• ALIF
• Neurosurgery
• Obesity
• Spine
• Surgery

• Humans
• Spinal Fusion/methods
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery
• Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
• Body Mass Index
• Retrospective Studies
• Treatment Outcome
• Follow-Up Studies
• Aged
• Sacrum/surgery
• Sacrum/diagnostic imaging
• Adult
• Operative Time

• kyphosis classification
• kyphotic deformity
• posterior column shortening
• posterior-only approach
• spinal TB

• Humans
• Spinal Fusion/methods
• Male
• Debridement/methods
• Female
• Thoracic Vertebrae/surgery
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/surgery
• Retrospective Studies
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods
• Treatment Outcome
• Pain Measurement
• Disability Evaluation

• IL-10
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• TGF-β1
• abscesses
• spinal tuberculosis

• Middle Aged
• Humans
• Aged
• Interleukin-10/metabolism
• Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/drug therapy
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/metabolism
• CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
• Abscess/drug therapy
• Abscess/metabolism
• Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
• Necrosis/drug therapy
• Necrosis/metabolism
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
• Cytokines/metabolism

• Comprehensive spinal TB score
• RAND/UCLA appropriateness method
• Scoring tool
• Spinal tuberculosis
• Thoracolumbar

• Abscess
• Debridement
• Free fibula graft
• Kyphosis
• Orthopedic
• Spinal tuberculosis

• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/complications
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/diagnostic imaging
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/surgery
• Thoracic Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
• Thoracic Vertebrae/surgery
• Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
• Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery
• Abscess
• Fibula/diagnostic imaging
• Fibula/surgery
• Quality of Life
• Treatment Outcome
• Debridement/methods
• Spinal Fusion/methods
• Kyphosis/surgery
• Paralysis
• Retrospective Studies
• Antitubercular Agents

• TB
• fusion
• infection
• instability
• spinal instability
• spinal tuberculosis
• spine
• spondylitis
• spondylodiscitis
• tuberculosis

• Drugs resistance
• Kyphosis
• Medical treatment of spinal tuberculosis
• Pott’s disease
• Spinal tuberculosis
• Surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis

Patients with severe posttuberculous (TB) kyphosis might suffer from late-onset neurological deficits, and surgical correction may improve neurological function. However, there is a lack of predictive factors for neurological function in these patients.

This study was aimed at identifying the risk factors for late-onset neurological deficits in spinal TB patients at initial and final assessments.

Seventy-eight patients with severe kyphosis caused by old thoracic tuberculosis were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with active spinal TB and other spinal diseases were excluded from the analysis. The kyphosis Cobb angle, sagittal deformity angular ratio (S-DAR), and level of apex were measured and calculated on X-ray. The spinal cord cross-sectional area ratio (CSAR), spinal cord sagittal diameter ratio (SDR), and spinal cord angle (SCA) were measured on preoperative T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). According to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) at the time of admission, the patients were divided into the symptomatic group (N = 60 patients, AIS grades A to D) and the asymptomatic group (N = 18 patients, AIS grade E). All of the symptomatic patients underwent surgery, and the patients from both groups had at least 2 years of follow-up. Relationships among the radiological parameters and initial and final AIS grades were evaluated via univariate and multivariate analyses.

The mean duration of kyphotic deformity was 37.4 years in the symptomatic group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of CSAR, kyphosis Cobb angle, S-DAR, level of apex, or the segments that were involved. Patients from the symptomatic group exhibited significantly greater SDR and smaller SCA than those from the asymptomatic group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). The multivariate logistic regression identified SDR and SCA as independent factors influencing the likelihood of spinal cord injury at the initial and final assessments.

Severe posttuberculous kyphosis may lead to significant neurological symptoms many years following the initial treatment. The predictive factors for late-onset neurological deficits include larger SDR and smaller SCA.

• Debridement
• Kyphosis
• Osteotomy
• Spinal tuberculosis
• Surgical treatment

• Debridement/methods
• Humans
• Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery
• Retrospective Studies
• Spinal Fusion/methods
• Thoracic Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
• Thoracic Vertebrae/surgery
• Treatment Outcome
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/complications
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/diagnostic imaging
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/surgery

Objective: Little information is available about the etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and epidemiologic features of Bone Tuberculosis (Bone-TB). In this work, we present the epidemiological data about the Bone-TB in the Sultanate of Oman.

Methods: Retrospectively, we identified and assessed those patients who were diagnosed with Bone-TB between January 2002 and December 2019 at Khoula Hospital. The following data were collected: demographics, clinical presentation, anatomical location, diagnosis, and treatment of the Bone-TB.

Results: During the study period, 115 cases of Bone-TB were diagnosed. Males were affected more than females (57.4% and 42.6%, respectively). About 30% of Bone-TB cases were primary diagnosed in other organs particularly the lungs and then after disseminated to the bone. However, the Bone-TB was detected in hip, leg, hand, shoulder, and skull bones, the most detected Bone-TB was in spine (66% of cases). After vaccination the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) strains were identified in the bones of eight babies. Tubercle bacilli were detected by Acid-Fast Stain (AFS) in 59% of cases, and the rest of cases were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. There are two used treatment regimens, with 12.4% relapse. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disturbances were the most related side effects. The resistance has been detected to pyrazinamide in six cases, rifampicin in three cases, and isoniazid, streptomycin and kanamycin were detected in one case.

Conclusion: The most predominant Bone-TB cases were spine-TB that were mainly disseminated from the lungs. AFS failed to detect tubercle bacilli in 40% of cases. There is no statistical significance in relapse between the used two regimens. The death was predominant among skull-TB cases.

• Bone-TB
• Oman
• Tuberculosis
• extra-pulmonary tuberculosis

Electronic survey–based study.

The aim of the study was to objectively review the variability in the prevailing treatment protocols and surgical decision making in the management of patients with spinal tuberculosis (TB) among spine surgeons with expertise in spinal TB across the country.

A lack of good-quality evidence, ambiguities in the national spinal TB guidelines, and the demand for early rehabilitation and a better quality of life in patients with spinal TB has led to the emergence of various gray zones in the management of spinal TB.

Seventeen fellowship-trained spinal TB experts representing different geographical regions of India completed an online survey consisting of questions pertaining to the conservative management of spinal TB (antitubercular therapy) and 30 clinical case vignettes including a wide spectrum of presentations of spinal TB with no or minimal neurological deficit. The variability in the responses for questions and case wise variability with respect to surgical decision making was assessed using the index of qualitative variation (IQV). The average tendency to operate (TTO) was calculated for various groups of respondents.

High variability was observed in all questions regarding conservative spinal TB management (IQV > 0.8). Among the 30 case vignettes, 14 were found to have high variability with respect to surgical decision making (IQV > 0.8). With respect to levels of fixation, all but two cases had poor or slight agreement. Younger age and practice in a government or tertiary care teaching hospital were factors associated with a higher TTO.

Significant variability was detected in treatment practices for the management of spinal TB among experts. Most of the case vignettes were found to have significant heterogeneity with respect to surgical decision making, which reflects a significant lack of consensus and lacunae in literature.

• Consensus
• Health care surveys
• Spinal fusion
• Spinal tuberculosis

• anterior cervical instrumentation
• subaxial cervical spine
• tuberculosis

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of single posterior debridement, bone grafting and instrumentation for the treatment of thoracic spinal tuberculosis in adult patients. A retrospective analysis was conducted between June 2013 and September 2017of 88 adult patients with thoracic spinal tuberculosis. All patients were treated with single posterior debridement, bone grafting and instrumentation. The clinical manifestations and laboratory and imageological results were subsequently analysed. All patients were followed for 40.6 ± 4.1 months (range, 36–48 m). Bony fusion was achieved in all bone grafts of thoracic vertebrae. The visual analogue scale scores, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels 6 weeks after surgery and at the final follow up were significantly lower than the preoperative levels (P < 0.05). The postoperative and final follow up kyphosis angles were both significantly smaller than the preoperative kyphosis angles (P < 0.05). The postoperative angle correction rate reached 81.5% and the postoperative angle loss reached only 4.1%. At the last follow up, American Spinal Injury Association improvement was significant, compared with the preoperative levels (P < 0.05). The single posterior approach can achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes in the treatment of thoracic spinal tuberculosis.

: Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging using gadolinium contrast media is an essential imaging modality in diagnosing spondylitis. However, gadolinium contrast is not widely available in Indonesia and relatively expensive. Many MR studies in Indonesia are performed without contrast administration. It is unclear how confident non-contrast MR can diagnose tuberculous spondylitis in comparison to standard contrast MR.

: This study aims to evaluate the concordance between the contrast MR and non-contrast spine MR in diagnosing tuberculous spondylitis. We also evaluate the interobserver agreement between the general radiologist and musculoskeletal radiologist in interpreting non-contrast MR of spondylitis.

: A cross-sectional study using secondary data was performed to evaluate the concordance between the MR results regarding the usage of contrast media in diagnosing spondylitis. The inclusion criteria were patients over 17 years old who underwent complete sequences of contrast-enhanced MR examination of the spine, referred to radiology with the clinical diagnosis of suspected tuberculous spondylitis, spondylodiscitis, or both. All of the non-contrast and contrast-enhanced MR results were read and interpreted by two independent observers, a musculoskeletal radiologist and a general radiologist, blindly. The interobserver agreement analysis of the MR examination was conducted using Kappa and McNemar test.

: There was no significant difference between the contrast and non-contrast MR in diagnosing spondylitis (P= 0.368) and no significant difference in the interpretation of MR between the first and the second observer (P =  0.343). The concordance between the contrast and non-contrast spine MR in diagnosing spondylitis (R: 0.88, P < 0.001) and the interpretation of MR between both observers (R: 0.65, P < 0.001) were showed in this study.

: There is a high concordance between the contrast and non-contrast MR in diagnosing tuberculous spondylitis. Although contrast MR is preferred as the standard imaging method of spondylitis, in case gadolinium contrast is unavailable, non-contrast MR can still provide valuable information in diagnosing spondylitis.

• Concordance-analysis
• Contrast-enhanced MR
• Gd-DTPA, gadolinium with diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid
• MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
• Non-contrast MR
• SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
• Spondylitis
• TB, tuberculosis
• WHO, World Health Organization

The type of surgical treatment that should be adopted for thoracic tuberculosis (TB) remains controversial. This study was performed to compare the clinical efficacy of surgery via the single anterior and single posterior approaches for treatment of thoracic spinal TB.

Seventy-eight patients with thoracic TB undergoing surgical treatment were divided into two groups on the basis of the surgical methods employed: Group A (single anterior debridement + bone graft fusion and internal fixation) and Group B (single posterior debridement + bone graft fusion and internal fixation). Results of clinical and imaging examinations were analysed and compared between the two groups.

The surgical duration and mean hospital stay were significantly longer and the perioperative bleeding volume was significantly higher in Group A than B. At the last follow-up, changes in the American Spinal Injury Association grade showed no obvious differences between the two groups. Before and after the surgery and at the last follow-up, no significant differences were detected in the Cobb angle change or correction rate between the two groups.

Surgery via the single anterior and single posterior approaches achieved good clinical efficacy in the treatment of thoracic spinal TB.

• Spinal tuberculosis
• anterior approach
• clinical efficacy
• debridement
• internal fixation
• posterior approach

• Anterior debridement
• Case report
• Expendable cage
• Fusion
• Spondylitis tuberculosis

Anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) alone cannot easily cure spine tuberculosis (STB) though it is the most essential treatment. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of the surgical treatment of STB through anterior, anterolateral, posterior debridement, and intervertebral fusion or combined with internal fixation. However, the conventional surgical approach requires extensive exposure of the affected areas with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recently, minimally invasive surgery has come into use to reduce iatrogenic trauma and relevant complications. Here, we introduced a novel technique for the treatment of thoracic and lumbar spine tuberculosis: minimally invasive far lateral debridement and posterior instrumentation (MI-FLDPI). In this study, we evaluated the technical feasibility, the clinical outcomes, and the postoperative complications.

We did a prospective, non-randomized study on this new technique. Twenty three patients (13 males) with thoracic or lumbar spine tuberculosis who underwent minimally invasive far lateral debridement and posterior instrumentation were included in the study. The preoperative comorbidities, operation duration, intra-operative hemorrhage, Cobb’s angles, and postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), neurological recovery, and eradication of tuberculosis. Radiological outcomes were evaluated by changes in Cobb’s angle and fusion status of the affected segments.

The patients were followed for an average of 19 months (ranging from 12 to 36 months). At the final follow-up, CRP and ESR of all patients were normal. The VAS and ODI were significantly improved compared with preoperative values (P < 0.05). No evident progression of the kyphotic deformity was found after surgery. Twenty two patients showed spontaneous peripheral interbody fusion 1 year after surgery. There were no failure of the instrumentation even though a young female with drug-resistant tuberculosis showed no sign of interbody fusion at the third year follow-up. All the patients with preoperative neurological deficit showed complete recovery at the final follow-up.

MI-FLDPI using expandable tubular retractor could be recommended to treat thoracic and lumbar spine tuberculosis for the advantages of less trauma, earlier recovery, and less complications. Spontaneous peripheral interbody fusion was observed in nearly all the cases even without bone grafting.

• Far lateral approach
• Minimal invasive surgery
• Pedicle screw fixation
• Spinal tuberculosis

• Bone graft
• Internal fixation
• Lumbar tuberculosis
• Posterior debridement

• Adult
• Bone Transplantation/methods
• Female
• Humans
• Ilium/transplantation
• Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Retrospective Studies
• Spinal Fusion/methods
• Thoracic Vertebrae/surgery
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/surgery

• Extrapulmonary TB
• Osseous TB
• Pott disease
• Spinal TB
• Tubercular osteomyelitis
• Tuberculosis treatment

• Single-stage posterior approach
• Spondylodiscitis
• Transforaminal approach
• Tuberculosis

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Algorithms
• Discitis/microbiology
• Discitis/surgery
• Female
• Humans
• Lumbar Vertebrae
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Orthopedic Procedures/methods
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular/surgery
• Young Adult

This study was performed to compare different surgical approaches in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis.

We conducted a literature search to identify and analyze papers published from January 1966 to April 2018 relevant to comparison of the anterior, posterior, and anterior combined with posterior approaches in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis of the thoracic and lumbar regions.

Twenty-five studies involving 2295 patients were identified in this systematic review. The operative time was significantly longer in the anterior combined with posterior approach than in the other two approaches. Blood loss was significantly greater in the anterior combined with posterior approach (1125.0 ± 275.5 mL) than in the posterior approach (710.4 ± 192.4 mL). The difference in correction of the kyphosis angle among the three procedures was not significant. The overall surgical and transthoracic complications were significantly lower in the posterior approach. The clinical outcome of all patients improved, but there was no significant difference among the three procedures.

Blood loss, overall surgical and transthoracic complications, and the operative time are different among the three approaches. Therefore, different factors must be carefully assessed in deciding among the three procedures.

• Surgical treatment
• blood loss
• lumbar tuberculosis
• operative time
• spinal tuberculosis
• surgical approach
• thoracic tuberculosis

• Neurological deficit
• Posterior decompression
• Spinal tuberculosis
• Thoracolumbar junction

• Caries spine
• Pediatric spinal tuberculosis
• Skeletal system

• Childhood tuberculosis
• extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
• spinal tuberculosis
• tuberculosis epidemiology

Spinal tuberculosis (Pott disease) can produce severe deformities when it is not properly treated. Long instrumentations through single or combined double approaches are usually required to prevent and correct the deformity. The authors present a case of severe deformity secondary to tuberculous spondylodiscitis in the lumbar spine treated with a monosegmental instrumentation through a double approach in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis. Deformity correction and infection resolution through debridement and arthrodesis is observed after one year of follow-up.

• Debridement
• Discitis
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Spinal fusion
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Tuberculosis, spinal

• Pott’s disease
• spinal tuberculosis
• spine
• surgical treatment

Spondylodiscitis may involve the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, paravertebral structures and spinal canal, with potentially high morbidity and mortality rates.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:447–461. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160062

• discitis
• spinal infection
• spondylitis
• spondylodiscitis
• vertebral osteomyelitis

Tuberculous infection of the lumbar spine may be associated with psoas abscess. The aim of this clinical study was to compare the outcome of posterior lumbar debridement and spinal fusion, combined with either a one-stage anteroposterior (AP) or posterior (P) approach to percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) for the treatment of lumbar tuberculosis with psoas abscess.

From January 2008 to June 2012, 74 patients were diagnosed at our hospital with lumbar tuberculosis with unilateral or bilateral psoas abscess. Forty-three patients underwent P-PCD (group A), and 31 patients underwent AP-PCD (group B). Operative duration, blood loss, the length of hospital stay, spinal correction, clinical cure rate, and other clinical outcomes in the two groups were compared.

Comparison of the outcome for the P-PCD and AP-PCD patients showed that there was no significant difference in outcome for spinal bone fusion, correction of spinal deformity, or cure rate from tuberculosis infection (P>0.05). Blood loss, operative time, and the length of hospital stay for patients in group A, the P-PCD group, were significantly less than for group B, the AP-PCD group (P<0.05). Also, group B, the AP-PCD group, had an increased incidence of complications than group A, the P-PCD group, leading to increased hospital stay (OR 3.04, CI 0.52–17.75).

For the treatment of tuberculous psoas abscess using PCD, the posterior approach may achieve the same clinical efficacy as the anteroposterior approach, but is associated with reduced length of hospital stay, and lower risk of complications.

Retrospective case series.

To investigate the clinical efficacy and feasibility of one-stage anterolateral debridement, bone grafting, and internal fixation for treating lumbosacral tuberculosis.

There has been no consensus regarding the optimal means of treating lumbosacral tuberculosis. The one-stage anterolateral extraperitoneal approach for radical debridement, bone grafting, and internal fixation for treating lumbosacral tuberculosis is rare in literature.

Twenty-one patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent the surgery of anterolateral debridement after regularly antituberculous drugs therapy. We evaluated the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, visual analogue score, and Oswestry disability index before and after surgery.

All patients completed a follow-up survey 9–48 months after surgery. All patients' wounds healed well without chronic infection or sinus formation, and all patients with low-back pain reported relief after surgery. All cases had no tuberculosis recurrence. Solid bony fusion was achieved within 6–12 months. At final follow-up, evaluated the erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased from 38.1±12.5 to 11.3±7.1 mm/hr, C-reactive protein decreased from 6.2±4.2 to 1.6±1.3 mg/dL, the visual analog scale score decreased from 4.6±1.1 to 1.4±1.0, the Oswestry disability index score decreased from 50.2%±11.9% to 13.0%±6.6%, and the lumbosacral angle increased from 20.0°±4.8° to 29.0°±3.9° (p<0.05).

One-stage anterolateral debridement, bone grafting, and internal instrument fixation for treating lumbosacral tuberculosis is safe and effective.

• Anterolateral debridement
• Extraperitoneal debridement
• Internal fixation
• Lumbosacral tuberculosis
• Tuberculous spondylitis

• spinal tuberculosis
• minimal invasive
• xlif

• combined approach
• lumbar tuberculosis
• nonstructural bone
• posterior approach

• Adult
• Blood Loss, Surgical
• Blood Transfusion
• Bone Transplantation/economics
• Bone Transplantation/methods
• Case-Control Studies
• Debridement
• Female
• Hospital Costs
• Humans
• Length of Stay
• Male
• Operative Time
• Retrospective Studies
• Transplantation, Autologous
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/surgery

Retrospective study.

To compare the neurological outcome of transforaminal debridement and interbody fusion with transpedicular decompression for treatment of thoracic and lumbar spinal tuberculosis.

Few articles have addressed the impact of neurological recovery in patients with tuberculosis who were treated by two different operative methods via the posterior-only approach.

Clinical and radiographic results of one-stage posterior instrumented spinal fusion for treatment of tuberculous spondylodiscitis with neurological deficits were reviewed and analyzed from 2009 to 2013. The extensive (E) group consisted of patients who received transforaminal debridement and interbody fusion, whereas transpedicular decompression was performed on limited (L) group. Rapid recovery was improvement of at least one Frankel grade within 6 weeks after operation. Otherwise, it was slow recovery.

All 39 patients had improved neurological signs. The median follow-up period was 24 months. Proportionately younger patients (under 65 years of age) received extensive surgery (15 of 18, 83.3% vs. 11 of 21, 52.4%; p=0.04). The mean operative time and blood loss in the group E were higher than in the group L (both p<0.01). With regard to type of procedure, especially at thoracic and thoracolumbar spine, patients who underwent extensive surgery had rapid neurological recovery significantly different from those of limited surgery (p=0.01; Relative Risk, 3.06; 95% Confidence Interval, 1.13 to 8.29).

Transforaminal debridement and interbody fusion provides more rapid neurological recovery in patients with thoracic and thoracolumbar spinal tuberculosis compared to transpedicular decompression.

• Debridement
• Pedicle screws
• Spinal fusion
• Spinal tuberculosis
• Surgical decompression

The treatments for spinal tuberculosis (TB) patients without absolute surgical indications have been controversial. Some people believed that most spinal TB patients were indicated for surgery, while other people believed in chemotherapy only. To help clarify the treatment over spinal TB patients without absolute surgical indications, we characterized a subtype spinal TB and then analyzed the treatment outcomes of standard chemotherapy alone.

In this retrospective study, 740 adult patients of spinal TB from January 2005 to January 2013 in our institution were reviewed. Patients who fit into the characterizations of mild spinal TB were started by standard chemotherapy for 18 months and followed up for at least 2 years upon the completion of treatment. The overall outcome, neurological function, local kyphosis, and level of pain at different time points were assessed.

After starting the conservative treatment, 89 out of 740 patients were chosen for chemotherapy alone, and all patients were followed up for at least 2 years (ranging from 24 to 50 months) upon the completion of the treatment. Of 89 patients, 95.4 % of patients showed a definite and clinical response within 1 month after starting the treatment, 69 % of patients had excellent to good results, with no complications of the disease, and 77.5 % had asymptomatic local kyphosis with intact neurological function; solid bony fusion of adjacent segment was achieved in 88.8 % of patients.

We believe that the mild spinal TB respond well to the standard chemotherapy, and the detailed description of mild TB would provide crucial guidance in determination of conservative treatment.

• Mild spinal tuberculosis
• Standard chemotherapy alone
• Treatment outcome

• kyphosis
• tuberculosis, spinal

• Pott disease
• epidemiology
• spinal tuberculosis
• tuberculous osteomyelitis

• Meta-analysis
• Posterior and anterior approach
• Posterior approach
• Spinal tuberculosis

In neurologically intact patients with isolated tuberculosis of the posterior spinal elements, surgical intervention can be of benefit in select patients by reducing instability, deformity and late complications.

• Spinal tuberculosis
• atypical tuberculosis
• posterior elements

• Abscess
• Kyphosis
• Pott's disease
• Spinal tuberculosis
• Spondylitis
• Surgical treatment

• Global Health
• Humans
• Tuberculosis/epidemiology
• Tuberculosis, Spinal/epidemiology