Gd-EOB-DTPA based magnetic resonance imaging for predicting liver response to portal vein embolization

Abstract

AIM

To evaluate the correlation between degree of kinetic growth (kGR) of the liver following portal vein embolization (PVE) liver and the enhancement of the during the hepatobiliary phase of contrast administration and to evaluate if the enhancement can be used to predict response to PVE prior to the procedure.

METHODS

Seventeen patients were consented for the prospective study. All patients had an MR of the abdomen with Gd-EOB-DTPA. Fourteen patients underwent PVE. The correlation between the kGR of the liver and the degree of enhancement was evaluated with linear regression (strong assumptions) and Spearman’s correlation test (rank based, no assumptions). The correlation was examined for the whole liver, segments I, VIII, VII, VI, V, IV, right liver and left liver.

RESULTS

There was no correlation between the degree of enhancement during the hepatobiliary phase and kGR for any segment, lobe of the liver or whole liver (P = 0.19 to 0.91 by Spearman’s correlation test).

CONCLUSION

The relative enhancement of the liver during the hepatobiliary phase with Gd-EOB-DTPA cannot be used to predict the liver response to PVE.

Key Words: Gd-EOB-DTPA; Liver magnetic resonance imaging; Portal vein embolization; Resection; Kinetic growth

Core tip: Our hypothesis was that the degree of enhancement of the liver during the hepatobiliary phase will correlate with the degree of liver response to portal vein embolization. This will be able to be used as a screen method for patients scheduled for portal vein embolization (PVE). The use of Gd-EOB-DTPA in the assessment of liver function has been correlated with clinical assessment of liver function classification. We evaluated the correlation between degree of kinetic growth (kGR) of the liver following PVE liver and the enhancement of the during the hepatobiliary phase of contrast administration. There was no correlation between the degree of enhancement during the hepatobiliary phase and kGR.

INTRODUCTION

Portal vein embolization (PVE) is performed to redirect portal flow to the liver remnant in order to increase liver volume. PVE is increasingly used to induce hypertrophy of the anticipated liver remnant in the management of patients with liver metastases undergoing liver resection. The rationale for PVE is to reduce suboptimal post-resection liver size and resulting morbidities[1-5].

The minimum reported safe functioning liver remnant (FLR) is 20% of total liver volume (TLV) in patients with normal liver and 40% of TLV in compromised liver such as cirrhotic patients[1,2,6]. The evaluation of FLR following PVE is recommended at 21 d following the procedure[2,7]. At this time, a FLR of less than 20% or a degree of hypertrophy of less than 5% predicted the likelihood of hepatic resection dysfunction. These patients with suboptimal FLR are reported to have major liver-centered complications, including hepatic dysfunction, and insufficiency following surgery[2,7].

In addition to the FLR, kinetic growth rate (kGR) has been reported to be a better predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver resection for small FLR than conventional measured volume parameters[7,8]. The kGR calculates the change in FLR as function of time. A kGR of < 2% per week correlates with poor rates of hepatic insufficiency and liver-related 90-d mortality[7,9-11]. At this time there is no predictor of liver hypertrophy response to PVE prior to the procedure. This results in unnecessary PVE in the patient population that do not response to treatment. These unnecessary PVE have inherent morbidities[1,3,6].

Gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a hepatobiliary contrast agent. The enhancement of the liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA depends on liver function[9-13].

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the response to PVE (based on kGR calculations) and the degree of hepatic function (based on the enhancement of the liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA). Our hypothesis is that the degree of enhancement of the liver following the intravenous administration of Gd-EOB-DTPA at the hepatobiliary phase will correlate and predict the kinetic growth rate of the liver following portal vein embolization. This prediction in kGR will allow the selection of patients who will respond to PVE. This will then limit a number of unnecessary PVE procedures for patients that predictably will not respond to treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a prospective IRB approved project. The inclusion criteria were all patients who were scheduled for a PVE. Patients who consented to this project were offered an MR examination of the liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA. This MR was performed before the PVE procedure.

MRI protocol

All patients had an MR examination of the liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA (Table 1). All MR exams were performed in the same scanner at 1.5T (GE Wisconsin, United States). The examination consisted of T1 (in/out-of-phase at 5/0 mm), T2 (Fast Spine Echo at 5/0 mm), DWI at b = 50, 400, 800 mm²/s, and pre- and post- pre-contrast and post-Gd-EOB-DTPA injected at 1 cc/s. 3D spoiled gradient echo Liver Acquisition Volume Acquisition (LAVA, GEMS, Milwaukee Wisconsin). The LAVA images were obtained during the late arterial phase, portal venous phase, delayed phase, excretory phase, 10 min and 20 min post-Gd-EOB-DTPA. For an internal standard all images were acquired with a test tube (1 cm × 10 cm) of Gd-EOB-DTPA diluted with water placed on the side of the patient. This was used to standardize signal intensity between the different phases of contrast administration.

Table 1 Magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence protocol.

	T1 (OOP) 2D FSPGR	T1 (IP) 2D FSPGR	T2 (FS)	Pre- and Post-Gd 3D FSPGR	DWI EPI (B- 0, 400, 800)
# ECHOES/SHOTS	2	2	1	1	1
TE1/TE2 (ms)	2.2-2.4	4.2-4.8	85	min	min (about 50-60)
TR/#R-R (ms)	120	120
FLIP ANGLE	85	85		15
ETL			16
FOV (cm)	48	48	48	48	48
SCAN THK (mm)	6	6	6	5-6 (-2.5)	6
FREQ × PHASE	256 × 160	256 × 160	256 × 160	256 × 128	100 × 160
NEX	1	1	4	1	1, 4, 6
PHASE FOV	0.9-1.0	0.9-1.0	0.75-1.0	0.75-1.0	0.75-1.0

Post-Gd images were obtained at late arterial phase (fluoro-triggered), 60 s, 180 s, 300 s, and 20 min post-Gd injection. Gd-EOB-DTPA was injected at 0.25 mmol/kg at 1 cc/s. TR: Repetition time; TE: Echo time; ETL: Echo train length; FS: Fat Saturated; FOV: Field of view; THK: Thickness; NEX: Number of averages; FSPGR: Fast spoiled gradient echo; DWI: Diffusion weighted imaging; EPI: Echo planar imaging; FREQ: Frequency; SEG: Segment.

Evaluation of enhancement

One radiologist with over 20 years of experience in body MR placed multiple regions of interests in the liver. The diameter of the ROI in the liver measure ranged from 1 to 2 cm. The ROI in the liver were placed outside major vessels, bile ducts, or liver masses. A ROI was also placed in the external test tube. Multiple ROIs were placed in each patient. One ROI was placed for each liver segment evaluated (IV, V, VI, VII, VIII) and one for segments II/III. The multiple ROIs were placed to evaluate the correlation of segmental enhancement of the liver with kGR.

The percentage of enhancement (%E) was calculated by subtracting the signal intensity (SI) during the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) from the SI during the pre- contrast phase corrected by the signal intensity of the external test tube (t): The %E was calculated for segments VIII, VII, VI, V, IV, left liver average, right liver average and whole liver average. % E _(segment-x) = [SI_hbp)/ SI_t) _(segment-x) - (SI_pre/SI_t) _(segment-x)]/(SI_pre/SI_t) _(segment-x) x 100.

Evaluation of kGR

The kGR was calculated by evaluating the degree of hypertrophy (DH) divided by the time period (in days) from the PVE to the post-PVE scan: kGR = DH/Time Period (days)[7]. DH was calculated by comparing the FLR post-PVE minus FLR pre-PVE: DH = % FLR_{post-PVE -} % FLR_pre-PVE[7]. The functional liver reserve for time period (i) was calculated: FLR_i = (FLR_i/sTLV)[7]. The standardized total liver volume (sTLV) was calculated: sTLV = 794.41 + 1267.28 x body surface area (m²)[2,7]. One radiologist with over 20 years of experience in body imaging demarcated the segments. The segmental and total liver volumes were calculated from the axial MR/CT images with standard software: GE Advantage Workstation AW4.1_06 Volume Viewer Voxtool 3.0.64z (General Electric, Wisconsin, United States)[2,7].

Statistical analysis

Summary statistics of enhancement and kGR were provided in mean, SD, and range by site. Association between kGR and enhancement during the hepatobiliary phase were estimated using linear regression (linearity and normality assumptions) and Spearman’s correlation test (rank based, no assumptions). All tests were two-sided and P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS version 9 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Biomedical statistical review was performed by one of the authors, Mr. Wei W, who is a biomedical statistician.

RESULTS

Seventeen patients were consented for this prospective project: 10 males and 17 females. Age range was 21-65 years old. The primary diagnosis was colorectal cancer in all patients. Three patients did not undergo a portal vein embolization and were therefore excluded.

The % E for each segment, lobe and whole liver is shown in Table 2. The %E ranged from 82% to 199%. For all patients, the kGR ranged from -0.34 to 3.73 (Figure 1). The average kGR was 1.97%. Nine patients were above the 2% cut-off for decreased morbidity[7]. The FLR pre-PVE and post-PVE is shown in Figure 2. The relationship between the kGR and the degree of enhancement for various segments, lobes and whole liver are shown in Figure 3 and Table 3. Based on linear regression (strong assumptions) and Spearman’s correlation test (rank based, no assumptions), there was no significant correlation between enhancement and KGR.

Figure 1 kinetic growth for each of the 14 patients. The data are displayed at increasing values. A cut-off below 2% is considered sub-optimal for liver resection. Patients 1-5 did not show a kGR above the 2% threshold. kGR: Kinetic growth rate.

Table 2 Percent in enhancement calculated between the pre-contrast phase and hepatobiliary phase of contrast administration.

Average left liver	Average right liver	Average whole liver	SEG IV	SEG VIII	SEG VII	SEG V	SEG VI
118.27	129.14	123.1	137.3	118.06	129.77	146.59	122.15
106.69	124.13	114.44	96.6	112.28	129.85	129.01	125.38
131.41	132.71	132.15	122.9	126.81	139.86	121.72	142.46
133.22	130	131.79	111.85	124.87	133.4	142.06	119.66
166.19	176.9	172.31	161.17	176.29	184.49	147.19	199.65
81.83	113.24	95.79	77.14	101.13	122.32	104.6	124.92
102.63	113.57	107.5	83.77	108.26	131.64	112.28	102.11
157.2	160.56	158.88	161.62	146.42	158.69	174.57	162.57
114.15	134.94	123.39	110.28	131.55	138.96	130.07	139.16
104.98	129.04	115.68	103.53	130.94	116.86	142.72	125.66
117.83	148.94	131.66	123.38	141.55	145.57	164.26	144.37
132.54	151.34	140.9	119.4	158.55	156.5	125.41	164.92
102.2	113.12	107.06	108.72	132.15	127.38	74.83	118.13
123.9	124.27	124.07	124.09	105.84	131.57	139.36	120.32

The data are shown for segments IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII. Also the data were calculated using the average enhancement of the right liver, left liver, and whole liver.

Figure 2 For each of the 14 patients the functioning liver remnant pre- and post-portal vein embolization. This data was ordered from smallest to largest FLR based on the pre-PVE exam for each patient. These patient’s number do not correlate with Figure 1 patient number. Patients 7, 9, and 13 on this Figure did not show interval increase in FLR. FLR: Functional liver reserve; PVE: Portal vein embolization; .

Table 3 Summary of linear regression model results correlating enhancement and kinetic growth.

Site	Estimated Slope	95% LCL	95% UCL	P value
Left liver	1.43	-2.14	5.01	0.4
Right liver	1.08	-3.24	5.4	0.6
SegIV	0.04	-3.3	3.38	0.98
SegV	1.23	-1.98	4.43	0.42
SegVI	0.35	-2.92	3.62	0.82
SegVII	1.05	-3.59	5.69	0.63
SegVIII	0.49	-3.41	4.4	0.79
Whole liver	1.37	-2.57	5.32	0.46

Linear regression assumes normality for both enhancement and kGR, it also assumes a linear relationship between the two. The estimated slope shows how much KGR increases with 1 unit increase of enhancement. P value based on test of slope against zero. If P value < 0.05 then there is significant correlation between enhancement and KGR. Conclusion: Enhancement was NOT significantly correlated with KGR in any of the site measured (all slopes not significantly different from zero, i.e., a flat line). PVE: Portal vein embolization; kGR: Kinetic growth rate; FLR: Functional liver reserve; LAVA: Liver acquisition volume acquisition; ROI: Region of interest; LCL: Lower confidence level; UCL: Upper confidence level.

Figure 3 Correlation of the kinetic growth for each patient as a function of the degree of liver enhancement on the hepatobiliary phase. A: Segment IV of the liver; B: Segment VI of the liver; C: Segment V of the liver; D: Segment VII of the liver; E: Segment VIII of the liver; F: Whole liver; G: Left liver; H: Right liver; kGR: Kinetic growth rate.

DISCUSSION

Our hypothesis was that the degree of enhancement of the liver during the hepatobiliary phase will correlate with the degree of liver response to portal vein embolization. Our results, unfortunately, did not support our hypothesis.

A possibility that our hypothesis was not demonstrated is that the patient population was not representative of the published data on portal vein embolization. However, the average kGR of 1.97% in our study compares favorably with the reported average kGR in the initial publications on PVE of 2.4[7]. In addition, the cut-off of 2% in kGR is reported as the threshold for complications and hepatic failure[7]. In our patient population 9 patients were above the threshold and 6 patients were below the threshold. This is a relative low number of patients but this was distributed between the < 2% or > 2% kGR group. The range of kGR in our study population of -0.33%-3.73% was narrower than that on the prior reports of (0.2-9.4%)[7]. The average DH of our patient population was 9.60%. This also compares favorably with the DH of 10.1% on the original report[7]. The range of DH on our patient population of -1.3%-17.8% was narrower than on prior results (0.1%-39.9%)[7,14]. In summary, our patient population appears to represent the two groups of responders and non-responders to PVE.

The enhancement of the liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA depends on the expression of various transporters[11,15]. This includes organic anion transport factor 8 and organic transporter TP[11,15-17]. The enhancement also depends on the expression of multidrug resistance protein 2[16,17]. The use of Gd-EOB-DTPA to assess liver function has been reported following portal vein embolization[18,19].

The use of Gd-EOB-DTPA in the assessment of liver function has been correlated with clinical assessment of liver function such as in the evaluation of the degree of cirrhosis and in the stratification with the Child-Pugh classification[10,20,21]. The lack of correlation between the degree of liver enhancement and response to PVE seems to indicate that the response of hypertrophy of the liver to PVE is not only based on liver function but also on other factors such as clonal activity of the hepatocytes. This clonal activity does not affect liver enhancement with Gd-EOB-DTPA.

In conclusion, it is unfortunate that the enhancement of the liver during the hepatobiliary phase did not predict response to treatment with PVE. This would have resulted in a robust screening process for patients schedule for a PVE. Our result should alert other groups to seek alternative screening test to PVE that include evaluation of clonal activity rather than functional liver activity. Although Gd-EOB-DTPA has increasingly shown to be a very powerful tool for the evaluation of liver disease, the enhancement of this agent during the hepatobiliary phase does not predict the degree of liver hypertrophy following PVE.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Ms. Palencia Lewis in the preparation of the documents.

COMMENTS

Background

Hepatic resection is commonly used to cure metastatic disease to the liver. The success of the resection depends on the functional liver reserve post-hepatectomy. To decreased morbidity portal vein embolization is commonly used. Not all patients respond to portal vein embolization (PVE) and PVE has inherent risk factors. The authors were looking for a method to predict response to PVE. Gd-EOB-DTPA is a hepatobiliary agent for MR. The enhancement at 20 min post-Gd has been associated with liver function. The authors wanted to explore if Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR could provide information to predict which patients will response to PVE. This may be then used as a screening tool for patients undergoing PVE.

Research frontiers

This is a novel project and the area there are no publications on prediction of response to PVE with MR.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The results of this project did not prove the hypothesis. The enhancement on the hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR cannot predict liver response to PVE. The breakthrough is that very likely the response of the liver to PVE is likely a clonal response rather than a liver function response.

Applications

The results did not prove the hypothesis. This suggests that new methodology should be considered to evaluate predictors of response to PVE. This new methodology may include evaluation of clonal activity rather than liver function.

Terminology

PVE: Procedure performed to induce regrowth on one side of the liver in advance of a planned hepatic resection on the other side. This is frequently used in hepatomas and colorectal metastases; Kinetic growth rate (kGR): Defined as the degree of liver hypertrophy at initial volume assessment divided by number of weeks elapsed after PVE; Gd-EOB-DTPA: Is the only approved liver specific MR contrast agent. Enhancement at the hepatobiliary phase, at 20 min, correlates with the degree of liver function. The enhancement is also a function of expression of OTPB and multidrug resistance proteins.

Peer-review

The authors evaluated the response to PVE (based on kGR calculations) and the degree of hepatic function (based on the enhancement of the liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA). Their hypothesis is that the degree of enhancement of the liver following the intravenous administration of Gd-EOB-DTPA at the hepatobiliary phase will correlate and predict the kinetic growth rate of the liver following portal vein embolization. They demonstrated that although Gd-EOB-DTPA has increasingly shown to be a very powerful tool for the evaluation of liver disease, the enhancement of this agent during the hepatobiliary phase does not predict the degree of liver hypertrophy following PVE.