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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. Sep 5, 2024; 15(5): 97350
Published online Sep 5, 2024. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i5.97350
Published online Sep 5, 2024. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i5.97350
Table 1 Preoperative assessment and education of patient[20]
Establish good relationship with patients’ relatives |
Take pain history |
Teach patient about pain assessment and management plan |
Inspect concerns and handle misinterpretations regarding pain medications, adverse effects and dependence |
Create a plan for postoperative analgesia in alliance with patient depending on type of surgery, anticipated severity of postoperative pain, co morbidities, the risk-benefit and expense of techniques, patient’s preferences |
Patient selected appropriate pain assessment tool (e.g., Numeric Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale) |
Mention the patient’s selected pain assessment tool |
Teach patient and relatives about their responsibilities |
Examine multiple indicators of pain, including (1) Patient perceptions; (2) Cognitive attempts to address pain; (3) Behavioural responses (e.g., reduced mobility, sleeplessness, anxiety, depression); and (4) Physiological changes (vital signs: Tachycardia, hypertension) |
Accept patients self-report, and only replace behaviour and/or physiological changes when he is unable to communicate |
Assess pain at rest and during activity (e.g., moving, coughing) |
Measure pain frequently during the early post operative period: At regular intervals, consistent with type of surgery and severity |
Document pain intensity and its response to any interventions and adverse effects |
Promptly assess instances of sudden intense pain |
Think of reasons or any disparities between patients’ self-report of pain and behaviour. As patient may be denying pain due to casualness or worry of inadequate pain relief |
Special attention to special populations, and be aware of hurdles of effective communication (e.g., language issues, mental, cognitive or hearing impairments, etc) |
Revisit the management plan, if needed |
Before discharging patient, review interventions implied and their efficiency; give specific and detailed discharge instructions for pain management at home |
- Citation: Shukla A, Chaudhary R, Nayyar N, Gupta B. Drugs used for pain management in gastrointestinal surgery and their implications. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2024; 15(5): 97350
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v15/i5/97350.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i5.97350