Intestinal microbiota: The explosive mixture at the origin of inflammatory bowel disease?

Table 1 Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases

Ref.	Year	Antibiotics	Duration	Result
Crohn’s disease-primary therapy
Ursing et al[53]	1982	Metronidazole 800 mg/d	16 wk	No difference from sulfasalazine
Sutherland et al[54]	1991	Metronidazole 10 or 20 mg/kg	16 wk	Superior to placebo (↓ CDAI), no difference in remission
Colombel et al[55]	1999	Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 × d	6 wk	No difference from mesalamine
Arnold et al[56]	2002	Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 × d	6 mo	Superior to placebo (CDAI)
Prantera et al[57]	1996	Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 × d + metronidazole 250 mg 4 × d	12 wk	No difference from prednisolone
Greenbloom et al[58]	1998	Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 × d + metronidazole 250 mg 3 × d	10 wk	Uncontrolled, 68% remission
Leiper et al[59]	2000	Clarithromycin 250 mg 2 × d	4 wk	Uncontrolled, 64% response, 48% remission
Steinhart et al[60]	2002	Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 × d + metronidazole 250 mg 3 × d	8 wk	No improvement over budesonide alone (33% vs 38% remission)
Crohn’s disease-prevention of postsurgical relapse
Rutgeerts et al[61]	1995	Metronidazole 20 mg/kg	12 wk	↓ clinical relapse 1 yr vs placebo
Rutgeerts et al[62]	2005	Ornidazole 1 g/d	52 wk	↓ severe endoscopic relapse vs placebo
Ulcerative colitis-primary therapy
Turunen et al[63]	1999	Cipro 500 mg 2 × d	6 mo	Superior to placebo
Mantzaris et al[64]	1997	Cipro 500 mg 2 × d	6 mo	No benefit vs placebo
Casellas et al[65]	1998	Amoxicillin 1 g/ Clavulanic acid 250 mg	5 d	↓ mucosal IL-8 and eicosanoids vs placebo
Turner et al[66]	2014	metronidazole, amoxicillin, doxycycline (Paediatrics)		Remission (46.6%)
Pouchitis
Shen et al[67]	2001	Metronidazole 20 mg/kg or Cipro 500 mg 2 × d	6 mo	Both effective, Cipro > metronidazole
Gionchetti et al[68]	2000	Cipro 500 mg 2 × d and Rifaximin 1 g 2 × d	5 d	89% response, 33% remission, uncontrolled

Table 2 Probiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases

Model	Probiotic	Effect
Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid	Bi. infantis	No effect
	L. acidophilus, L. casei and Bi. animalis	Reduced inflammation
	VSL#3	No effect
	Lactobacillus GG	No effect
	L. plantarum 299	No effect
	VSL#3 (DNA, subcutaneously)	Reduced inflammation
Iodoacetamide	VSL#3	Reduced inflammation
	Lactobacillus GG	Reduced inflammation
Acetic acid	L. rhamnosus GG	No effect
	L. reuteri R2LC	Reduced inflammation
	L. reuteri R2LC	Reduced inflammation
Dextran sodium sulphate	VSL#3 (irradiated and DNA*)	Reduced inflammation
IL-10 knockout mice	L. salivarius 118 (subcutaneously)	Reduced inflammation
	L. salivarius	Reduced inflammation
	Bi. infantis	Reduced inflammation
	L. plantarum 299V	Reduced inflammation
	VSL#3	Reduced inflammation
	L. salivarius	Reduced inflammation
	L. reuteri	Reduced inflammation
	VSL#3 (DNA, subcutaneously)	Reduced inflammation
E. coli-induced colitis in IL-2 knockout mice	B. vulgatus	Reduced inflammation
B. vulgatus-induced colitis	Lactobacillus GG	Prevented recurrent colitis
	L. plantarum 299V	No prevention of recurrent colitis

Table 3 Inflammatory bowel diseases prebiotic therapy

Model	Prebiotic	Effect
Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid	Fructo-oligosaccharide	Reduced inflammation
	Galacto-oligosaccharide	No effect on inflammation
Dextran sodium sulphate	Fructo-oligosaccharide	No effect on inflammation
	Resistant starch	Reduced inflammation
	Germinated barley foodstuff	Reduced inflammation
	Germinated barley foodstuff	Reduced inflammation
	Inulin	Reduced inflammation
	Germinated barley foodstuff	Reduced inflammation
IL-10 knockout mice	Lactulose	Reduced inflammation