Alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome in alcoholic liver disease

Table 1 Summary of references related to the protective effects of probiotic/prebiotic against alcoholic liver disease

Probiotic/prebiotic	Subjects	Duration of treatment	Outcome	Ref.	Year
Probiotics
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Male Wistar rats	1 mo	Probiotic feeding reduced alcohol-induced endotoxemia and liver injury	Nanji et al[60]	1994
A mixture containing 450 billion bacteria (VSL #3)	Alcoholic cirrhosis patients	3 mo	Treatment of probiotic lowered plasma levels of cytokines and oxidative stress parameters	Loguercio et al[103]	2005
L. casei Shirota	Alcoholic cirrhosis patients	4 wk	Probiotic supplementation restored neutrophil phagocytic capacity	Stadlbauer et al[68]	2008
Heat-killed L. brevis SBC8803	C57BL/6N mice	35 d	L. brevis SBC8803 ameliorated alcohol-induced liver injury and fatty liver	Segawa et al[69]	2008
Bifidobacterium bifidum and L. plantarum 8PA3	Male Russian adults	5 d	Patients treated with probiotics had significantly lower ALT and AST activity, and restored gut microbiota compared to patients treated with standard therapy alone	Kirpich et al[67]	2008
GG	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	10 wk	L. GG reduced alcohol-induced gut leakiness and blunted alcohol-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in the intestine and liver	Forsyth et al[40]	2009
L. rhamnosus GG	Male C57BL/6N mice	Last 2 wk of the 8-wk feeding	L. GG supplementation reduced alcohol-induced endotoxemia and hepatic steatosis	Wang et al[65,66]	2011, 2013
L.paracasei	Male Fischer 344 rats	10 wk	L. paracasei altered the fatty acid composition of the plasma and liver	Komatsuzaki et al[61]	2012
L. rhamnosus GG culture supernatant	Male C57BL/6N mice	5 d	Bacteria-free L. GG culture supernatant ameliorated acute alcohol-induced gut leakiness and liver injury	Wang et al[70]	2012
Combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Bacillus cereus tablets	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Up to 8 wk	Probiotic administration reduced plasma elevated-endotoxin levels caused by alcohol and altered gut microbiota	Zhang et al[62]	2012
Live or heat-killed VSL #3	Male rats	Up to 12 h	VSL #3 administration reduced plasma endotoxin level and cytokine production caused by acute alcohol exposure	Chang et al[63]	2013
Heat-killed L. casei MYL01	HepG2 cells	20 h	L. casei MYL01 modulated proinflammatory cytokine production	Chiu et al[104]	2014
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 secreting pyrroloquinoline quinone	Male Foster rats	10 wk	Probiotic treatment ameliorated alcohol-induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in rats	Singh et al[64]	2014
Prebiotics
L. rhamnosus GG or oats	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	10 wk	Supplementation of L. rhamnosus GG or oats prevented alcohol-altered colonic musoca-associated microbiota composition in rats	Mutlu et al[48]	2009
Fructooligosaccharides	Male C57BL/6J mice	3 wk	Administration of fructooligosaccharides to alcohol-fed mice reduced bacterial overgrowth and ameliorated alcoholic steatohepatitis through partially restoring the host antimicrobial protein Reg3g	Yan et al[14]	2011