• biphasic tumor
• case report
• gastrointestinal perforation
• sarcomatoid carcinoma
• small intestine

• K-edge
• barium
• iodine
• multi-contrast
• photon-counting
• simultaneous

• Photons
• Iodine/chemistry
• Phantoms, Imaging
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
• Barium/chemistry
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
• Contrast Media/chemistry
• Principal Component Analysis

• Capsule endoscopy
• Endoscopy Small Bowel
• Small intestinal bleeding

• capsule endoscopy
• clinical impact
• diagnostic yields

• CT
• CT interpretation
• abdominal CT
• scout review
• scout view

• Abdomen/diagnostic imaging
• Humans
• Lung
• Radiography, Abdominal
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed

• Adenocarcinoma
• Adjuvant therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Small bowel cancer

In this paper, we have presented a new custom smart CMOS image sensor (CIS) for low power wireless capsule endoscopy.

The proposed new smart CIS includes a 256 × 256 current mode pixels array with a new on-chip adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system that has been used to diagnosing bleeding images. We use a new pinned photodiode to realize the current mode of active pixels in the standard CMOS process. The proposed chip has been implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS 1P6M TSMC RF technology with a die area of 7 mm × 8 mm.

A built-in smart bleeding detection system on CIS leads to decrease in the RF transmitter power consumption near zero. The average power dissipation of the proposed smart CIS is 610 μW.

• CMOS
• image sensors
• neuro-fuzzy
• photodiode
• pixel
• wireless capsule endoscopy

• Capsule endoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
• Gastroscopy
• Small intestine

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a noninvasive imaging modality that can identify mucosal lesions not detected with traditional endoscopy or abdominal sonography. In people, VCE is used in diagnostic and management protocols of various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, particularly in GI bleeding of obscure origin or unexplained iron deficiency anemia (IDA).

To evaluate the utility of VCE in the identification of mucosal lesions in dogs with evidence of GI hemorrhage.

Sixteen client‐owned dogs that underwent VCE.

Retrospective case‐control study. Medical records were reviewed to include dogs with microcytosis, low normal mean corpuscular volume, or clinical GI bleeding that received VCE.

Median age of dogs was 8.7 years (range, 8 months to 15 years) with a median weight of 21.7 kg (range, 6.9‐62.5 kg). Abdominal ultrasound (16), abdominal radiography (4), and abdominal CT (1) did not identify a cause for GI blood loss. Gastric mucosal lesions were identified by VCE in 15 of 16 dogs and small intestinal lesions in 12 of 14 dogs, with 2 capsules remaining in the stomach. Endoscopy was performed in 2 dogs before VCE; 1 dog had additional small intestinal lesions identified through the use of VCE.

Video capsule endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool that can identify GI lesions in dogs presenting with microcytosis with or without GI hemorrhage when ultrasonography is inconclusive; however, the majority of lesions identified would have been apparent with conventional endoscopy.

• anemia
• canine
• gastrointestinal
• hemorrhage
• microcytosis
• video capsule endoscopy

• Coeliac disease
• Enteroscopy
• Image texture
• Quantitative analysis
• Refractory coeliac disease
• Shape-from shading
• Small bowel capsule endoscopy

• Capsule endoscopy
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Refractory

• capsule endoscopy
• diagnostic efficiency
• small bowel diseases
• transit time

• Capsule endoscopy
• Clinical recurrence
• Crohn’s disease
• Postoperative recurrence
• Residual lesion

Neuroendocine tumors (NETs) or carcinoids arise at many different sites of the gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine is the most common site for NETs. Diagnosing small bowel carcinoids remains challenging given their non-specific presentations and the overall low incidence of small bowel tumors. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has significanly improved our ability to detect small bowel malignancies. We explore the value of VCE in the initial workup and management of a series of small bowel carcinoid patients.

We retrospectively analyzed adult patients undergoing surgical management for small bowel lesions from July 2005 to September 2015 at a tertiary care center. Patient characteristics, presenting symptomatology, diagnostic workup and surgical management were analyzed among patients with histologically confirmed small bowel carcinoid tumors.

Our study identified 16 patients treated surgically for small bowel carcinoids. The majority of patients (87.5%) presented with either occult gastrointestinal bleeding or anemia. Most patients (87.5%) were initially evaluated with various endoscopic and imaging modalities before all ultimately undergoing surgery. Seventy-five percent of patients had a VCE, with 83.3% (10/12) having positive findings that correlated with intraoperative findings compared to 62.5% (5/8) with computed tomography scan, 21.4% (3/14) with colonoscopy, 44% (4/9) with deep enteroscopy, and 0% (0/9) with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).

In the absence of any contraindications, VCE is an effective endoscopic modality in the diagnostic workup of small bowel NETs. Furthermore, positive VCE findings appear to highly correlate with surgical findings, thus suggesting a valuable role for VCE in the initial surgical assessment of patients with small bowel NETs.

• Carcinoid
• Neuroendocrine tumors
• Small bowel
• Surgical resection
• Video capsule endoscopy

• Capsule endoscopy
• Diverticulum
• Duodenum
• Retention

• Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/etiology
• Angiography
• Balloon Enteroscopy
• Capsule Endoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Duodenal Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnostic imaging
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/therapy
• Humans
• Ileal Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Jejunal Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) accounts for 5% of all gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding cases and is often caused by small bowel lesions. Capsule endoscopy (CE), which allows non-invasive visualization of the small bowel mucosa, has revolutionized the evaluation of OGIB. CE is preferred by both patients and physicians mainly because of its non-invasiveness, and is widely used as the first-line diagnostic modality for OGIB. The diagnostic yield of CE in OGIB has been reported to be in the range of 32% to 83%. Although no direct comparison has been made, a meta-analysis showed similar diagnostic yields between CE and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for OGIB. However, CE could enhance the yield of subsequent DBE and serve as a guide for optimizing the insertion route for DBE. Even after negative CE, selected patients could benefit from second-look CE for OGIB. In terms of outcomes, a favorable clinical impact after CE has been reported in several studies. However, observations indicate that CE might not influence clinical outcomes directly, but rather play a role in selecting patients with OGIB who are likely to benefit from subsequent evaluation and intervention.

• Capsule endoscopy
• Diagnosis
• Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
• Outcome

• Capsule Endoscopy
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
• Intestinal Neoplasms
• Intestine, Small

• capsule endoscopy
• gastrointestinal hemorrhage
• obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
• rebleeding
• risk factors

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is defined as recurrent or persistent bleeding or presence of iron deficiency anaemia after evaluation with a negative bidirectional endoscopy. OGIB accounts for 5% of gastrointestinal bleeding and presents a diagnostic challenge. Current modalities available for the investigation of OGIB include capsule endoscopy, balloon assisted enteroscopy, spiral enteroscopy and computed tomography enterography. These modalities overcome the limitations of previous techniques. Following a negative bidirectional endoscopy, capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy remain the cornerstone of investigation in OGIB given their high diagnostic yield. Long-term outcome data in patients with OGIB is limited, but is most promising for capsule endoscopy. This article reviews the current literature and provides an overview of the clinical evaluation of patients with OGIB, available diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and long-term clinical outcomes.

• Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
• Capsule endoscopy
• Double balloon enteroscopy
• Outcomes
• Anaemia

• Abdominal Pain/diagnosis
• Abdominal Pain/pathology
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Capsule Endoscopy/methods
• Child
• Chronic Pain/diagnosis
• Chronic Pain/pathology
• Female
• Humans
• Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Intestinal Diseases/pathology
• Intestine, Small/pathology
• Male
• Middle Aged

• DBE
• FDA
• Food and Drug Administration
• NSAID
• OGIB
• WCE
• double-balloon endoscopy
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• obscure GI bleeding
• wireless capsule endoscopy

• Capsule Endoscopes
• Capsule Endoscopy/adverse effects
• Capsule Endoscopy/instrumentation
• Celiac Disease/diagnosis
• Colon
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Esophageal Diseases/diagnosis
• Esophagus
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
• Humans
• Intestinal Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Intestinal Polyps/diagnosis
• Intestine, Small

• CTE
• FAP
• FC
• IBD
• IC
• IDA
• MRE
• PE
• PJS
• Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
• SBFT
• VCE
• computed tomographic enterography
• familial adenomatous polyposis
• fecal calprotectin
• ileocolonoscopy
• inflammatory bowel disease
• iron deficiency anemia
• magnetic resonance enterography
• push enteroscopy
• small bowel follow-through
• video capsule endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is considered as a noninvasive and reliable diagnostic tool of examining the entire small bowel. CE has been performed frequently at many medical centers in South Korea; however, there is no evidence-based CE guideline for adequate diagnostic approaches. To provide accurate information and suggest correct testing approaches for small bowel disease, the guideline on CE was developed by the Korean Gut Image Study Group, a part of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Operation teams for developing the guideline were organized into four areas: obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, small bowel preparation, Crohn's disease, and small bowel tumor. A total of 20 key questions were selected. In preparing this guideline, MEDLINE, Cochrane library, KMbase, KISS, and KoreaMed literature searches were performed. After writing a draft of the guideline, opinions from various experts were reflected before approving the final document. The guideline should be regarded as recommendations only to gastroenterologists in providing care to their patients. These are not absolute rules and should not be construed as establishing a legal standard of care. Although further revision may be necessary as new data appear, this guideline is expected to play a role for adequate diagnostic approaches of various small bowel diseases.

• Capsule endoscopy
• Guideline
• Small bowel disease

• BLEEDING
• ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES
• ENTEROSCOPY
• SMALL BOWEL DISEASE
• SMALL BOWEL ENTEROSCOPY

• Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis
• Anemia/etiology
• Capsule Endoscopy
• Carcinoid Tumor/diagnosis
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/diagnosis
• Humans
• Intestinal Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Intestine, Small/pathology
• Male
• Melena/etiology
• Middle Aged