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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Oncol. Feb 24, 2020; 11(2): 43-52
Published online Feb 24, 2020. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i2.43
Published online Feb 24, 2020. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i2.43
Can epigenetic and inflammatory biomarkers identify clinically aggressive prostate cancer?
Pedro Bargão Santos, Department of Urology, Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca Hospital, Amadora 2720-276, Portugal
Hitendra Patel, Department of Urology, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
Hitendra Patel, Department of Urology, St George’s University Hospitals, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, United Kingdom
Rui Henrique, Departments of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
Rui Henrique, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal
Ana Félix, Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
Ana Félix, Department of Pathology, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
Author contributions: Santos PB, Henrique R, Félix A and Patel H designed the study; Santos PB performed the review analysis and wrote the paper; Santos PB, Henrique R, Félix A and Patel H did the critical revision of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Pedro Bargão Santos, MD, Surgical Oncologist, Department of Urology, Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca Hospital, IC 19, Lisbon, Lisboa 1150-155, Portugal. pbargao@gmail.com
Received: August 24, 2019
Peer-review started: August 24, 2019
First decision: November 20, 2019
Revised: December 13, 2019
Accepted: December 19, 2019
Article in press: December 19, 2019
Published online: February 24, 2020
Processing time: 183 Days and 2.7 Hours
Peer-review started: August 24, 2019
First decision: November 20, 2019
Revised: December 13, 2019
Accepted: December 19, 2019
Article in press: December 19, 2019
Published online: February 24, 2020
Processing time: 183 Days and 2.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Epigenetic modifications are a common feature of prostate cancer (PCa) and play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis as well as in disease progression. Two important recent discoveries were the presence of resident microbial species in the urinary tract and their role in the initiation of chronic inflammation, proliferative inflammatory atrophy and development of PCa. Facts that may explain the higher prevalence of PCa in western countries include elevated inflammation due to metabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities. It is essential to completely characterize the link between these facts to allow the development of strategies for PCa prevention.