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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated encephalitis: A review of clinicopathologic hallmarks and multimodal imaging manifestations
Bryce David Beutler, Jerry Mathew Thomas, Benjamin Phillip Sugar, Lucas Anthony Tsikitas, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
Alastair E Moody, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
Mark B Ulanja, Daniel Antwi-Amoabeng, Department of Internal Medicine, Christus Ochsner St. Patrick Hospital, Lake Charles, LA 70601, United States
Author contributions: Beutler BD performed the majority of the writing; Moody AE prepared the tables; Thomas JM and Sugar BP assisted with the literature review; Ulanja MB and Antwi-Amoabeng D contributed to the sections on pathogenesis and management; Tsikitas LA designed the outline and coordinated the writing of the paper.
Conflict-of-interest statement: None of the authors have real or potential conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Bryce David Beutler, MD, Doctor, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1500 San Pablo Street, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States. brycebeutler@hotmail.com
Received: September 30, 2023
Peer-review started: September 30, 2023
First decision: November 30, 2023
Revised: December 4, 2023
Accepted: December 25, 2023
Article in press: December 25, 2023
Published online: January 28, 2024
Peer-review started: September 30, 2023
First decision: November 30, 2023
Revised: December 4, 2023
Accepted: December 25, 2023
Article in press: December 25, 2023
Published online: January 28, 2024
Core Tip
Core Tip: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated encephalitis (NMDARE) is a rare immune-mediated neuroinflammatory condition characterized by the rapid onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms and autonomic dysfunction. The key clinicopathologic and imaging features of NMDARE are detailed in this minireview, including validated diagnostic criteria, magnetic resonance imaging findings, differential considerations, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment regimens. In addition, the role of nuclear imaging – including positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography – is described with the salient findings detailed in a comprehensive table.