Hyperprogression under treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: A natural process of advanced tumor progression?

Table 1 Incidence and definition of hyperprogressive disease in advanced gastric cancer patients receiving immunotherapy

Study agent	Tumor	HPD definition	Number of patients	Incidence of HPD, %	Ref.
Nivolumab	AGC	(1) An increase of ≥ 50% in the sum of longest diameter (SLD) of target lesions at 8 wk post baseline; (2) An increase of ≥ 20% in the sum of longest diameter of target lesions at 8 wk post baseline; and (3) An increase of ≥ 100% in the sum of longest diameter of target lesions at 8 wk post baseline	243; 243; 243	5.4; 27.6; 1.2	Feng et al[75], 2018
PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy	AGC	TGKPOST⁄TGKPRE ≥ 2	9	55.6	Sugimoto et al[76], 2018
PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy	AGC	TGRPOST⁄TGRPRE ≥ 2	105	24.8	Sunakawa et al[77], 2019
PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy	AGC	TGRPOST⁄TGRPRE ≥ 2	218	17.4	Suzuki et al[78], 2020

HPD: Hyperprogressive disease; AGC: Advanced gastric cancer; TGK: Tumor growth kinetics; TGR: Tumor growth rate.