Milani A, Geuna E, Mittica G, Valabrega G. Overcoming endocrine resistance in metastatic breast cancer: Current evidence and future directions. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5(5): 990-1001 [PMID: 25493235 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.990]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Giorgio Valabrega, MD, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment at Candiolo, University of Torino Medical School, FPO (Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia), SP 142, Km. 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy. giorgio.valabrega@ircc.it
Research Domain of This Article
Oncology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
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World J Clin Oncol. Dec 10, 2014; 5(5): 990-1001 Published online Dec 10, 2014. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.990
Overcoming endocrine resistance in metastatic breast cancer: Current evidence and future directions
Andrea Milani, Elena Geuna, Gloria Mittica, Giorgio Valabrega
Andrea Milani, Elena Geuna, Gloria Mittica, Giorgio Valabrega, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment at Candiolo, University of Torino Medical School, FPO (Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia), 10060 Candiolo, Italy
Andrea Milani, Elena Geuna, Gloria Mittica, Giorgio Valabrega, Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10123 Torino, Italy
Author contributions: Milani A and Geuna E contributed equally to this work; Milani A and Geuna E conceived and wrote the manuscript; Mittica G helped perform the literature search and contributed to writing, revising, and editing the manuscript; Valabrega G supervised the work and contributed to writing, revising, and editing the manuscript.
Correspondence to: Giorgio Valabrega, MD, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment at Candiolo, University of Torino Medical School, FPO (Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia), SP 142, Km. 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy. giorgio.valabrega@ircc.it
Telephone: +39-01-19933283 Fax: +39-01-19933299
Received: February 13, 2014 Revised: April 4, 2014 Accepted: July 18, 2014 Published online: December 10, 2014 Processing time: 301 Days and 12.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Endocrine therapy forms the backbone of treatment for hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Unfortunately, resistance to endocrine agents develops in the majority of patients. A deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that drive endocrine resistance has boosted the development of strategies designed to overcome resistance to endocrine therapies. In particular, co-targeting of receptor tyrosine kinase and intracellular signaling pathways (such as the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway) has emerged as a particularly promising strategy. We predict that the development of new drugs with a strong underlying biological rationale will quickly result in more personalized treatment of patients with HR-positive MBC and further improve outcomes.
