Circadian rhythm disruption and endocrine-related tumors

Table 1 The role of circadian disruption and clock genes in different types of endocrine tumors

Endocrine tumor	Circadian gene influence	Associated findings/interventions
Breast cancer	PER genes, PRMT6, PARP1	Night shifts linked to increased risk, PER genes involved in tumor progression, PRMT6 and PARP1 implicated in cancer progression
Ovarian cancer	PER1, PER2, CRY2, CLOCK	Shift work/irregular patterns linked to risk, gene expression alterations, CLOCK gene linked to cisplatin resistance
Prostate cancer	NPAS2, PER1-3	Environmental/lifestyle factors contribute, aging and sleep patterns, PER2 linked to cancer dissemination, intermittent fasting as a protective factor
Thyroid cancer	Various clock genes	Disruption as a potential contributing factor, alterations in gene expressions in follicular malignancies, NPAS2 gene promotes malignant phenotypes
Parathyroid tumors	NFIL3, CRY2	Downregulation observed in adenomas, further research needed
Adrenal tumors	PER1, BMAL1, CRY1	Altered expression in cortisol-secreting and aldosterone-producing adenomas, adrenal-specific gene influences, implications in glucocorticoid secretion and regulation
Pituitary tumors	PER2	Overexpression linked to tumor growth, potential timing for pharmacotherapeutic interventions

Clock genes abbreviations: BMAL1: Basic Helix-Loop-Helix ARNT Like 1; CLOCK: Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput; CRY2: Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator 2; NFIL3: Nuclear Factor, Interleukin 3 Regulated; NPAS2: Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2; PARP1: Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1; Per: Period; PER1: Period Circadian Regulator 1; PER2: Period Circadian Regulator 2; PER3: Period Circadian Regulator 3; PRMT6: Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 6.