Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Sep 22, 2024; 15(5): 96446
Published online Sep 22, 2024. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v15.i5.96446
Microbiome as an endocrine organ and its relationship with eye diseases: Effective factors and new targeted approaches
Leila Haghshenas, Sara Banihashemi, Yalda Malekzadegan, Roberto Catanzaro, Amir Moghadam Ahmadi, Francesco Marotta
Leila Haghshenas, Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
Sara Banihashemi, Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trend University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
Yalda Malekzadegan, Department of Microbiology, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh 3919676651, Iran
Roberto Catanzaro, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Catania, Italy
Amir Moghadam Ahmadi, Department of Neuroimmunology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
Francesco Marotta, Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Women University, Milano 20154, Italy
Co-corresponding authors: Leila Haghshenas and Francesco Marotta.
Author contributions: Haghshenas L has cooperated in all aspects of writing and sending the article for publishing and corrections; Banihashemi S and Malekzadegan Y have cooperated in the selection of figures and content analysis; Ahmadi AM has cooperated in writing the text; Catanzaro R and Marotta F have cooperated in reviewing and approving the article and guiding the topic and selecting the reference of articles.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Leila Haghshenas, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States. leilahagh@yahoo.com
Received: May 7, 2024
Revised: September 4, 2024
Accepted: September 13, 2024
Published online: September 22, 2024
Processing time: 136 Days and 0.7 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: In this article, we reviewed the content of the studies conducted in the field of intestinal microbiome and eye diseases and stated that the intestinal microbiome acts like an endocrine gland that regulates hormonal and humoral factors to regulate the innate immune system in processes related to metabolism. We reviewed dysbiosis, which causes changes in small secretory molecules in the digestive area and intestinal lumen leakage and the occurrence of diseases in all body organs, including eye diseases. We investigated latest important studies related to environmental, food and drugs in relation to intestinal microbiome and eye diseases.