Alcohol drinking and mammary cancer: Pathogenesis and potential dietary preventive alternatives

Figure 1 Cooperative mechanism between NADPH oxidase and lipoxygenase in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in microsomes.

Figure 2 Structures of some of acetaldehyde-guanine adducts.

Figure 3 Structures of adducts formed between DNA bases and (A) malondialdehyde or (B) 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

Figure 4 Estrogen oxidation to reactive metabolites that bind to DNA to generate depurinating adducts.

Figure 5 Pathways for catechol-estrogen methylation by carboxymethyl transferase.

Figure 6 Working hypothesis about the mechanism of the promotion of mammary cancer by alcohol drinking.

Figure 7 Structures of some of the compounds with the most powerful ability to inhibit the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in rat mammary tissue microsomal and cytosolic fractions.

Figure 8 Reaction between acetaldehyde and cysteine to form the adduct 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid.