb. No differences between the 2 groups were found for maximal isometric strength of knee extensor muscles, as well as for muscle activations. CONCLUSION Individuals with CAI show abnormalities in maximal and submaximal isometric strength of knee flexor muscles, and submaximal strength of the knee extensor muscles. Further studies should deeply investigate mechanisms leading to these abnormalities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rehabilitation interventions should consider abnormalities of neuromuscular control affecting joints more proximal than the ankle in individuals with CAI. REGISTRATION NCT05273177 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Labanca
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Tedeschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mosca
- II Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Benedetti
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jeon W, Ramadan A, Whitall J, Alissa N, Westlake K. Age-related differences in lower limb muscle activation patterns and balance control strategies while walking over a compliant surface. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16555. [PMID: 37783842 PMCID: PMC10545684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates that falls in older adults are leading causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries and lead to negative impacts on the quality of life in the aging population. Most falls in older fallers result from unrecoverable limb collapse during falling momentum control in the single limb support (SLS) phase. To understand why older adults are more likely to fall than younger adults, we investigated age-related differences in knee extensor eccentric control, lower limb muscle activation patterns, and their relation to balance control. Ten older and ten younger healthy adults were compared during balance control while walking on a compliant surface. There was a positive correlation between knee extensor eccentric work in the perturbed leg and the swinging leg's speed and margin of stability. In comparison to younger adults, older adults demonstrated (1) less eccentric work, reduced eccentric electromyography burst duration in the perturbed leg, (2) higher postural sway during SLS, and (3) impaired swinging leg balance control. The group-specific muscle synergy showed that older adults had a prominent ankle muscle activation, while younger adults exhibited a more prominent hip muscle activation. These findings provide insight into targeted balance rehabilitation directions to improve postural stability and reduce falls in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyoung Jeon
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
| | - Ahmed Ramadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jill Whitall
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nesreen Alissa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Westlake
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Nagai T, Bates NA, Rigamonti L, Hollman JH, Laskowski ER, Schilaty ND. Effects of neuromuscular and proprioceptive training on self-reported wellness and health scores and knee sensorimotor characteristics in active seniors. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:370-379. [PMID: 37949586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Athletes regularly engage in comprehensive neuromuscular and proprioceptive training (NPT) to prevent musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. NPT exercises such as movement technique, agility, balance, and posture as well as yoga-based stretching and slow/deep breathing have shown added benefits in psychological and other well-being. This study aimed to examine the effects of NPT on knee sensorimotor characteristics and multi-domain wellness and health scores in active seniors. METHODS Twenty seniors participated in the NPT intervention (15-20min session twice a week for 10 weeks) while the control group did not receive any intervention. All participants completed surveys (general health, frailty, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, optimism, and sleep quality) and laboratory testing before and after intervention. Laboratory testing included frailty tests (grip strength, 4-m walk speed, and calcaneal ultrasound-based bone density) and knee sensorimotor characteristics (peak force, visual-motor reaction time, and force steadiness). RESULTS There was significant increase in general mental health (Short Form 36 Mental Health; p = 0.005) and decrease in stress (Perceived Stress Scale; p = 0.010) and sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; p = 0.019) post-intervention while no significant changes were observed in the control group (p = 0.310-0.654). Peak knee forces in all directions and some visual-motor reaction time and force steadiness were significantly improved post-intervention only in the experimental group (p = 0.001-0.038). CONCLUSION A simple, yet, comprehensive NPT has potential to improve MSK health as well as various domains of well-being among active seniors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- United States Army Research Institute and Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Bates
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - John H Hollman
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Edward R Laskowski
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nathan D Schilaty
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; University of South Florida Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Research, Tampa, FL, USA
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di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Manni L, Di Costanzo A, Casazza G, Parisi A, Guerra G, Calcagno G, Iuliano E, Soligo M, Fiorilli G, for The WB-EMS Parkinson’s Group LenaFrancescoModugnoNicolaQuinziFedericoDepartment of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy; Neuromed Institute IRCCS, IS, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Italy. Whole body-electromyostimulation effects on serum biomarkers, physical performances and fatigue in Parkinson's patients: A randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1086487. [PMID: 36845654 PMCID: PMC9949720 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1086487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) was never previously applied to Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This randomized controlled study aimed to find the most effective and safe WB-EMS training protocol for this population. Methods Twenty-four subjects (age: 72.13 ± 6.20 years), were randomly assigned to three groups: a high-frequency WB-EMS strength training group (HFG) (rectangular stimulation at 85 Hz, 350 μs, 4 s stimulation/4 s rest), a low-frequency WB-EMS aerobic training group (LFG) (rectangular stimulation 7 Hz, 350 μs, with a continuous pulse duration), and an inactive control group (CG). Participants of the two experimental groups underwent 24 controlled WB-EMS training sessions, with a duration of 20 min each, during 12-week intervention. Serum growth factors (BDNF, FGF-21, NGF and proNGF), α-synuclein, physical performance and Parkinson's Disease Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) responses were analyzed to evaluate the pre-post variation and differences among groups. Results Significant interactions of Time*Groups were detected for BDNF (Time*Groups p = 0.024; Time*CG, b = -628, IC95% = -1,082/-174, p = 0.008), FGF-21 (Time*Groups p = 0.009; Time*LFG b = 1,346, IC95% = 423/2268, p = 0.005), and α-synuclein (Time*Groups p = 0.019; Time*LFG b = -1,572, IC95% = -2,952/-192, p = 0.026). Post hoc analyses and comparisons of ΔS (post-pre), performed independently for each group, showed that LFG increased serum BDNF levels (+ 203 pg/ml) and decreased α-synuclein levels (-1,703 pg/ml), while HFG showed the opposite effects (BDNF: -500 pg/ml; α-synuclein: + 1,413 pg/ml). CG showed a significant BDNF reduction over time. Both LFG and HFG showed significant improvements in several physical performance outcomes and the LFG showed better results than HFG. Concerning PFS-16, significant differences over time (b = -0.4, IC95% = -0.8/-0.0, p = 0.046) and among groups (among all groups p < 0.001) were found, and the LFG exhibited better results than the HFG (b = -1.0, IC95% = -1.3/-0.7, p < 0.001), and CG (b = -1.7, IC95% = -2.0/-1.4, p < 0.001) with this last one that worsened over time. Conclusion LFG training was the best choice for improving or maintaining physical performance, fatigue perception and variation in serum biomarkers. Clinical trial registration https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04878679, identifier NCT04878679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Luigi Manni
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute (CNR), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Centre for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giusy Casazza
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Attilio Parisi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy,*Correspondence: Enzo Iuliano,
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute (CNR), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy,Marzia Soligo,
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Kamiya M, Ihira H, Taniguchi Y, Matsumoto D, Ishigaki T, Okamae A, Ogawa T, Misu S, Miyashita T, Ohnuma T, Chibana T, Morikawa N, Ikezoe T, Makizako H. Low-intensity resistance training to improve knee extension strength in community-dwelling older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Exp Gerontol 2023; 172:112041. [PMID: 36470532 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of low-intensity resistance training on knee extension strength with respect to intensity, frequency, duration and training site in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS A literature search was conducted for articles published up to December 2018 on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), OTseeker and Ichushi-Web. Randomized controlled trials involving resistance training with <60 % one repetition maximum (1RM) in community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years and older were eligible. RESULTS In total, 7 studies involving 275 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed significant improvements in knee extension strength with low-intensity resistance training [standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.62, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.32 to 0.91]. In subgroup analyses, significant improvements were observed in the group with intensity at 50-60 % 1RM (0.83, 0.46 to 1.19), but not in the group at 40 % or less 1RM (0.30, 95%CI: -0.08 to 0.68). Concerning frequency, there were significant improvements in knee strength for those receiving training three times (0.90, 0.52 to 1.27) and two times (0.36, 0.03 to 0.69) per week, with a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Low-intensity resistance training should be considered as an effective intervention to improve knee extension strength in community-dwelling older adults. Older adults may show more improvement in knee extension strength if intensity of the training is set at 50-60 % 1RM and frequency of training is three times per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kamiya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yachiyo Hospital, Sumiyoshi-cho, Anjo-city, Aichi 446-0072, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ihira
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Kagoshima Medical Professional College, Kagoshima 891-0133, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishigaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya Gakuin University, Aichi 456-0062, Japan
| | - Akio Okamae
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hyogo College of Medicine Sasayama Medical Center, Hyogo 669-2321, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nishiyamato Rehabilitation Hospital, Nara 639-0218, Japan
| | - Shogo Misu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Konan Women's University, Hyogo 658-0001, Japan
| | - Toshinori Miyashita
- Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 559-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohnuma
- Rehabilitation Progress Center Incorporated, Itabashi Rehabili Home-visit Nursing Station, Tokyo 173-0013, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Chibana
- Kawaguchi Neurosurgery Rehabilitation Clinic, Osaka 573-0086, Japan
| | - Natsu Morikawa
- Boys & Girls, Daycare Facilities for Persons with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities, CIL Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0054, Japan
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1136, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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9
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Siddique U, Frazer AK, Avela J, Walker S, Ahtiainen JP, Howatson G, Tallent J, Kidgell DJ. Determining the cortical, spinal and muscular adaptations to strength-training in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101746. [PMID: 36223874 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There are observable decreases in muscle strength as a result of ageing that occur from the age of 40, which are thought to occur as a result of changes within the neuromuscular system. Strength-training in older adults is a suitable intervention that may counteract the age-related loss in force production. The neuromuscular adaptations (i.e., cortical, spinal and muscular) to strength-training in older adults are largely equivocal and a systematic review with meta-analysis will serve to clarify the present circumstances regarding the benefits of strength-training in older adults. 20 studies entered the meta-analysis and were analysed using a random-effects model. A best evidence synthesis that included 36 studies was performed for variables that had insufficient data for meta-analysis. One study entered both. There was strong evidence that strength-training increases maximal force production, rate of force development and muscle activation in older adults. There was limited evidence for strength-training to improve voluntary-activation, the volitional-wave and spinal excitability, but strong evidence for increased muscle mass. The findings suggest that strength-training performed between 2 and 12 weeks increases strength, rate of force development and muscle activation, which likely improves motoneurone excitability by increased motor unit recruitment and improved discharge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummatul Siddique
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Jeon W, Whitall J, Alissa N, Westlake K. Age-related differences in stepping stability following a sudden gait perturbation are associated with lower limb eccentric control of the perturbed limb. Exp Gerontol 2022; 167:111917. [PMID: 35963451 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Falls are a leading cause of severe injuries and a major threat to quality of life in older adults. Elderly fallers demonstrate insufficient eccentric quadriceps control during the weight acceptance phase of initial single limb stance. However, the functional role of eccentric control of the perturbed (leading) leg during walking balance recovery and its age-related differences have not yet been studied; thus we investigated age-related differences in eccentric control at the knee of the perturbed leg and its influence on the postural sway and stability of the trailing leg during balance recovery following unexpected surface drop perturbations. METHODS Ten younger and ten older healthy adults were compared during balance recovery following an 8 cm unexpected surface drop perturbation at gait initiation. Outcomes related to perturbed leg included 1) eccentric knee extensor work; 2) electromyography (EMG) peak amplitude, peak latency, and eccentric EMG burst duration of the rectus femoris (RF); and 3) knee flexion angle during the single limb support. Outcomes related to stability of the trailing leg included 4) margin of stability (MoS) at first compensatory step touchdown after the perturbation. 5) Postural sway (standard deviation of center of mass acceleration) was measured in the anterior-posterior (A-P), medio-lateral (M-L), vertical directions during the single limb support. RESULTS Compared to younger adults, older adults demonstrated lower eccentric knee extensor work (p = 0.034), shorter RF EMG burst duration (p < 0.01), delayed RF EMG peak latency (p = 0.01), smaller knee flexion angle (p = 0.01) and MoS (p = 0.04), and higher postural sway (M-L (p = 0.02), vertical (p < 0.01)). There was a positive correlation between eccentric work and MoS (p = 0.03) and a negative correlation between M-L postural sway and 1) RF eccentric EMG burst duration (p = 0.04), and 2) eccentric work (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Older adults demonstrated deficits in eccentric knee extensor control in the perturbed leg during single limb support, which contributed to reduced stability of the trailing leg compensatory step and greater postural sway during balance recovery. This finding provides insight into mechanisms of fall recovery from an unexpected unilateral postural perturbation and directions for lower limb strengthening exercises for aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyoung Jeon
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jill Whitall
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Nesreen Alissa
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kelly Westlake
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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11
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Muscle function and functional performance after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective observational study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16386. [PMID: 36180466 PMCID: PMC9525595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure changes in different properties of skeletal muscles and evaluate their contribution and relationship to changes in functional performance after pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD outpatients attending 5 weeks of conventional PR were recruited. Functional performance [5-repetitions sit-to-stand (5STS), and 4-m gait speed (4mGS)], and muscle function (maximal isometric strength, power, force control, and relative concentric and eccentric activation during 5STS) were assessed after PR and 3 months of follow-up. Twenty patients (71 years; 52% of predicted FEV1) completed the study. 4mGS and relative concentric activation during 5STS decreased respectively by 7.7% and 26% between the beginning of PR and follow-up. Quadriceps strength, power, and force control improved by 10.4%, 27.3%, and 15.2%, respectively, from the beginning of PR to follow-up the relative eccentric activation during 5STS explained 31% of the variance in 4mGS changes. In conclusion, functional performance appeared to decline after conventional PR, whereas several properties of skeletal muscles were maintained at follow-up in COPD outpatients. Of note, eccentric contractions might play a role in the improvement of functional performance. Therefore, future studies with interventional design should include eccentric training in PR programs during clinical COPD practice.
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12
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Li D, Zhang Q, Liu X, Chen C, Lu J, Ye D, Li Y, Wang W, Shen M. Effect of water-based walking exercise on rehabilitation of patients following ACL reconstruction: a prospective, randomised, single-blind clinical trial. Physiotherapy 2022; 115:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Carvalho L, Junior RM, Barreira J, Schoenfeld BJ, Orazem J, Barroso R. Muscle hypertrophy and strength gains after resistance training with different volume-matched loads: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:357-368. [PMID: 35015560 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared muscle hypertrophy and strength gains between resistance training protocols employing very low (VLL < 30% of 1-repetition maximum (RM) or >35RM), low (LL30%-59% of 1RM, or 16-35RM), moderate (ML60%-79% of 1RM, or 8-15RM), and high (HL ≥ 80% of 1RM, or ≤7RM) loads with matched volume loads (sets × repetitions × weight). A pooled analysis of the standardized mean difference for 1RM strength outcomes across the studies showed a benefit favoring HL vs. LL and vs. ML and favoring ML vs. LL. The LL and VLL results showed little difference. A pooled analysis of the standardized mean difference for hypertrophy outcomes across all studies showed no differences between training loads. Our findings indicate that when the volume load is equal between conditions, the highest loads induce superior dynamic strength gains. Alternatively, hypertrophic adaptations were similar irrespective of the load magnitude. Novelty: Training with higher loads elicits greater gains in 1RM muscle strength when compared to lower loads, even when the volume load is equal between conditions. Muscle hypertrophy is similar irrespective of the magnitude of the load, even when the volume load is equal between conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Moriggi Junior
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Barreira
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - John Orazem
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Ebisu S, Kasahara S, Saito H, Ishida T. Decrease in force control among older adults under unpredictable conditions. Exp Gerontol 2021; 158:111649. [PMID: 34875350 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Falls in older adults generally occur during unpredictable situations. Controlling posture through fine-tuned muscle force before and after falls is necessary to avoid serious injuries. However, details regarding force control among older adults during unpredictable situations are unclear. This study determined the features of force control in a random force-tracking task among older adults. METHODS Ten healthy older adults (67-76 years) and eight healthy young adults (20-23 years) participated in three force-tracking tasks with ankle plantar flexion: low-range (LR), high-range (HR), and pseudo-random (PR) force tasks. Force control ability was assessed using the root mean square error (RMSE) between the target and muscle forces produced by the participants. Muscle activities from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior during each task were measured using surface electromyography to calculate the co-contraction index (CCI). RESULTS In all tasks, older adults (RMSEs: 1.09-3.70, CCIs: 29.4-56.4) had a significantly greater RMSEs and CCIs than young adults (RMSEs: 0.49-1.83, CCIs: 11.7-20.6; all, p < 0.05). The RMSEs during force generation were significantly greater than those during force release (LR: p < 0.01, HR: p < 0.05), except for the random force-tracking task in older adults. CCIs during the force release phase in both groups (older adults: 27.8-56.4, young adults: 15.0-20.6) were consistently greater than those during force generation (older adults: 24.5-50.4, young adults: 11.7-17.2). CCIs in force-tracing tasks differed in older adults, whereas those in the random force-tracing task increased. RMSEs and CCIs in the random and LR force-tracing tasks were significantly negatively correlated with the functional reach test (all: r > 0.5, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Force control in older adults declines in low-band and random muscle force output. Moreover, increased CCIs in older adults are particularly pronounced during unpredictable situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ebisu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation part, Hokuto Social Medical Corporation Tokachi Rehabilitation Center, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasahara
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Kasei University, Sayama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Accuracy and Steadiness Changes after a 12-Week Strength Training Program in Young Healthy Men. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week strength training program on force accuracy and steadiness changes in lower limbs in young healthy men. Twenty subjects with a dominant right lower limb were included. They performed a force matching task both pre and post strength training program. The ability to reproduce force was determined by calculating three errors: absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE). After intervention AE and VE improved in both legs indicating higher improvement in the dominant leg (p = 0.032 for AE and p = 0.005 for VE). However, CE improved only in the dominant leg (p = 0.001). We conclude that strength training improved the accuracy and consistency of force in a force reproduction task. This improvement was more evident in the dominant lower limb. Most likely, the inter-limb asymmetry in changes of force application ability caused by strength training is due to the different mechanisms responsible for the control of voluntary movements in the dominant and non-dominant lower limb.
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16
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Magni NE, McNair PJ, Rice DA. Impairments in grip and pinch force accuracy and steadiness in people with osteoarthritis of the hand: A case-control comparison. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 55:102432. [PMID: 34333399 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic hand osteoarthritis (OA) is severely disabling condition. Limited evidence has focused on force control measures in this population. OBJECTIVES It was the aim of the present study to determine whether force matching accuracy and steadiness are impaired in people with hand OA. In addition, the relationship between force control measures (accuracy and steadiness) and measures of hand function and pain in people with symptomatic hand OA was explored. DESIGN Case-control study. METHOD Sixty-two participants with symptomatic hand OA and 26 healthy pain-free controls undertook an isometric grip and pinch force matching task at 50 % of their maximum voluntary contraction. Average pain hand pain was recorded. In addition, the Disability of the Arm Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), and the Functional Index of Hand Osteoarthritis were collected. RESULTS Grip force-matching accuracy and steadiness were significantly impaired in the hand OA group compared to controls (P < 0.05). Pinch force-matching error was greater in people with hand OA (P < 0.05), however, pinch force steadiness was not different between groups. There was a learning effect in people with hand OA, with resolution of force matching impairments with task repetition. A small positive correlation was identified between grip force control and the DASH. No association was found between other measures of force control and self-reported measures of function or pain. CONCLUSIONS People with hand OA presented with greater impairments in measures of submaximal force control. These were correlated with self-reported hand function but not pain. Future studies may wish to examine whether objective measures of functional performance are related to force-matching error and steadiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Edoardo Magni
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, 90 Akoranga Drive, Northcote, Auckland, 0627, New Zealand.
| | - Peter John McNair
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, 90 Akoranga Drive, Northcote, Auckland, 0627, New Zealand.
| | - David Andrew Rice
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, 90 Akoranga Drive, Northcote, Auckland, 0627, New Zealand; Waitemata Pain Service, Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Shore Hospital, Waitemata DHB, 124 Shakespeare Road, Takapuna, Westlake, Auckland, 0622, New Zealand.
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17
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Dos Santos PCR, Lamoth CJC, Gobbi LTB, Zijdewind I, Barbieri FA, Hortobágyi T. Older Compared With Younger Adults Performed 467 Fewer Sit-to-Stand Trials, Accompanied by Small Changes in Muscle Activation and Voluntary Force. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:679282. [PMID: 34267644 PMCID: PMC8276699 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.679282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Repetitive sit-to-stand (rSTS) is a fatigue perturbation model to examine the age-effects on adaptability in posture and gait, yet the age-effects on muscle activation during rSTS per se are unclear. We examined the effects of age and exhaustive rSTS on muscle activation magnitude, onset, and duration during ascent and descent phases of the STS task. Methods: Healthy older (n = 12) and younger (n = 11) adults performed rSTS, at a controlled frequency dictated by a metronome (2 s for cycle), to failure or for 30 min. We assessed muscle activation magnitude, onset, and duration of plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, knee flexors, knee extensors, and hip stabilizers during the initial and late stages of rSTS. Before and after rSTS, we measured maximal voluntary isometric knee extension force, and rate of perceived exertion, which was also recorded during rSTS task. Results: Older vs. younger adults generated 35% lower maximum voluntary isometric knee extension force. During the initial stage of rSTS, older vs. younger adults activated the dorsiflexor 60% higher, all 5 muscle groups 37% longer, and the hip stabilizers 80% earlier. Older vs. younger adults completed 467 fewer STS trials and, at failure, their rate of perceived exertion was ~17 of 20 on the Borg scale. At the end of the rSTS, maximum voluntary isometric knee extension force decreased 16% similarly in older and younger, as well as the similar age groups decline in activation of the dorsiflexor and knee extensor muscles (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: By performing 467 fewer STS trials, older adults minimized the potential effects of fatigability on muscle activation, voluntary force, and motor function. Such a sparing effect may explain the minimal changes in gait after rSTS reported in previous studies, suggesting a limited scope of this perturbation model to probe age-effects on muscle adaptation in functional tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cezar Rocha Dos Santos
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Claudine J C Lamoth
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Human Movement Research Laboratory, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Sport Biology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary
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18
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Refalo MC, Hamilton DL, Paval DR, Gallagher IJ, Feros SA, Fyfe JJ. Influence of resistance training load on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in maximal strength and neuromuscular task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1723-1745. [PMID: 33874848 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1898094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis determined resistance training (RT) load effects on various muscle hypertrophy, strength, and neuromuscular performance task [e.g., countermovement jump (CMJ)] outcomes. Relevent studies comparing higher-load [>60% 1-repetition maximum (RM) or <15-RM] and lower-load (≤60% 1-RM or ≥ 15-RM) RT were identified, with 45 studies (from 4713 total) included in the meta-analysis. Higher- and lower-load RT induced similar muscle hypertrophy at the whole-body (lean/fat-free mass; [ES (95% CI) = 0.05 (-0.20 to 0.29), P = 0.70]), whole-muscle [ES = 0.06 (-0.11 to 0.24), P = 0.47], and muscle fibre [ES = 0.29 (-0.09 to 0.66), P = 0.13] levels. Higher-load RT further improved 1-RM [ES = 0.34 (0.15 to 0.52), P = 0.0003] and isometric [ES = 0.41 (0.07 to 0.76), P = 0.02] strength. The superiority of higher-load RT on 1-RM strength was greater in younger [ES = 0.34 (0.12 to 0.55), P = 0.002] versus older [ES = 0.20 (-0.00 to 0.41), P = 0.05] participants. Higher- and lower-load RT therefore induce similar muscle hypertrophy (at multiple physiological levels), while higher-load RT elicits superior 1-RM and isometric strength. The influence of RT loads on neuromuscular task performance is however unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Refalo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon A Feros
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Solsona R, Pavlin L, Bernardi H, Sanchez AMJ. Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Organelle Biosynthesis: Practical Recommendations for Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2741. [PMID: 33800501 PMCID: PMC7962973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of skeletal muscle mass and organelle homeostasis is dependent on the capacity of cells to produce proteins and to recycle cytosolic portions. In this investigation, the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mass regulation-especially those associated with proteosynthesis and with the production of new organelles-are presented. Thus, the critical roles of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and its regulators are reviewed. In addition, the importance of ribosome biogenesis, satellite cells involvement, myonuclear accretion, and some major epigenetic modifications related to protein synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, several studies conducted on the topic of exercise training have recognized the central role of both endurance and resistance exercise to reorganize sarcomeric proteins and to improve the capacity of cells to build efficient organelles. The molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations to exercise training are presented throughout this review and practical recommendations for exercise prescription are provided. A better understanding of the aforementioned cellular pathways is essential for both healthy and sick people to avoid inefficient prescriptions and to improve muscle function with emergent strategies (e.g., hypoxic training). Finally, current limitations in the literature and further perspectives, notably on epigenetic mechanisms, are provided to encourage additional investigations on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Henri Bernardi
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Anthony MJ Sanchez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
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20
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Corticomuscular Coherence and Motor Control Adaptations after Isometric Maximal Strength Training. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020254. [PMID: 33670532 PMCID: PMC7922221 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength training (ST) induces corticomuscular adaptations leading to enhanced strength. ST alters the agonist and antagonist muscle activations, which changes the motor control, i.e., force production stability and accuracy. This study evaluated the alteration of corticomuscular communication and motor control through the quantification of corticomuscular coherence (CMC) and absolute (AE) and variable error (VE) of the force production throughout a 3 week Maximal Strength Training (MST) intervention specifically designed to strengthen ankle plantarflexion (PF). Evaluation sessions with electroencephalography, electromyography, and torque recordings were conducted pre-training, 1 week after the training initiation, then post-training. Training effect was evaluated over the maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), the submaximal torque production, AE and VE, muscle activation, and CMC changes during submaximal contractions at 20% of the initial and daily MVIC. MVIC increased significantly throughout the training completion. For submaximal contractions, agonist muscle activation decreased over time only for the initial torque level while antagonist muscle activation, AE, and VE decreased over time for each torque level. CMC remained unaltered by the MST. Our results revealed that neurophysiological adaptations are noticeable as soon as 1 week post-training. However, CMC remained unaltered by MST, suggesting that central motor adaptations may take longer to be translated into CMC alteration.
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Raya-González J, de Keijzer KL, Bishop C, Beato M. Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables in female populations. A systematic review. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:353-370. [PMID: 33401963 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1870977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flywheel training on female populations, report practical recommendations for practitioners based on the currently available evidence, underline the limitations of current literature, and establish future research directions. Studies were searched through the electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement guidelines. The methodological quality of the seven studies included in this review ranged from 10 to 19 points (good to excellent), with an average score of 14-points (good). These studies were carried out between 2004 and 2019 and comprised a total of 100 female participants. The training duration ranged from 5 weeks to 24 weeks, with volume ranging from 1 to 4 sets and 7 to 12 repetitions, and frequency ranged from 1 to 3 times a week. The contemporary literature suggests that flywheel training is a safe and time-effective strategy to enhance physical outcomes with young and elderly females. With this information, practitioners may be inclined to prescribe flywheel training as an effective countermeasure for injuries or falls and as potent stimulus for physical enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Force Steadiness during Submaximal Isometric Plantar and Dorsiflexion in Resistance Training: Experienced vs Non-experienced Individuals. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2021.2-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Spitz RW, Bell ZW, Wong V, Yamada Y, Song JS, Buckner SL, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Strength testing or strength training: considerations for future research. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:09TR01. [PMID: 33017302 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abb1fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maximal strength testing is often performed to assess the efficacy of training programs or as a way to prescribe exercise load. Generally, it is believed that high load exercise is superior to low load exercise at increasing absolute strength, however this is not always the case (i.e. strength increases similarly between groups). We hypothesized that some of the discrepancy in the literature may be related to performing the strength test itself. To investigate this further we reviewed the literature looking for studies comparing high load and low load exercise. The included studies were separated into 'no extra practice' and 'practice'. No extra practice means the strength test was only performed at pre and post whereas practice refers to additional strength tests performed throughout the training intervention. Our results indicated that the differences between high load and low load exercise can be reduced when the group training with a low load is allowed additional exposure to the maximal strength test. This suggests that repeated exposure to strength tests may augment low load training adaptations and influence the outcomes. We discuss potential moderators of this relationship (e.g. how low is the low load, complexity of the skill) and offer considerations for future research. Based on this it would be recommended that when investigating the effects of low load training strength tests should be limited to pre and post intervention or if a control group is utilized then the control group should receive the same number of exposures to the strength test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
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Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, Ryan ED. Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2019-2052. [PMID: 31343601 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, and Ryan, ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2019-2052, 2019-Aging, even in the absence of chronic disease, is associated with a variety of biological changes that can contribute to decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Such losses decrease physiologic resilience and increase vulnerability to catastrophic events. As such, strategies for both prevention and treatment are necessary for the health and well-being of older adults. The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide an overview of the current and relevant literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for resistance training for older adults. As presented in this Position Statement, current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat the loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, physiological vulnerability, and their debilitating consequences on physical functioning, mobility, independence, chronic disease management, psychological well-being, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy. This Position Statement provides evidence to support recommendations for successful resistance training in older adults related to 4 parts: (a) program design variables, (b) physiological adaptations, (c) functional benefits, and (d) considerations for frailty, sarcopenia, and other chronic conditions. The goal of this Position Statement is to a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to resistance training for older adults, b) promote the health and functional benefits of resistance training for older adults, and c) prevent or minimize fears and other barriers to implementation of resistance training programs for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan-Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Handsaker JC, Brown SJ, Petrovic M, Bowling FL, Rajbhandari S, Marple-Horvat DE, Boulton AJM, Reeves ND. Combined exercise and visual gaze training improves stepping accuracy in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:107404. [PMID: 31371130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) place their feet with less accuracy whilst walking, which may contribute to the increased falls-risk. This study examines the effects of a multi-faceted intervention on stepping accuracy, in patients with diabetes and DPN. METHODS Forty participants began the study, of which 29 completed both the pre and post-intervention tests, 8 patients with DPN, 11 patients with diabetes but no neuropathy (D) and 10 healthy controls (C). Accuracy of stepping was measured pre- and post-intervention as participants walked along an irregularly arranged stepping walkway. Participants attended a one-hour session, once a week, for sixteen weeks, involving high-load resistance exercise and visual-motor training. RESULTS Patients who took part in the intervention improved stepping accuracy (DPN: +45%; D: +36%) (p < 0.05). The diabetic non-intervention (D-NI) group did not display any significant differences in stepping accuracy pre- to post- the intervention period (-7%). DISCUSSION The improved stepping accuracy observed in patients with diabetes and DPN as a result of this novel intervention, may contribute towards reducing falls-risk. This multi-faceted intervention presents promise for improving the general mobility and safety of patients during walking and could be considered for inclusion as part of clinical treatment programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Handsaker
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Brown
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Milos Petrovic
- Research Centre for Movement Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Frank L Bowling
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Satyan Rajbhandari
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals, Chorley and South Ribble Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Dilwyn E Marple-Horvat
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J M Boulton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Neil D Reeves
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Ramírez-Villada JF, Cadena-Duarte LL, Gutiérrez-Galvis AR, Argothy-Bucheli R, Moreno-Ramírez Y. Effects of explosive and impact exercises on gait parameters in elderly women. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v67n4.75051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested that physical activity programs combining low impact exercises and resistance exercises help maintaining functional capacity in older adults.Objective: To analyze the effects of an aquatic training program involving both impact and explosive exercises on gait parameters of women aged 60 and above.Materials and methods: 60 physically active women (64.08±3.98 years) were divided into 2 groups: those training in a pool by performing series of jumps, i.e., the experimental group (EG= 35), and the control group (CG=35). EG participants trained 3 times per week during 32 weeks in an hour per session basis. Body composition measurements, explosive strength, and gait parameters (in a 6 meters long track) were assessed using the center of pressure (COP) indicator before and after participating in the training program.Results: When comparing both groups, differences in explosive strength and power (EG vs. CG; p values=from 0.05 to 001) were observed, as well as changes in gait parameters related to the COP (EG vs. CG: p = 0.05-001), in particular EG participants had significant and positive changes.Conclusion: The aquatic training program described here produced an increase in muscle strength and muscle power, thus gait parameters were improved. Bearing this in mind, an improved availability of similar programs for older adults should be considered, since their participation in these programs could help them improve their functional capacity, and, thus, their quality of life.
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Buckinx F, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Relevance to assess and preserve muscle strength in aging field. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109663. [PMID: 31176745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the revised European consensus on sarcopenia, muscle strength is the primary parameter of sarcopenia and is associated with adverse outcomes or physical limitation. This literature review aims to clarify how and why to measure and preserve muscle strength in older population. Overall, the relationship between muscle strength and physical function is impacted by level of muscle mass, the degree of obesity (BMI), age and physical activity. Therefore, these factors are to be considered in the evaluation of muscle strength. It is necessary to have objective, reliable and sensitive tools to assess muscle strength, in different populations to detect and quantify weakness, to adapt physical exercises to patients' capacity and to evaluate the effects of treatment. Handgrip strength measurement might be reasonable for clinical practice while the measurement of knee flexors/extensors strength with both 1RM and dynamometers is increasingly important yet restricted by the requirement of special equipment. Physical activity and nutrition are two important behavioral factors to maintain muscle strength. Combined exercise and nutrition interventions improved muscle strength to a more prominent degree than exercise or nutrition alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buckinx
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - M Aubertin-Leheudre
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada.
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Fiogbé E, Carnavale BF, Takahashi ACDM. Exercise training in older adults, what effects on muscle force control? A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 83:138-150. [PMID: 31026723 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the magnitude of the effects of different exercise training (ET) modalities on variables of muscle force control in older adults. METHODS Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus, using the keywords: Aged AND "Exercise Movement Techniques" AND ("Complexity of torque" OR "Complexity of force" OR "Variability of torque" OR "Variability of force" OR "Force Steadiness" OR "Force fluctuations"). To be included in the full analysis, the studies had to be randomized controlled trials in which older adults were submitted to ET programs and muscle force control assessment. RESULTS The searches resulted in 702 articles from which 6 met all the inclusion criteria. The trials involved 171 healthy and functionally limited older adults (71.64 ± 1.53 years). Studies included resistance, steadiness and functional training programs. Training sessions were 2-3 time per week, lasted 6-16 months with intensities determined as percentage of the one repetition maximum loads. There is a heterogeneity regarding experimental set-up and data analysis parameters between studies. The findings show an improved muscle force control in older adults after ET. Such response is better evidenced by the assessment of the coefficient of variation (CV) of the force signals. There is moderate evidence that resistance training programs are effective to decrease CV of knee extensor force signals at lower force targets. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this review suggest that ET programs are effective to improve muscle force control in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Fiogbé
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP: 13565-905, Brazil.
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Arumugam A, Strong A, Tengman E, Röijezon U, Häger CK. Psychometric properties of knee proprioception tests targeting healthy individuals and those with anterior cruciate ligament injury managed with or without reconstruction: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027241. [PMID: 30948613 PMCID: PMC6500280 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury affects knee proprioception and sensorimotor control and might contribute to an increased risk of a second ACL injury and secondary knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, there is a growing need for valid, reliable and responsive knee proprioception tests. No previous study has comprehensively reviewed all the relevant psychometric properties (PMPs) of these tests together. The aim of this review protocol is to narrate the steps involved in synthesising the evidence for the PMPs of specific knee proprioception tests among individuals with an ACL injury and knee-healthy controls. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses will be followed to report the review. A combination of four conceptual groups of terms-(1) construct (knee proprioception), (2) target population (healthy individuals and those with an ACL injury managed conservatively or with a surgical reconstruction), (3) measurement instrument (specific knee proprioception tests) and (4) PMPs (reliability, validity and responsiveness)-will be used for electronic databases search. PubMed, AMED, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ProQuest will be searched from their inception to November 2018. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full text articles, extract data and perform risk of bias assessment using the updated COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments risk of bias checklist for the eligible studies. A narrative synthesis of the findings and a meta-analysis will be attempted as appropriate. Each PMP of knee proprioception tests will be classified as 'sufficient', 'indeterminate' or 'insufficient'. The overall level of evidence will be ascertained using an established set of criteria. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval or patient consent is not required for a systematic review. The review findings will be submitted as a series of manuscripts for peer-review and publication in scientific journals. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018108014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokan Arumugam
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation – Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew Strong
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation – Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Tengman
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation – Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Röijezon
- Department of Health Sciences – Physiotherapy Section, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Charlotte K Häger
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation – Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Mallette MM, Green LA, Hodges GJ, Fernley RE, Gabriel DA, Holmes MWR, Cheung SS. The effects of local muscle temperature on force variability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1225-1233. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pereira HM, Schlinder-DeLap B, Keenan KG, Negro F, Farina D, Hyngstrom AS, Nielson KA, Hunter SK. Oscillations in neural drive and age-related reductions in force steadiness with a cognitive challenge. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1056-1065. [PMID: 30817244 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A cognitive challenge when imposed during a low-force isometric contraction will exacerbate sex- and age-related decreases in force steadiness, but the mechanism is not known. We determined the role of oscillations in the common synaptic input to motor units on force steadiness during a muscle contraction with a concurrent cognitive challenge. Forty-nine young adults (19-30 yr; 25 women, 24 men) and 36 old adults (60-85 yr; 19 women, 17 men) performed a cognitive challenge (counting backward by 13) during an isometric elbow flexion task at 5% of maximal voluntary contraction. Single-motor units were decomposed from high-density surface EMG recordings. For a subgroup of participants, motor units were matched during control and cognitive challenge trials, so the same motor unit was analyzed across conditions. Reduced force steadiness was associated with greater oscillations in the synaptic input to motor units during both control and cognitive challenge trials ( r = 0.45-0.47, P < 0.01). Old adults and young women showed greater oscillations in the common synaptic input to motor units and decreased force steadiness when the cognitive challenge was imposed, but young men showed no change across conditions (session × age × sex, P < 0.05). Oscillations in the common synaptic input to motor units is a potential mechanism for altered force steadiness when a cognitive challenge is imposed during low-force contractions in young women and old adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that oscillations in the common synaptic input to motor units were associated with a reduction in force steadiness when a cognitive challenge was imposed during low-force contractions of the elbow flexor muscles in young women and old men and women but not young men. Age- and sex-related muscle weakness was associated with these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma
| | | | - Kevin G Keenan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines , London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Škarabot J, Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, Hicks KM, Howatson G, Goodall S, Durbaba R. Reduced corticospinal responses in older compared with younger adults during submaximal isometric, shortening, and lengthening contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1015-1031. [PMID: 30730812 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00987.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess differences in motor performance, as well as corticospinal and spinal responses to transcranial magnetic and percutaneous nerve stimulation, respectively, during submaximal isometric, shortening, and lengthening contractions between younger and older adults. Fifteen younger [26 yr (SD 4); 7 women, 8 men] and 14 older [64 yr (SD 3); 5 women, 9 men] adults performed isometric and shortening and lengthening dorsiflexion on an isokinetic dynamometer (5°/s) at 25% and 50% of contraction type-specific maximums. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and H reflexes were recorded at anatomical zero. Maximal dorsiflexor torque was greater during lengthening compared with shortening and isometric contractions ( P < 0.001) but was not age dependent ( P = 0.158). However, torque variability was greater in older compared with young adults ( P < 0.001). Background electromyographic (EMG) activity was greater in older compared with younger adults ( P < 0.005) and was contraction type dependent ( P < 0.001). As evoked responses are influenced by both the maximal level of excitation and background EMG activity, the responses were additionally normalized {[MEP/maximum M wave (Mmax)]/root-mean-square EMG activity (RMS) and [H reflex (H)/Mmax]/RMS}. (MEP/Mmax)/RMS and (H/Mmax)/RMS were similar across contraction types but were greater in young compared with older adults ( P < 0.001). Peripheral motor conduction times were prolonged in older adults ( P = 0.003), whereas peripheral sensory conduction times and central motor conduction times were not age dependent ( P ≥ 0.356). These data suggest that age-related changes throughout the central nervous system serve to accommodate contraction type-specific motor control. Moreover, a reduction in corticospinal responses and increased torque variability seem to occur without a significant reduction in maximal torque-producing capacity during older age. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to have explored corticospinal and spinal responses with aging during submaximal contractions of different types (isometric, shortening, and lengthening) in lower limb musculature. It is demonstrated that despite preserved maximal torque production capacity corticospinal responses are reduced in older compared with younger adults across contraction types along with increased torque variability during dynamic contractions. This suggests that the age-related corticospinal changes serve to accommodate contraction type-specific motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom.,Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Rade Durbaba
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
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San Martín-Mohr C, Cristi-Sánchez I, Pincheira PA, Reyes A, Berral FJ, Oyarzo C. Knee sensorimotor control following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A comparison between reconstruction techniques. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205658. [PMID: 30439952 PMCID: PMC6237303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensorimotor system helps to maintain functional joint stability during movement. After anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction, several sensorimotor deficits may arise, including altered proprioception and changes in neuromuscular control. It is still unknown whether the type of autograft used in the reconstruction may influence knee sensorimotor impairments. The aim of this study was to comparatively assess the effects of the hamstring tendon (HT) and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) ACL reconstruction techniques on knee sensorimotor control 6–12 months post-operation. A total of 83 male subjects participated in this study: 27 healthy participants, 30 BPTB-operated patients and 26 HT-operated patients. Active joint position sense in 3 ranges of motion (90–60°, 60–30°, and 30–0° of knee flexion), isometric steadiness, and onset of muscle activation were used to compare sensorimotor system function between groups. Both operated groups had a small (< 5°) but significant joint position sense error in the 30–0° range when compared to the healthy group. No significant differences were found between the operated and the control groups for isometric steadiness or onset of muscle activation. The results of this study suggest that operated patients present knee proprioceptive deficits independently of surgical technique. Nevertheless, the clinical implications of this impairment are still unknown. It seems that selected surgical approach for ACL reconstruction do not affect functioning of the sensorimotor system to a large degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal San Martín-Mohr
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento Ciencias de la salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Iver Cristi-Sánchez
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Pincheira
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio Integrativo Biomecánica y Fisiología del Ejercicio, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alvaro Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudio Oyarzo
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Effect of low-intensity versus high-intensity resistance training on the functioning of the institutionalized frail elderly. Int J Rehabil Res 2018; 41:211-217. [PMID: 29620558 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Frailty has emerged as an important risk factor for disability. Age-related declines in physical and physiological function lead to increased risk of loss of independence and poor quality of life. Recent evidence has shown the effectiveness of physical exercise programmes in preventing or reversing frailty. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the functioning of frail elderly individuals after undergoing resistance training for 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The effectiveness of exercise training was investigated in 48 frail elderly individuals who were randomly assigned to the following intervention groups: high-intensity (HI; n=16; age: 69-96 years) or low-intensity (LI; n=16; age: 77-93 years) strength training groups or a control group (n=16; age: 76-93 years) with no specific exercise programme. Participants were assessed for muscle strength, physical function, activities of daily living, depression and quality of life. The HI group had significantly better results (P<0.05) on the Short Physical Performance Test than the LI group; however, the LI group did show a significant improvement in those scores, whereas the scores of the control group worsened. Results for the other evaluations were similarly favourable in both exercise groups (P>0.05). The study showed that LI exercise was as effective as HI exercise for most parameters tested. Exercise training is useful for the prevention or treatment of frailty, as it improves functioning by contributing positively to muscle strength, gait, balance and quality of life.
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Richardson DL, Duncan MJ, Jimenez A, Jones VM, Juris PM, Clarke ND. The acute physiological effects of high- and low-velocity resistance exercise in older adults. Eur J Ageing 2018; 15:311-319. [PMID: 30310377 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-017-0439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if workload matched, high-velocity (HVE) and low-velocity (LVE) resistance exercise protocols, elicit differing acute physiological responses in older adults. Ten older adults completed three sets of eight exercises on six separate occasions (three HVE and three LVE sessions). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and blood lactate were measured pre- and post-exercise, heart rate was measured before exercise and following each set of each exercise. Finally, a rating of perceived exertion was measured following each set of each exercise. There were no significant differences in blood lactate (F(1,9) = 0.028; P = 0.872; η P 2 = 0.003), heart rate (F(1,9) = 0.045; P = 0.837; η P 2 = 0.005), systolic blood pressure (F(1,9) = 0.023; P = 0.884; η P 2 = 0.003) or diastolic blood pressure (F(1,9) = 1.516; P = 0.249; η P 2 = 0.144) between HVE and LVE. However, LVE elicited significantly greater ratings of perceived exertion compared to HVE (F(1,9) = 13.059; P = 0.006; η P 2 = 0.592). The present workload matched HVE and LVE protocols produced comparable physiological responses, although greater exertion was perceived during LVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L Richardson
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.,3Life Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Alfonso Jimenez
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria M Jones
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul M Juris
- 2Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Neil D Clarke
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Aagaard P. Spinal and supraspinal control of motor function during maximal eccentric muscle contraction: Effects of resistance training. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:282-293. [PMID: 30356634 PMCID: PMC6189238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular activity is suppressed during maximal eccentric (ECC) muscle contraction in untrained subjects owing to attenuated levels of central activation and reduced spinal motor neuron (MN) excitability indicated by reduced electromyography signal amplitude, diminished evoked H-reflex responses, increased autogenic MN inhibition, and decreased excitability in descending corticospinal motor pathways. Maximum ECC muscle force recorded during maximal voluntary contraction can be increased by superimposed electrical muscle stimulation only in untrained individuals and not in trained strength athletes, indicating that the suppression in MN activation is modifiable by resistance training. In support of this notion, maximum ECC muscle strength can be increased by use of heavy-load resistance training owing to a removed or diminished suppression in neuromuscular activity. Prolonged (weeks to months) of heavy-load resistance training results in increased H-reflex and V-wave responses during maximal ECC muscle actions along with marked gains in maximal ECC muscle strength, indicating increased excitability of spinal MNs, decreased presynaptic and/or postsynaptic MN inhibition, and elevated descending motor drive. Notably, the use of supramaximal ECC resistance training can lead to selectively elevated V-wave responses during maximal ECC contraction, demonstrating that adaptive changes in spinal circuitry function and/or gains in descending motor drive can be achieved during maximal ECC contraction in response to heavy-load resistance training.
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Richardson DL, Duncan MJ, Jimenez A, Jones VM, Juris PM, Clarke ND. Movement velocity during high- and low-velocity resistance exercise protocols in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:140-147. [PMID: 28964827 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to determine the actual movement velocity of high-velocity, low-load (HVLL) and low-velocity, high-load (LVHL) resistance exercise in a group of older adults. The secondary aim was to examine the differences in velocities produced between male and females. In a crossover study design, four males (age: 67±3years) and five females (age: 68±2years) completed three sets of leg press, calf raise, leg curl, leg extension, chest press, seated row, bicep curl and tricep extension on six separate occasions (three HVLL and three LVHL sessions). The command "as fast as possible" was given for the concentric phase of HVLL, and 2s using a 60-bpm metronome controlled the concentric phase during LVHL. Participants had three days of recovery between each session, and a 7-day period before crossing over to the other protocol. Movement velocity was measured during the concentric and eccentric phases of resistance exercise using two-dimensional video analysis. The concentric phases for all exercises were significantly faster (P<0.001) during HVLL compared to LVHL. Furthermore, males produced significantly greater velocities than females during the concentric phase of the chest press, seated row, bicep curl, and tricep extension for both HVLL and LVHL (P<0.05). These protocols provide a simple solution for exercise professionals to ensure that older adults are training at desired velocities when carrying out resistance exercise, without the need for equipment that measures velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L Richardson
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Alfonso Jimenez
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria M Jones
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul M Juris
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Neil D Clarke
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Škarabot J, Ansdell P, Brownstein C, Howatson G, Goodall S, Durbaba R. Differences in force normalising procedures during submaximal anisometric contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 41:82-88. [PMID: 29857263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric contractions are thought to require a unique neural activation strategy. However, due to greater intrinsic force generating capacity of muscle fibres during eccentric contraction, the understanding of neural modulation of different contraction types during submaximal contractions may be impeded by the force normalisation procedure employed. In the present experiment, subjects performed maximal isometric dorsiflexion at shorter (80°), intermediate (90°) and longer (100°) muscle lengths, and maximal concentric and eccentric contractions. Thereafter, submaximal concentric and eccentric contractions were performed normalised to either isometric maximum at 90° (ISO), contraction type specific maximum (CTS) or muscle length specific maximum (MLS). When using ISO or MLS for normalisation, mean submaximal eccentric torque levels were significantly lower when compared to CTS normalisation (11 and 7% lower compared to CTS; p = 0.003 and p = 0.018 for ISO and MLS, respectively). These experimentally observed differences closely matched those expected from the predictive model. During submaximal concentric contraction, mean torque levels were similar between ISO and CTS normalisation with similar discrepancies noted in EMG activity. These findings suggest that normalising to ISO and MLS might not be accurate for assessment and prescription of submaximal eccentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Brownstein
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rade Durbaba
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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Zult T, Gokeler A, van Raay JJAM, Brouwer RW, Zijdewind I, Farthing JP, Hortobágyi T. Cross-education does not accelerate the rehabilitation of neuromuscular functions after ACL reconstruction: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1609-1623. [PMID: 29796857 PMCID: PMC6060748 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cross-education reduces quadriceps weakness 8 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery, but the long-term effects are unknown. We investigated whether cross-education, as an adjuvant to the standard rehabilitation, would accelerate recovery of quadriceps strength and neuromuscular function up to 26 weeks post-surgery. METHODS Group allocation was randomized. The experimental (n = 22) and control (n = 21) group received standard rehabilitation. In addition, the experimental group strength trained the quadriceps of the non-injured leg in weeks 1-12 post-surgery (i.e., cross-education). Primary and secondary outcomes were measured in both legs 29 ± 23 days prior to surgery and at 5, 12, and 26 weeks post-surgery. RESULTS The primary outcome showed time and cross-education effects. Maximal quadriceps strength in the reconstructed leg decreased 35% and 12% at, respectively, 5 and 12 weeks post-surgery and improved 11% at 26 weeks post-surgery, where strength of the non-injured leg showed a gradual increase post-surgery up to 14% (all p ≤ 0.015). Limb symmetry deteriorated 9-10% more for the experimental than control group at 5 and 12 weeks post-surgery (both p ≤ 0.030). One of 34 secondary outcomes revealed a cross-education effect: Voluntary quadriceps activation of the reconstructed leg was 6% reduced for the experimental vs. control group at 12 weeks post-surgery (p = 0.023). Both legs improved force control (22-34%) and dynamic balance (6-7%) at 26 weeks post-surgery (all p ≤ 0.043). Knee joint proprioception and static balance remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Standard rehabilitation improved maximal quadriceps strength, force control, and dynamic balance in both legs relative to pre-surgery but adding cross-education did not accelerate recovery following ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk Zult
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Vision and Eye Research Unit, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Young Street 213, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos J A M van Raay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud W Brouwer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kougias DG, Das T, Perez AB, Pereira SL. A role for nutritional intervention in addressing the aging neuromuscular junction. Nutr Res 2018; 53:1-14. [PMID: 29804584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss the structural and physiological changes that underlie age-related neuromuscular dysfunction and to summarize current evidence on the potential role of nutritional interventions on neuromuscular dysfunction-associated pathways. Age-related neuromuscular deficits are known to coincide with distinct changes in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the neuromuscular system, and systemically. Although many features contribute to the age-related decline in neuromuscular function, a comprehensive understanding of their integration and temporal relationship is needed. Nonetheless, many nutrients and ingredients show promise in modulating neuromuscular output by counteracting the age-related changes that coincide with neuromuscular dysfunction. In particular, dietary supplements, such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and dietary phospholipids, demonstrate potential in ameliorating age-related neuromuscular dysfunction. However, current evidence seldom directly assesses neuromuscular outcomes and is not always in the context of aging. Additional clinical research studies are needed to confirm the benefits of dietary supplements on neuromuscular function, as well as to define the appropriate population, dosage, and duration for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Kougias
- Abbott Nutrition, Strategic Research, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Tapas Das
- Abbott Nutrition, Strategic Research, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | | | - Suzette L Pereira
- Abbott Nutrition, Strategic Research, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Smart RR, Baudry S, Fedorov A, Kuzyk SL, Jakobi JM. Influence of biceps brachii tendon mechanical properties on elbow flexor force steadiness in young and old males. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:983-991. [PMID: 29161769 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elbow flexor force steadiness (FS) depends on strength and decreases with age. Achilles tendon mechanics effect standing balance and isometric plantarflexion FS. This study investigated the influence of distal biceps brachii (BB) tendon mechanics and elbow flexor strength on age-related decline in FS. Nine young (23 ± 2 years) and nine old (77 ± 5 years) males performed submaximal isometric elbow flexion tasks at low (2.5%, 5%, 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and high (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%MVC) forces in a neutral forearm position. Distal BB tendon elongation and cross-sectional area (CSA) were recorded on ultrasound to calculate mechanics of strain, stress, and stiffness. Coefficient of variation (CV) of force was used to assess relationship of FS to tendon mechanics and strength. Young were 22% stronger and 41% steadier than old (P < .05). Tendon stiffness (170.1 ± 132.9 N/mm; 113.0 ± 55.1 N/mm) did not differ with age (P > .05). Young had 40% less strain compared to old at 5% MVC, but 42% greater strain at 60% and 80% MVC (P ≤ .05). Stress was ~18% greater in young at 10%, 20%, and 80% MVC (P ≤ .05). At low forces, CV of force was predicted by stress (r2 = 0.56) in young, and stress and MVC (r2 = 0.641) in old. At high forces for both age groups, CV of force was predicted by MVC and stress (r2 = 0.39-0.43). Stress and strain is greater in young compared with old males. Because strength influences tendon mechanics and is also associated with FS, absolute strength is a large and modifiable contributor to age-related decline in FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Smart
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - S Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Fedorov
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - S L Kuzyk
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - J M Jakobi
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Richardson DL, Duncan MJ, Jimenez A, Jones VM, Juris PM, Clarke ND. The perceptual responses to high-velocity, low-load and low-velocity, high-load resistance exercise in older adults. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1594-1601. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1405710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Richardson
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael J. Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Alfonso Jimenez
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria M. Jones
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul M. Juris
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscle during isometric maximal, submaximal and submaximal fatiguing voluntary contractions in knee osteoarthrosis patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176976. [PMID: 28505208 PMCID: PMC5432168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knee osteoarthrosis (KOA) is commonly associated with a dysfunction of the quadriceps muscle which contributes to alterations in motor performance. The underlying neuromuscular mechanisms of muscle dysfunction are not fully understood. The main objective of this study was to analyze how KOA affects neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscle during different contraction intensities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following parameters were assessed in 20 patients and 20 healthy controls: (i) joint position sense, i.e. position control (mean absolute error, MAE) at 30° and 50° of knee flexion, (ii) simple reaction time task performance, (iii) isometric maximal voluntary torque (IMVT) and root mean square of the EMG signal (RMS-EMG), (iv) torque control, i.e. accuracy (MAE), absolute fluctuation (standard deviation, SD), relative fluctuation (coefficient of variation, CV) and periodicity (mean frequency, MNF) of the torque signal at 20%, 40% and 60% IMVT, (v) EMG-torque relationship at 20%, 40% and 60% IMVT and (vi) performance fatigability, i.e. time to task failure (TTF) at 40% IMVT. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the KOA group displayed: (i) significantly higher MAE of the angle signal at 30° (99.3%; P = 0.027) and 50° (147.9%; P < 0.001), (ii) no significant differences in reaction time, (iii) significantly lower IMVT (-41.6%; P = 0.001) and tendentially lower RMS-EMG of the rectus femoris (-33.7%; P = 0.054), (iv) tendentially higher MAE of the torque signal at 20% IMVT (65.9%; P = 0.068), significantly lower SD of the torque signal at all three torque levels and greater MNF at 60% IMVT (44.8%; P = 0.018), (v) significantly increased RMS-EMG of the vastus lateralis at 20% (70.8%; P = 0.003) and 40% IMVT (33.3%; P = 0.034), significantly lower RMS-EMG of the biceps femoris at 20% (-63.6%; P = 0.044) and 40% IMVT (-41.3%; P = 0.028) and tendentially lower at 60% IMVT (-24.3%; P = 0.075) and (vi) significantly shorter TTF (-51.1%; P = 0.049). CONCLUSION KOA is not only associated with a deterioration of IMVT and neuromuscular activation, but also with an impaired position and torque control at submaximal torque levels, an altered EMG-torque relationship and a higher performance fatigability of the quadriceps muscle. It is recommended that the rehabilitation includes strengthening and fatiguing exercises at maximal and submaximal force levels.
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Jørgensen AN, Aagaard P, Nielsen JL, Christiansen M, Hvid LG, Frandsen U, Diederichsen LP. Physical function and muscle strength in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:E50-E58. [PMID: 28187529 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, self-reported physical function, functional capacity, and isolated muscle function were investigated in sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) patients. METHODS The 36-item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey and 2-min walk test (2MWT), timed up & go test (TUG), and 30-s chair stand performance were evaluated. In addition, patients were tested for knee extensor muscle strength (isokinetic dynamometer) and leg extension power (Nottingham power rig). RESULTS TUG performance was the strongest predictor of self-reported physical function (r2 = 0.56, P < 0.05). Knee extension strength and between-limb strength asymmetry were the strongest multi-regression indicators of TUG performance (r2 = 0.51, P < 0.05). Strength asymmetry showed the strongest single-factor (negative) association with 2MWT performance (r2 = 0.49, P < 0.05). DISCUSSION TUG assessment appears to sensitively predict self-perceived physical function in sIBM patients. Notably, between-limb asymmetry in lower limb muscle strength had a substantial negative impact on motor tasks involving gait function. Muscle Nerve 56: E50-E58, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders N Jørgensen
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob L Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars G Hvid
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Zult T, Gokeler A, van Raay JJAM, Brouwer RW, Zijdewind I, Hortobágyi T. An anterior cruciate ligament injury does not affect the neuromuscular function of the non-injured leg except for dynamic balance and voluntary quadriceps activation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:172-183. [PMID: 27665093 PMCID: PMC5315715 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) patients' non-injured leg is relevant in light of the high incidence of secondary ACL injuries on the contralateral side. However, the non-injured leg's function has only been examined for a selected number of neuromuscular outcomes and often without appropriate control groups. We measured a broad array of neuromuscular functions between legs of ACL patients and compared outcomes to age, sex, and physical activity matched controls. METHODS Thirty-two ACL-deficient patients (208 ± 145 days post-injury) and active and less-active controls (N = 20 each) participated in the study. We measured single- and multi-joint neuromuscular function in both legs in each group and expressed the overall neuromuscular function in each leg by calculating a mean z-score across all neuromuscular measures. A group by leg MANOVA and ANOVA were performed to examine group and leg differences for the selected outcomes. RESULTS After an ACL injury, duration (-4.3 h/week) and level (Tegner activity score of -3.9) of sports activity decreased and was comparable to less-active controls. ACL patients showed bilateral impairments in the star excursion balance test compared to both control groups (P ≤ 0.004) and for central activation ratio compared to active controls (P ≤ 0.002). There were between-leg differences within each group for maximal quadriceps and hamstring strength, voluntary quadriceps activation, star excursion balance test performance, and single-leg hop distance (all P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in quadriceps force accuracy and variability, knee joint proprioception, and static balance. Overall neuromuscular function (mean z-score) did not differ between groups, but ACL patients' non-injured leg displayed better neuromuscular function than the injured leg (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Except for poorer dynamic balance and reduced quadriceps activation, ACL patients had no bilateral neuromuscular deficits despite reductions in physical activity after injury. Therapists can use the non-injured leg as a reference to assess the injured leg's function for tasks measured in the present study, excluding dynamic balance and quadriceps activation. Rehabilitation after an ACL injury should be mainly focused on the injured leg. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk Zult
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinoud W. Brouwer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Chung-Hoon K, Tracy BL, Dibble LE, Marcus RL, Burgess P, LaStayo PC. The Association Between Knee Extensor Force Steadiness, Force Accuracy, and Mobility in Older Adults Who Have Fallen. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2016; 39:1-7. [PMID: 25695470 PMCID: PMC4540703 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults often experience limited mobility, lower extremity muscle weakness, and increased fall risk. Furthermore, when older adults perform tasks that require control of submaximal force, impairments in their ability to maintain steady and accurate force output have been reported. Such problems may be related to deteriorating levels of mobility, particularly in older adults who have fallen. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between muscle force steadiness (MFS) or muscle force accuracy (MFA) of the knee extensors and mobility in older adults who have fallen. METHODS Twenty older adults ((Equation is included in full-text article.)= 77.5 ± 7 years, 5 males and 15 females) with 2 or more comorbid conditions and who experienced a fall in the past year underwent assessment of maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors. A submaximal target force of 50% of their maximal voluntary isometric contraction was used to determine concentric and eccentric (ECC) steadiness (the fluctuations in force production) and accuracy (the average distance of the mean force from the target force) measures. Mobility was indicated by the 6-minute walk test, the Timed Up and Go, stair ascent, and stair descent tests. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between measures of muscle force control and mobility. RESULTS The correlations between muscle force steadiness and mobility were not significant (P > .05) for either contraction type. However, MFA during ECC contractions only was correlated significantly with all measures of mobility-6 minute walk test (r = -0.48; P = .03), Timed Up and Go (r = 0.68; P = .01), stair ascent (r = 0.60; P = .01), and stair descent (r = 0.75; P < .01). CONCLUSION The identification of the relationship between ECC MFA and mobility in older adults who have fallen is novel. Although the correlations are not causal, these relationships suggest that inaccurate force output during ECC contractions of the knee extensors is linked to impaired mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwi Chung-Hoon
- University of Utah, Department of Physical Therapy, 520 Wakara Way, SLC, UT 84108
| | - Brian L. Tracy
- Colorado State University, Department of Health and Exercise Science, 220 Moby-B Complex, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Leland E. Dibble
- University of Utah, Department of Physical Therapy, 520 Wakara Way, SLC, UT 84108
| | - Robin L. Marcus
- University of Utah, Department of Physical Therapy, 520 Wakara Way, SLC, UT 84108
| | - Paul Burgess
- University of Utah, Department of Physical Therapy, 520 Wakara Way, SLC, UT 84108
| | - Paul C. LaStayo
- University of Utah, Department of Physical Therapy, 520 Wakara Way, SLC, UT 84108
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Borde R, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. Dose-Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Healthy Old Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1693-720. [PMID: 26420238 PMCID: PMC4656698 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training (RT) is an intervention frequently used to improve muscle strength and morphology in old age. However, evidence-based, dose-response relationships regarding specific RT variables (e.g., training period, frequency, intensity, volume) are unclear in healthy old adults. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to determine the general effects of RT on measures of muscle strength and morphology and to provide dose-response relationships of RT variables through an analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that could improve muscle strength and morphology in healthy old adults. DATA SOURCES A computerized, systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library from January 1984 up to June 2015 to identify all RCTs related to RT in healthy old adults. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The initial search identified 506 studies, with a final yield of 25 studies. Only RCTs that examined the effects of RT in adults with a mean age of 65 and older were included. The 25 studies quantified at least one measure of muscle strength or morphology and sufficiently described training variables (e.g., training period, frequency, volume, intensity). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS We quantified the overall effects of RT on measures of muscle strength and morphology by computing weighted between-subject standardized mean differences (SMDbs) between intervention and control groups. We analyzed the data for the main outcomes of one-repetition maximum (1RM), maximum voluntary contraction under isometric conditions (MVC), and muscle morphology (i.e., cross-sectional area or volume or thickness of muscles) and assessed the methodological study quality by Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2 and χ2 statistics. A random effects meta-regression was calculated to explain the influence of key training variables on the effectiveness of RT in terms of muscle strength and morphology. For meta-regression, training variables were divided into the following subcategories: volume, intensity, and rest. In addition to meta-regression, dose-response relationships were calculated independently for single training variables (e.g., training frequency). RESULTS RT improved muscle strength substantially (mean SMDbs = 1.57; 25 studies), but had small effects on measures of muscle morphology (mean SMDbs = 0.42; nine studies). Specifically, RT produced large effects in both 1RM of upper (mean SMDbs = 1.61; 11 studies) and lower (mean SMDbs = 1.76; 19 studies) extremities and a medium effect in MVC of lower (mean SMDbs = 0.76; four studies) extremities. Results of the meta-regression revealed that the variables "training period" (p = 0.04) and "intensity" (p < 0.01) as well as "total time under tension" (p < 0.01) had significant effects on muscle strength, with the largest effect sizes for the longest training periods (mean SMDbs = 2.34; 50-53 weeks), intensities of 70-79% of the 1RM (mean SMDbs = 1.89), and total time under tension of 6.0 s (mean SMDbs = 3.61). A tendency towards significance was found for rest in between sets (p = 0.06), with 60 s showing the largest effect on muscle strength (mean SMDbs = 4.68; two studies). We also determined the independent effects of the remaining training variables on muscle strength. The following independently computed training variables are most effective in improving measures of muscle strength: a training frequency of two sessions per week (mean SMDbs = 2.13), a training volume of two to three sets per exercise (mean SMDbs = 2.99), seven to nine repetitions per set (mean SMDbs = 1.98), and a rest of 4.0 s between repetitions (SMDbs = 3.72). With regard to measures of muscle morphology, the small number of identified studies allowed us to calculate meta-regression for the subcategory training volume only. No single training volume variable significantly predicted RT effects on measures of muscle morphology. Additional training variables were independently computed to detect the largest effect for the single training variable. A training period of 50-53 weeks, a training frequency of three sessions per week, a training volume of two to three sets per exercise, seven to nine repetitions per set, a training intensity from 51 to 69% of the 1RM, a total time under tension of 6.0 s, a rest of 120 s between sets, and a rest of 2.5 s between repetitions turned out to be most effective. LIMITATIONS The current results must be interpreted with caution because of the poor overall methodological study quality (mean PEDro score 4.6 points) and the considerable large heterogeneity (I2) = 80%, χ2 = 163.1, df = 32, p < 0.01) for muscle strength. In terms of muscle morphology, our search identified nine studies only, which is why we consider our findings preliminary. While we were able to determine a dose-response relationship based on specific individual training variables with respect to muscle strength and morphology, it was not possible to ascertain any potential interactions between these variables. We recognize the limitation that the results may not represent one general dose-response relationship. CONCLUSIONS This systematic literature review and meta-analysis confirmed the effectiveness of RT on specific measures of upper and lower extremity muscle strength and muscle morphology in healthy old adults. In addition, we were able to extract dose-response relationships for key training variables (i.e., volume, intensity, rest), informing clinicians and practitioners to design effective RTs for muscle strength and morphology. Training period, intensity, time under tension, and rest in between sets play an important role in improving muscle strength and morphology and should be implemented in exercise training programs targeting healthy old adults. Still, further research is needed to reveal optimal dose-response relationships following RT in healthy as well as mobility limited and/or frail old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Borde
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
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Vila-Chã C, Falla D. Strength training, but not endurance training, reduces motor unit discharge rate variability. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 26:88-93. [PMID: 26586649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates and compares the effects of strength and endurance training on motor unit discharge rate variability and force steadiness of knee extensor muscles. Thirty sedentary healthy men (age, 26.0±3.8yrs) were randomly assigned to strength training, endurance training or a control group. Conventional endurance and strength training was performed 3days per week, over a period of 6weeks. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), time to task failure (at 30% MVC), coefficient of variation (CoV) of force and of the discharges rates of motor units from the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis were determined as subjects performed 20% and 30% MVC knee extension contractions before and after training. CoV of motor unit discharges rates was significantly reduced for both muscles following strength training (P<0.001), but did not change in the endurance (P=0.875) or control group (P=0.995). CoV of force was reduced after the strength training intervention only (P<0.01). Strength training, but not endurance training, reduces motor unit discharge rate variability and enhances force steadiness of the knee extensors. These results provide new insights into the neuromuscular adaptations that occur with different training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vila-Chã
- Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco Sá Carneiro, n. 50, 6300-559, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Deborah Falla
- Institute for Neurorehabilitation Systems, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, Göttingen, Germany; Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
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Rice DA, McNair PJ, Lewis GN, Mannion J. Experimental knee pain impairs submaximal force steadiness in isometric, eccentric, and concentric muscle actions. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:259. [PMID: 26377678 PMCID: PMC4574021 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Populations with knee joint damage, including arthritis, have noted impairments in the regulation of submaximal muscle force. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of such impairments given the joint pathology and associated neuromuscular adaptations. Experimental pain models that have been used to isolate the effects of pain on muscle force regulation have shown impaired force steadiness during acute pain. However, few studies have examined force regulation during dynamic contractions, and these findings have been inconsistent. The goal of the current study was to examine the effect of experimental knee joint pain on submaximal quadriceps force regulation during isometric and dynamic contractions. METHODS The study involved fifteen healthy participants. Participants were seated in an isokinetic dynamometer. Knee extensor force matching tasks were completed in isometric, eccentric, and concentric muscle contraction conditions. The target force was set to 10 % of maximum for each contraction type. Hypertonic saline was then injected into the infrapatella fat pad to generate acute joint pain. The force matching tasks were repeated during pain and once more 5 min after pain had subsided. RESULTS Hypertonic saline resulted in knee pain with an average peak pain rating of 5.5 ± 2.1 (0-10 scale) that lasted for 18 ± 4 mins. Force steadiness significantly reduced during pain across all three muscle contraction conditions. There was a trend to increased force matching error during pain but this was not significant. CONCLUSION Experimental knee pain leads to impaired quadriceps force steadiness during isometric, eccentric, and concentric contractions, providing further evidence that joint pain directly affects motor performance. Given the established relationship between submaximal muscle force steadiness and function, such an effect may be detrimental to the performance of tasks in daily life. In order to restore motor performance in people with painful arthritic conditions of the knee, it may be important to first manage their pain more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rice
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Waitemata Pain Service, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, North Shore Hospital, Private Bag 93-503, Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Peter J McNair
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Gwyn N Lewis
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jamie Mannion
- Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria St West, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Csapo R, Alegre LM. Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:995-1006. [PMID: 26302881 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of heavy (∼80% of one repetition maximum, 1RM) vs light-moderate load (∼45% 1RM) resistance training (RT) programs in inducing strength gains and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in elderly people. To assess the role of training volumes, studies in which training protocols were matched for mechanical work were independently analyzed. In all 15 studies included (448 subjects, age 67.8 years), when comparing heavy with light-moderate loads, strength gains tended to be larger following RT with higher intensities of load, with the resulting total population effect being μ = 0.430 (P = 0.060). Effect sizes were substantially smaller in "work-matched" studies (μ = 0.297, P = 0.003). Training with higher loads also provoked marginally larger gains in muscle size, although the degree of training-induced muscle hypertrophy was generally small (0.056 < μ < 0.136). To conclude, provided a sufficient number of repetitions is performed, RT at lower than traditionally recommended intensities of load may suffice to induce substantial gains in muscle strength in elderly cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Csapo
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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