Published online Oct 24, 2023. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i10.373
Peer-review started: July 30, 2023
First decision: August 24, 2023
Revised: September 7, 2023
Accepted: September 18, 2023
Article in press: September 18, 2023
Published online: October 24, 2023
Processing time: 85 Days and 17.5 Hours
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system. Disulfidptosis is a new programmed cell death mechanism, although its specific mechanism in GC is incompletely understood.
In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis to explore a disulfidptosis-based predictive model related to GC prognosis and to identify potential therapeutic targets and sensitive drugs for GC.
We extracted GC-related data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. R software (version 4.2.1) was used for correla
Through the above analysis, we found that the disulfidptosis related gene may be related to the prognosis of GC. Six genes, namely, PLS3, GRP, APOD, SGCE, COL8A1, and VAMP7, were found to constitute a predictive model for GC prognosis. APOD is a potential therapeutic target for treating GC. Bosutinib and other drugs are sensitive for the treatment of GC.
The results of this study indicate that disulfidptosis is related to the prognosis and treatment of GC, while APOD represents a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Core Tip: Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system. Disulfidptosis is a new programmed cell death mechanism. The specific mechanism of disulfidptosis in GC is not fully understood. This study found that the disulfidptosis related gene may be related to the prognosis of gastric cancer. PLS3, GRP, APOD, SGCE, COL8A1, VAMP7, these six genes constitute a predictive model for gastric cancer prognosis. APOD is a potential therapeutic target. Bosutinib and other drugs are sensitive for the treatment of gastric cancer.
- Citation: Li Q, Yin LK. Comprehensive analysis of disulfidptosis related genes and prognosis of gastric cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14(10): 373-399
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v14/i10/373.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v14.i10.373
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a particularly high incidence in East Asia, such as South Korea, China, and Japan[1-9]. The early clinical symptoms of GC are not obvious and lack specificity[10-14], which leads to a low rate of early diagnosis[15-26]. Most patients with GC are diagnosed late and have a poor prognosis[27-40]. Although the diagnosis and treatment strategies for GC have gradually increased in recent decades, the prognosis of advanced GC remains poor[41-47]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find more biomarkers as novel therapeutic targets and to develop new drugs to improve diagnosis and treatment measures and, consequently, patient survival and prognosis.
GC is a heterogeneous disease[48], with previous studies suggesting that various cell programmed death mechanisms, including ferroptosis[49-54] and cuproptosis[55-58], represent novel research directions for GC. In recent years, it has been found that disulfidptosis[59], a novel and poorly studied mechanism of programmed cell death, represents a previously uncharacterized form of cell death induced by abnormal accumulation of disulfide in cells under glucose starvation, which is different from copper death and iron death. However, its role in GC and its related mechanisms are still unclear and need to be further explored.
In this study, we analyzed the sequencing data of tumor tissues from databases such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)[60] and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (Supplementary material)[61] and 14 disulfidptosis-related gene (DRGs)[59] (ACTN4, ACTB, CD2AP, CAPZB, DSTN, FLNA, FLNB, INF2, IQGAP1, MYH10, MYL6, MYH9, PDLIM1, and TLN1). We conducted differential analysis of DRGs, as well as analyses of the tumor mutation burden (TMB)[62,63], copy variations, gene ontology (GO)[64], and the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)[65], among others. In this paper, the mechanism of DRGs involved in the occurrence and development of GC is discussed, and new therapeutic targets and drugs that may be related to the prognosis of GC are preliminarily analyzed and screened from a new perspective.
Expression data, clinical data, mutation data, and copy data related to GC were downloaded and organized from TCGA database. The GSE84433 and GSE26253 datasets and their platform annotation files were downloaded from the GEO database. Data were analyzed and processed using R software (version 4.2.1) and Perl software (version 5.30.0).
GC-related data were extracted from TCGA database and analyzed in combination with the disulfidptosis-related gene. Differential analysis, mutation load analysis, copy number variation frequency analysis, and survival analysis were performed using R software.
R software was used to classify all samples related to the disulfidptosis-related gene in TCGA and GEO databases for survival analysis, heatmap clustering, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), immune cell differential analysis, subtype differential analysis, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.
We continued to perform survival analysis, heatmap clustering, and differential analysis of the DRGs on the samples classified by differential gene subtyping. Then, we randomly divided the significant differential samples into groups and performed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and constructed a prognostic model. Using the prognostic model, we calculated the risk score for each patient sample using the following formula:.where Coefi is the coefficient, and Xi is the expression level of the gene. We constructed a prognostic evaluation model for overall survival based on the risk score. We then constructed a Sankey diagram and analyzed the differences in risk scores between subtypes and the differential risk of the DRGs.
The reliability of the prognostic model was verified by survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve mapping, risk curve mapping, survival state map, and clustering heatmap of model genes in each subgroup.
Next, the independent prognostic factors of GC and potential therapeutic targets were sought by constructing the column diagram, and survival analysis of potential prognostic genes was performed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Subsequently, immune cell correlation analysis, tumor microenvironment (TME) difference analysis, waterfall map construction, tumor mutation load analysis, microsatellite instability (MSI), stem cell correlation analysis, and drug sensitivity analysis were performed for the risk score.
We conducted immunohistochemical analysis of APOD using the human protein atlas (HPA) network database, comparing the differences in protein expression between GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues.
All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.2.1). A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Difference analysis revealed that 10 DRGs, namely, ACTN4, ACTB, CD2AP, CAPZB, FLNB, INF2, IQGAP1, MYH10, MYH9 and PDLIM1, were significantly different in GC samples and adjacent normal tissue samples (Figure 1A). Through mutation load analysis, copy number variation frequency analysis, and a genosphere map, we found that CAPZB and MYL6 were not mutated, while MYH10 had the most mutations. It was also found that CAPZB had the most deletion mutations, while IQGAP1 had the most insertion mutations. Cyclic analysis led to the identification of disulfidptosis mutations in 14 chromosomes (Figure 1B-D). Moreover, survival analysis showed that patients with high expression of TLN1, MYL6, MYH10, MYH9, IQGAP1, INF2, FLNA, DSTN, and ACTB had a reduced survival time, while those with high expression of PDLIM1 had an increased survival time (Figure 2A–J). Prognostic network diagram analysis showed that disulfidptosis-related genes, including PDLIM1, FLNA, MYH10, MYL6, and DSTN, were significantly correlated with the prognosis of GC (P < 0.05), and DSTN, FLNA, MYH10, and MYL6 were risk factors for the prognosis of GC, while PDLIM1 was a favorable factor for the prognosis of GC (Figure 2K).
Through clustering analysis of the DRG samples, we found that the best way to divide the samples was into two subtypes, A and B (Figure 3A-D). Through survival analysis of the two subtypes, we found significant differences between the groups, P < 0.05 (Figure 3E), and through clustering heatmap analysis, we found that most DRGs were upregulated in cluster A and downregulated in cluster B (Figure 3F). Using the GSVA package in R software, we performed KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the DRG subtyping samples and found that the significantly different pathways enriched in the two subtypes included glutamate and glutamine metabolism, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, and the pentose phosphate pathway (Figure 4A). Through GO functional enrichment analysis of the DRG subtyping samples with the GSVA package in R, we found that the main enrichment was in the positive regulation of the transforming growth factor receptor and Wnt signaling pathways (Figure 4B). We also found significant differences in immune cells, such as activated CD4 T cells, and activated CD8 T cells, between subtypes A and B, according to the analysis of the differences in immune cells between the subtypes (Figure 5A). Subtype differential analysis led to the identification of 282 significantly different co-expressed genes between subtypes A and B (Figure 5B and C). Moreover, GO analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed that the enriched functions of these differentially expressed genes were mainly in the extracellular matrix tissue and negative regulation of the typical Wnt signaling pathway (Figure 5D). KEGG analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed that these genes were enriched in the TGF-β, Wnt, and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as in other pathways (Figure 5E).
The related samples of differentially expressed genes were clustered into three subtypes (Figure 6A–D). Survival analysis showed that the prognosis of subtype C was different from that of subtypes A and B, with better prognosis for subtypes B and C (Figure 6E). Heatmap analysis showed that most samples in subtype C were upregulated, while most samples in subtype B were downregulated (Figure 6F). Differential expression analysis of the DRGs in the different gene subtypes showed that the expression of the DRGs was different in subtypes A, B, and C, with P < 0.05 (Figure 6G). We used the create data partition package to randomly divide the samples into two groups of equal size, the training and testing groups. Then, using LASSO regression and Cox regression, we analyzed the training group samples and constructed a six-gene risk model based on the DRG subtype: Risk score = (0.164102181511909* PLS3 expression) + (0.079055019007862* GRP expression) + (0.0649967121599996* APOD expression) + (0.0920219139298833* SGCE expression) + (0.107438278125729* COL8A1 expression) + (–0.0723643090076661* VAMP7 expression) (Figure 6H and I). The results of the risk model are shown in Supplementary Table 1. The Sankey diagram shows the distribution of samples among the different groups (Figure 7A). By evaluating the risk score for each group, we found significant differences in the risk between the groups (Figure 7B and C). By evaluating the risk score for the DRGs, we found that the expression levels of 13 DRGs differed significantly between the high and low risk groups, with nine genes showing higher expression in the high-risk group and four genes showing higher expression in the low-risk group (Figure 7D).
We next used the risk model to score the differential gene-related samples mentioned above and then divided them into high- and low-risk groups for the overall, test set, and training set samples. We then performed survival, ROC, and risk analyses on each group. Survival analysis of each group revealed that the high-risk group had poorer prognosis than the low-risk group (Figure 8A-C). Through ROC curve analysis of each group, we found that the area under the curve values of the overall, training set, and test set samples for 1, 3, and 5 years were all > 0.05, indicating the accuracy of the model in predicting survival prognosis (Figure 8D-F). Risk curve analysis of the total, training set, and test set samples showed an increase in the number of deaths with an increase in the risk score. We also found that VAMP7 was a low-risk gene, while PLS3, GRP, APOD, SGCE, and COL8A1 were high-risk genes through heatmap analysis (Figure 8G-O). Comparison of the results of survival, ROC, and risk analyses among various groups showed that the results were consistent, indicating the accuracy of this risk model in predicting the prognosis of patients with GC.
We found that APOD, PLS3, age, sex, and N staging are independent factors that impact patient prognosis, all of which are risk factors for the prognosis of patients with GC. The odds of patients surviving for 1, 3, and 5 years are 0.806, 0.527, and 0.39, respectively (Figure 9A). The correction curve shows that the predicted value of the model is close to the actual value (Figure 9B). Through immune cell analysis, we found that resting mast cells and APOD were significantly positively correlated. Moreover, PLS3 was significantly positively correlated with resting mast cells (Figure 9C). We also conducted survival analysis on APOD and PLS3 by GEPIA, which were found to have independent effects on the prognosis of GC through column line graph analysis, and found that the survival analysis of APOD showed significant differences (P < 0.05) (Figure 9D), while the survival analysis of PLS3 did not indicate the presence of significant differences (P > 0.05) (Figure 9E). In the relationship analysis between immune cells and risk scores, we found that 13 types of immune cells were significantly correlated with risk scores (Figure 10). Through TME scoring, we found differences between high and low risk groups in terms of the Stromal Score and ESTIMATE Score, both of which were upregulated in the high-risk group (Figure 11A). The waterfall chart shows that the genes that undergo mutations in the high- and low-risk groups were consistent, while the probability of mutations occurring in the low-risk group was higher than that in the high-risk group (Figure 11B and C). Through TMB analysis, we found significant differences between the high- and low-risk groups, as well as a negative correlation between TMB and risk scores (Figure 11D and E). Through microsatellite instability analysis, we found significant differences between the microsatellite stability and MSI-high (MSI-H) groups, as well as between the MSI-H and MSI-low groups. The risk value of the MSI-H group is the lowest, and the proportion of stable samples in the high-risk group is as high as 71% (Figure 11F and G). Stem cell correlation analysis shows that RNA stemness scores (RNAss) is negatively correlated with risk scores (Figure 11H). Finally, drug analysis showed significant differences in the sensitivity of 89 drugs, including Bosutinib and Bryostatin (Figure 11I and J), between high- and low-risk groups.
Through the HPA network database, immunohistochemical analysis of APOD revealed that the protein expression level of APOD in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues adjacent to GC (Figure 12).
The occurrence and development of GC are complex pathological processes involving the activation and alteration of multiple genes and signaling pathways[66]. Previous studies have shown that the expression of certain genes in GC tissue and normal gastric tissue can vary[67]. In this study, we analyzed the differential expression of 10 DRGs between GC tissue and adjacent normal tissue and found significant differences between the two. By analyzing the mutation waterfall plot and mutation frequency plot of DRGs, we observed that most DRGs were mutated in GC tissue, further indicating that DRGs are differentially expressed in cancer tissue. Previous studies have found that high expression of the disulfidptosis-related gene PDLIM1 may inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of GC cells, promote apoptosis, and enhance their sensitivity to cisplatin[68]. It has also been found that the high expression of FLNA can lead to low survival rate and migration and invasion energy of GC cells[69]. Additionally, the disulfidptosis-related gene MYH10 may be related to the occurrence, development, and drug resistance of ovarian cancer[70], but its role in GC requires further exploration. Moreover, previous studies have revealed that DSTN increases the colony formation and migration ability of tumor cells when highly expressed[71], although its relationship with GC prognosis requires further study. Study on MYL6 revealed possible impacts on the migration of melanoma cells[72], but its relationship with GC needs further study. In this study, we found that PDLIM1, FLNA, MYH10, MYL6, and DSTN are significantly associated with GC prognosis (P < 0.05), among which, DSTN, FLNA, MYH10, and MYL6 are risk factors for GC prognosis, while PDLIM1 is a protective factor for GC prognosis. Our study further demonstrates the impact of DRGs on GC prognosis.
Our results revealed significant pathway and functional differences, as well as significantly different KEGG and GO pathways and functions between the two subtypes of disulfidptosis, mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, TGF-β signaling pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway, among others. These functions and pathways may be related to the presence of GC. Indeed, previous studies have found that the TGF-β signaling pathway may be involved in the occurrence, invasion, proliferation, and metastasis of GC, affecting the prognosis of patients with GC[73-77]. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that the pentose phosphate pathway may be related to the proliferation of GC cells[78]. Previous studies have also found that the MAPK signaling pathway may also be involved in the occurrence, invasion, proliferation, and metastasis of GC, affecting the prognosis of GC[79-87]. Additionally, some studies have found that the Wnt signaling pathway may be involved in the metastasis, migration, invasion, and progression of GC, affecting the prognosis of GC[88-94]. In the current study, we also found differences in immune cell infiltration between the subgroups of disulfidptosis gene typing. Taken together, these findings and research suggest that DRGs affect various aspects of patients with GC, including amino acid metabolism, various signaling pathways, and immune cell infiltration, all of which may affect the survival or prognosis of patients with GC; however, the specific mechanisms and functions need to be further explored.
In this study, we used a risk model to score differentially expressed genes in overall, training set, and testing set samples, dividing them into high- and low-risk groups. Survival, ROC, and risk analyses were conducted for each group. The results showed that the high-risk group had a poorer prognosis than the low-risk group in all groups, and the result trend was consistent, further demonstrating the reliability of the model.
Through column line chart analysis, we revealed that APOD, PLS3, age, sex, and N stage represent independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis, all of which are risk factors for GC prognosis. Through column line chart analysis, we observed that the survival rates of patients at 1, 3, and 5 years gradually decreased, with rates of 0.806, 0.527, and 0.39, respectively; this is consistent with the trend of 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates in previous studies on GC, further confirming the reliability of the prognostic model[95]. Additionally, we found that APOD represents an independent prognostic factor for GC in this model (P < 0.001). Previous studies on APOD have found that it may be involved in the construction of multiple GC prognostic and immune prediction models[96-103], which may be related to GC prognosis. In this study, we further analyzed the protein encoded by APOD in the HPA network database through immunohistochemical analysis and found that its protein expression level in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues, further indicating significant differences in APOD between GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Overall, our results suggest that APOD may play an important role in the occurrence and development of GC, while its expression level may be related to the prognosis of patients with GC, further suggesting that APOD represents a potential therapeutic target for GC.
We also found that the genes constituting the GC prognosis model were related to various immune cells, indicating that the DRGs may affect the immunity of patients with GC. The heatmap of the correlation between the model genes and immune cells in this study showed a significant positive correlation between disulfidptosis PLS3 and resting mast cells (P < 0.001). Indeed, previous studies have found a correlation between resting mast cells and GC[104,105], and it has been suggested that PLS3[106] may also be related to GC. Through the analysis of TME differences in the prognosis model, we found differences in the Stromal Score and ESTIMATE Score in the high- and low-risk groups, with both scores found to be upregulated in the high-risk group, indicating that the risk score of the prognosis model is related to the TME of GC. Through the analysis of the relationship between the risk score of the prognosis model and TMB, MSI, and stem cell correlation, we found that the risk score of the prognosis model was correlated with TMB, MSI, and RNAss. These results further indicate that the DRGs may be related to the immunity or immune therapy targets of TMB, MSI, and RNAss in patients with GC, which may affect the immune therapy effect and prognosis of patients with GC. Among them, MSI, an immune therapy target, has been found to affect the treatment and prognosis of patients with GC in previous studies[107-111], while the significant correlation between the GC risk prediction model established in this study and MSI indicates that MSI-targeted treatment may be meaningful for the treatment and prognosis of patients with GC. This further indicates the correlation between disulfidptosis and the immunity or immune therapy targets of patients with GC.
The results of our drug sensitivity analysis revealed that 89 drugs, including Bosutinib and Bryostatin, were significantly correlated with the sensitivity of GC treatment. Previous studies have found that Bryostatin can enhance the effect of paclitaxel in the treatment of GC[112], while others have found that Bosutinib may inhibit the migration of GC cells[113]. These results suggest that Bosutinib may have therapeutic effects on GC. The high sensitivity of Bosutinib and Bryostatin to GC found in this study suggests that they may be useful drugs for the treatment of GC. Therefore, the 89 drugs represented by Bosutinib in this study may be potential drugs for the treatment of GC.
In conclusion, our findings suggest that the DRGs and their submolecules may have an impact on immunity, immunotherapy targets, signaling pathways, and drug sensitivity in patients with GC. DRGs, including PDLIM1, FLNA, MYH10, MYL6, and DSTN, may be related to the prognosis of GC. Six genes, namely, PLS3, GRP, APOD, SGCE, COL8A1, and VAMP7, constituted a prognostic model of GC associated with DRG. APOD may be a potential target for the treatment of GC, while 89 drugs, including Bosutinib and Bryostatin, may be potential drugs for the treatment of GC.
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, although its pathogenesis remains unclear.
For the first time, in the current study, we constructed a new GC prognostic model based on the sub-group analysis of disulfidptosis-related genes (DRGs) and explored treatment targets and sensitive drugs.
The aims of this study were to explore a new GC prognostic model based on the sub-group analysis of DRGs and explore treatment targets and sensitive drugs.
In this study, a bioinformatics strategy was used to extract GC-related data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases, while R software (version 4.2.1) was used for correlation analysis.
Through the above analysis, we found that the didisulfidptosis-related gene may be related to the prognosis of GC. Six genes, namely, PLS3, GRP, APOD, SGCE, COL8A1, and VAMP7, constitute a predictive model for GC prognosis. APOD is a potential therapeutic target. Bosutinib and other drugs are suitable for the treatment of GC.
The results of this study indicate that didisulfidptosis is related to the prognosis and treatment of GC. Additionally, APOD can be used as a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Six genes, namely, PLS3, GRP, APOD, SGCE, COL8A1, and VAMP7, constitute a predictive model for GC prognosis. APOD is a potential therapeutic target for treating GC. Bosutinib and other drugs are suitable for the treatment of GC, although this requires further confirmation through molecular biology and clinical experiments.
Provenance and peer review: Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Specialty type: Oncology
Country/Territory of origin: China
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P-Reviewer: Ozturk E, Turkey; Rhoden CRB, Brazil S-Editor: Qu XL L-Editor: A P-Editor: Zhang XD
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