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Shoval R, Makovski T. The consequences of preparing for informative or distracting stimuli. Sci Rep 2025; 15:17402. [PMID: 40389617 PMCID: PMC12089332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-02476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025] Open
Abstract
How do individuals prepare for impending distractors? It has been recently suggested that not only observers do not inhibit distractors before their appearance, but they are rather more alert at those moments. Interestingly, a similar effect emerged when observers prepared for task-relevant, informative stimuli, supporting a mandatory "attend-all" mechanism. However, the preparation effect was only demonstrated in speeded dot-probe tasks, and it is yet to be determined whether preparing for distractors merely facilitates motor preparation or extends to other outcomes, such as modifying early visual processes. In two experiments, we replaced the dot-probe task with a four-letter memory encoding task. Participants performed a change detection task that included Informative-display, Distractors-display, and No-display blocks. These displays appeared during the retention interval of the change-detection task. To probe attention, in 25% of the trials, four letters were displayed at the exact moment in which the Informative/Distractors display was expected, and participants were required to remember as many letters as possible. As expected, the performance in the change-detection task was best at the Informative- and worst at the Distractors-display condition. Importantly, participants recalled more letters when they appeared during the anticipation for both informative and distracting stimuli, and no meaningful difference was observed between these conditions. These findings suggest that the preparation effect extends beyond motor preparation, influencing visual processes at an early stage. They also support the notion that the preparation effect is not very flexible, yet further research is required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Shoval
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, University Rd. 1, 4353701, Ra'anana, Israel.
- Department of Psychology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Kiryat Shemona, Israel.
| | - Tal Makovski
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, University Rd. 1, 4353701, Ra'anana, Israel
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2
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Tomiyama H, Murayama K, Kato K, Matsuo A, Nishida N, Matsukuma K, Kawahito M, Kang M, Sashikata K, Yamashita K, Kikuchi K, Wada T, Togao O, Nakao T. Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in patients with hoarding disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2025; 185:98-104. [PMID: 40174309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2025] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Despite recent studies suggesting an important association of hoarder disorder (HD) and attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD), no neuroimaging study has investigated the differences between patients with HD comorbid with ADHD and those without ADHD. This study investigated the regional spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in HD, focusing on the comorbidity with ADHD. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were obtained from 24 patients with HD and 31 healthy individuals. We investigated the group differences using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF). The altered regions in the fALFF were used as seeds in a functional connectivity analysis where we conducted group comparisons among the three groups: healthy controls (HCs), HD with ADHD (HD +ADHD), and HD without ADHD (HD -ADHD). Compared to HCs, patients with HD had a reduced fALFF in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Functional connectivity analysis revealed that patients with HD + ADHD had reduced functional connectivity between the IFG and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to HCs, while the HD -ADHD group was intermediate level between HD +ADHD and HCs groups. In conclusion, patients with HD have altered spontaneous activity of the IFG. Additionally, patients with HD + ADHD had significantly reduced functional connectivity between the IFG and the DLPFC. Our findings suggest the potential need to distinguish between subgroups of HD+ADHD to identify novel neurobiological models of HD that could guide future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tomiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Keitaro Murayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan.
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Nami Nishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kou Matsukuma
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawahito
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Mingi Kang
- Department of Psychology, Kyushu University, Japan
| | | | - Koji Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Wada
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Osamu Togao
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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3
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Pacheco-Unguetti AP, Acosta A, Lupiáñez J. Characterizing the functioning of the attentional networks in state and trait anxiety: the role of affective information. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1539992. [PMID: 40181887 PMCID: PMC11966962 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1539992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the present research was to examine the role of affective information in the functioning of attentional networks in individuals with high vs. low trait or state anxiety. Previous studies suggest that anxiety can influence attentional processes, but the impact of affective information, such as alerting emotional stimuli, on these attentional networks remains unclear. Methods We conducted a set of experiments using negative or neutral faces as alerting stimuli, presented either alone or together with a neutral sound, within a modified version of the Attention Network Test-Interactions (ANT-I). Additionally, data from previous experiments with similar anxiety groups and without affective manipulations of alertness were analyzed for comparative insights (378 participants in total). Results Results showed three main effects on the functioning of attentional networks when affective alerting signals were introduced: (1) the alertness effect is increased, (2) the interference effect is increased, and (3) the orienting effect is decreased. These effects occurred regardless of the valence of the alerting stimuli on a given trial. Importantly, the presence of affective information on some trials eliminated the group differences regarding the functioning of the attentional networks that are usually found when no affective information is presented. Specifically, the larger interference effect commonly observed in individuals with high trait-anxiety and the larger alertness and orienting effects seen in those with high state-anxiety, disappeared when emotional alerting stimuli were included. Discussion The findings suggest that emotional information can significantly impact the functioning of attentional networks, particularly in relation to anxiety. The presence of affective stimuli seems to modulate attentional biases associated with anxiety, potentially neutralizing the usual effects seen in individuals with high trait or state anxiety. The role of affective information on the functioning of the attentional networks is discussed within the framework of anxiety and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pilar Pacheco-Unguetti
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Acosta
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Linkovski O, Katzin N, Avitan A, Weinbach N, Henik A. Adaptive modes of attention: Evidence from attentional networks. Cortex 2025; 184:58-72. [PMID: 39799782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Posner and Petersen (1990) suggested that the attention system is composed of three networks: alerting, orienting, and executive functioning or control. Drawing on this theory, the Attentional Networks Test (ANT) was designed to quantify the functionality of the three attention networks. The ANT is used extensively in psychology, neuroscience, and medicine. Later adjustments of the ANT have demonstrated that the three attention networks do not operate independently and can interact. The current study examined whether such interactions are constant or result from task demands. In three experiments (N = 147) we measured alerting, orienting, executive control and their interactions while manipulating task demands. The interactions between the three networks differed between experiments, with no interactions detected in the third experiment. We conclude that the interactions between executive functioning and alertness, and between executive functioning and orienting depend on spatial processes and are not an innate feature of attention. Our results suggest that the three attention networks can function independently, depending on task demands. Our findings offer experimental support for Posner and Petersen's theory (1990) and suggest a novel way to optimize attention measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychology & The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Naama Katzin
- State Comptroller and Ombudsman of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviv Avitan
- Department of Psychology and the Zelman Center for Brain Science, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noam Weinbach
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and the Zelman Center for Brain Science, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
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Rossi Sebastiano D, Muscio C, Duran D, Bonfoco D, Dotta S, Anversa P, Pellencin E, Tiraboschi P, Visani E. Crochet increases attention through a requiring motor skill learning. Sci Rep 2025; 15:4141. [PMID: 39900664 PMCID: PMC11790931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-88777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 02/05/2025] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the effects promoted by a brief single session of crochet in a group of skilled knitters (CRO) and a control group (CRT) on the Attentional Network Test (ANT) and the whole brain Functional Connectivity (FC) revealed by Magnetoencephalography (MEG). Data revealed that crochet determined a significant effect (before, T0, vs after, T1, the crochet session) on reaction times (for all cue and stimulus types), improving alertness and orienting networks (but not executive control) only in the CRO group. Data of FC are coherent with the behavioural ones. We observed that the Betweenness Centrality maximum (BCmax) index in the beta band significantly increased, and global FC in the alpha band significantly increased at T1 for the CRO group but not for the CTR group. Increased global BCmax in the beta band after the crochet activity correlated with better performance (reduced reaction times), suggesting that the brain has become more efficiently integrated, thus increasing the information exchange between different brain areas. Decreased global FC in the alpha band may reflect a transition from a quiet, global rest to a condition of increased alertness and readiness to stimuli. Finally, we discuss the hypothesis that these results could be the reinforcement of connections between motor and attentional networks promoted by learning the complex motor skills of crochet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rossi Sebastiano
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Muscio
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale- Bergamo Ovest, 24047, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Dunja Duran
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah Bonfoco
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Dotta
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Anversa
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellencin
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione-IRCCS-Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione-IRCCS-Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Visani
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Na CH, Clusmann H, Wiesmann M, Jütten K, Mainz V. Tumor resting-state fMRI connectivity to extralesional brain is associated with cognitive performance in glioma patients. BRAIN & SPINE 2025; 5:104202. [PMID: 40007801 PMCID: PMC11851226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2025.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Introduction Functional coupling of the tumor to extralesional brain areas and the pretherapeutic cognitive performance status have each independently been identified as prognostically relevant in glioma patients. It is however unclear, whether tumor-connectivity correlates with cognitive performance or the cognitive outcome. Research question To investigate potential associations between pre- and postoperative resting-state fMRI connectivity (FC) and cognitive functions in glioma patients compared to healthy controls. Material and methods 18 patients and 18 age-matched, healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI and neuropsychological testing pre- and 4.5 months (mean) postoperatively. FC of the tumor to extralesional brain (Tu-EL) was determined, as well as FC of extralesional brain (EL) and the contralesional hemisphere (conEL). Groups were compared with regard to behavioral and FC measures. Results Patients showed deficits in all cognitive domains tested. While postoperative performance tended to be worse, deterioration was not statistically significant between timepoints. EL FC did not differ between groups, but conEL FC (p < .045) was increased in patients as compared to controls. Tu-EL FC was significantly associated with worse attention performance (p < .001), and, by trend (p < .058), with worse attentional outcome in patients. Discussion and conclusion Intrinsic functional coupling to the rest of the brain was associated with worse cognitive performance and might relate to pathological tumor-neuron interaction on the macroscale, reflecting the invasive nature of diffusely infiltrating glioma. Deepening our understanding of FC measures at the connectomic level in the context of cancer neuroscience may aid in identifying neurophysiological correlates of cognitive impairment and in prognosticating cognitive outcome in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuh-Hyoun Na
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)
| | - Hans Clusmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jütten
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Verena Mainz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 19, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Guida E, Addabbo M, Turati C. Baby don't cry: Unconscious sensitivity to sad baby faces. Biol Psychol 2025; 195:109005. [PMID: 39983810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
Infant cues are known to play a crucial role in eliciting caregiving responses, making them essential for survival and development of offspring. Yet, it is still unknown whether infant faces may attract adults' attention when presented under the level of consciousness. Using a disengagement task and an eye-tracker procedure, this study investigated whether the subliminal exposure to emotional baby vs adult faces affects mothers' (N = 57) and non-mothers' (N = 57) attention disengagement. Independently from their parental status, women had longer saccadic latencies following subliminal sad baby faces, compared to happy baby faces and sad adult faces. These findings indicate that infants' sad facial expressions below the threshold of conscious perception can induce an attentional bias, thus representing a highly salient social signal for the human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guida
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - M Addabbo
- Department of Psychology, CRIdee, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
| | - C Turati
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy.
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8
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Pedale T, Mastroberardino S, Tambasco N, Santangelo V. Age-Related Decline in Disengaging Spatial Attention in Physiological Aging. Brain Sci 2024; 15:6. [PMID: 39851374 PMCID: PMC11763876 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 12/11/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Attention is a complex process involving various components such as alerting, orienting, and resolving conflicts. These components have been widely examined using the Attention Network Test (ANT), which has also been used to explore attentional decline associated with aging. However, discrepancies exist in the literature regarding which specific aspects of attention are most impacted by aging. These inconsistencies could be due to methodological issues such as group comparisons that may exaggerate differences between groups while flattening subtle variations within groups. Methods: To address this issue, we administered the ANT to 60 healthy participants aged between 62 and 90 years. Using a multivariate regression analysis, we examined whether increasing age was associated with changes in alerting, orienting, and conflict resolution, while controlling for overall performance in terms of both reaction times and accuracy. Results: The results showed a general and age-insensitive decline in two of the three attentional components: the alerting effect, which was abolished, and a large conflict effect, which was present regardless of age. In contrast, the orienting of spatial attention was found to linearly increase with increasing age. More focused analyses revealed that the ability to shift attention from the central (initial) to the peripheral (target) location slowed down as a function of age. Conclusions: These results suggest that aging is associated with a greater difficulty in disengaging endogenous attention from the central, uninformative cue to direct attention on task-relevant peripheral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pedale
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (T.P.); (S.M.)
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Mastroberardino
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (T.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Nicola Tambasco
- Movement Disorders Center, Perugia General Hospital, University of Perugia, P.le Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Valerio Santangelo
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (T.P.); (S.M.)
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Hong Y, Klinginsmith MG, Quiñones-Camacho LE. Children's executive functions predict their preferences for emotion regulation strategies. Cogn Emot 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39642308 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2438078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/30/2024] [Indexed: 12/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of emotion regulation (ER) in early childhood is shaped by the development of cognitive skills, particularly executive functions (EF). However, it remains unclear whether specific types of EFs differentially predict ER strategies across various emotional contexts. The current study aimed to explore the association between children's EFs (e.g. attentional control, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) and children's cognitive vs. behavioural ER strategies preference for sad, fear, and anger contexts. Participants were 78 8- to 12-year-old Latine or part-Latine children (50% female, low- to middle-SES category) recruited in Southern California. Across sadness, fear, and anger contexts, greater reports of cognitive ER strategies were predicted by higher attentional control and being female. However, no significant association was found between children's EFs and their reports of behavioural ER strategies. Specifically, in events triggering sadness (as opposed to fear or anger), higher attentional control predicted a greater report of cognitive ER strategies, whereas lower attentional control predicted a greater report of behavioural ER strategies. Our findings offer valuable additional insights into the existing literature, highlighting the link between children's increased EF skills, their higher preferences for cognitive ER strategies, and their reduced reliance on behavioural ER strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelim Hong
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Megan G Klinginsmith
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Hebisch J, Ghassemieh AC, Zhecheva E, Brouwer M, van Gaal S, Schwabe L, Donner TH, de Gee JW. Task-irrelevant stimuli reliably boost phasic pupil-linked arousal but do not affect decision formation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28380. [PMID: 39551856 PMCID: PMC11570621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-78791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The arousal systems of the brainstem, specifically the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system, respond "phasically" during decisions. These central arousal transients are accompanied by dilations of the pupil. Mechanistic attempts to understand the impact of phasic arousal on cognition would benefit from temporally precise experimental manipulations. Here, we evaluated a non-invasive candidate approach to manipulate arousal in humans: presenting task-irrelevant auditory stimuli at different latencies during the execution of a challenging task. Task-irrelevant auditory stimuli drive responses of brainstem nuclei involved in the control of pupil size, but it is unknown whether such sound-evoked responses mimic the central arousal transients evoked during cognitive computations. A large body of evidence has implicated central arousal transients in reducing bias during challenging perceptual decisions. We thus used challenging visual decisions as a testbed, combining them with task-irrelevant sounds of varying onset latency or duration. Across three experiments, the sounds consistently elicited well-controlled pupil responses that superimposed onto task-evoked responses. While we replicated a negative correlation between task-evoked pupil responses and bias, the task-irrelevant sounds had no behavioral effect. This dissociation suggests that cognitive task engagement and task-irrelevant sounds may recruit distinct neural systems contributing to the control of pupil size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hebisch
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - A-C Ghassemieh
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Zhecheva
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Brouwer
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S van Gaal
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T H Donner
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J W de Gee
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Linden JH. Why all child clinicians should be hypnosis-informed. Advantages, benefits, creativity, & development: ABC's & D. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2024; 66:304-315. [PMID: 37819265 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2023.2257749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper advocates for all child clinicians to learn hypnosis skills as a distinct advantage to enhance their understanding of child development in the treatment of children. It examines the interface of child development and hypnosis. Clinical hypnosis with children follows the child's developmentally determined self-expressions. The clinician must tend to the way in which the child expresses a "problem," structuring treatment goals and pace, and evoking and utilizing opportunities for therapeutic suggestion. This article defines hypnosis as a set of skills and principles. It defines trance as psychoneurobiological plasticity. Eight variables, shared across therapeutic interventions, are explored in the context of working hypnotically with children and adolescents. These are 1) Relationships, rapport, attachment; 2) Attention, absorption, focus; 3) Use of language and therapeutic suggestions; 4) Expectations; 5) Resources; 6) Dissociation and Unconscious; 7) Trauma parallels with trance; 8) Development. Becoming hypnosis-informed is the ABC's, & D, for child clinicians. A case illustrates the application of skills, principles, and variables.
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12
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Tosti B, Corrado S, Mancone S, Di Libero T, Carissimo C, Cerro G, Rodio A, da Silva VF, Coimbra DR, Andrade A, Diotaiuti P. Neurofeedback Training Protocols in Sports: A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Performance, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation. Brain Sci 2024; 14:1036. [PMID: 39452048 PMCID: PMC11506327 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. Neurofeedback has been used in sports since the 1990s, frequently showing positive outcomes in enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review provides an updated analysis of neurofeedback training in sports, evaluating reaction time, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation to address literature gaps and suggest future research directions. (2) Methods. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 2016 to April 2023. The search included only original articles written in English, resulting in 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. (3) Results. The reviewed studies cover a wide range of sports, including golf, basketball, swimming, rifle shooting, football, volleyball, athletics, judo, ice hockey, triathlon, handball, fencing, taekwondo, and darts. They involved athletes of varying experience levels (beginners, professionals, and experts) and utilized neurofeedback training targeting different frequency bands (alpha, beta, theta, and SMR), either individually or in mixed protocols. Findings show improvements in sports and cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and anxiety management. (4) Conclusions. This systematic review supports the effectiveness of neurofeedback in enhancing sports and cognitive performance across various disciplines and experience levels. Notable improvements were observed in technical skills, physical performance parameters, scoring, attention, concentration, reaction time, short-term and working memory, self-regulation, and cognitive anxiety. Future research should standardize protocols, include more diverse samples, and explore long-term effects to further validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Tosti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (B.T.); (S.C.); (S.M.); (T.D.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Stefano Corrado
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (B.T.); (S.C.); (S.M.); (T.D.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Stefania Mancone
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (B.T.); (S.C.); (S.M.); (T.D.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Tommaso Di Libero
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (B.T.); (S.C.); (S.M.); (T.D.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Carissimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (C.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianni Cerro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (C.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Rodio
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (B.T.); (S.C.); (S.M.); (T.D.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Vernon Furtado da Silva
- Instituto de Psiquiatria-IPUB, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil;
| | - Danilo Reis Coimbra
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil;
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Health and Sports Science Center, Department of Physical Education, CEFID, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis 88035-901, Brazil;
| | - Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (B.T.); (S.C.); (S.M.); (T.D.L.); (A.R.)
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Wang L, Meng Q, Lipowski M. Effects of Emotional States on the Spatial Perception of Youth Athletes with Different Alerting Efficiencies. J Hum Kinet 2024; 94:255-267. [PMID: 39563769 PMCID: PMC11571475 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/187257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the role of the attentional alerting network in spatial perceptual processing in youth athletes under different emotional states. Two hundred and fifty participants were recruited to assess alerting efficiency using the Attention Network Test and were divided into high and low alerting efficiency groups based on the front and back 27% of the alerting scores as a dividing metric. Subsequently, participants completed the Spatial Perception Response Task under different emotionally induced conditions. Results showed a correlation between alerting efficiency and spatial perception, the higher the alerting efficiency, the faster and more accurate the spatial perception response. Emotion and spatial location interacted significantly (p < 0.05), and subjects in the angry emotional state had faster spatial responses to the lower left visual field than those in the happy emotional state. Moreover, an interaction was found for location accuracy (p < 0.05). The high alerting efficiency group showed lower accuracy in the anger state than in the happy state. These findings suggest that alerting efficiency can be used as an objective indicator for assessing the spatial perceptual ability of youth athletes, which provides empirical evidence for mental selection and perceptual training of youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Qiao Meng
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Faculty of Social and Humanities, WSB Merito University Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Klein RM, McCormick CR, Almeida RDS, Lawen Z, Arora S. Introducing the portable AttentionTrip: An engaging tool for measuring the networks of attention. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 409:110194. [PMID: 38866205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of the efficacy of the networks of attention is a frequent component of research in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Developed in 2002, the Attention Network Test (ANT), has become the most widely used tool for this purpose. NEW METHOD In 2017 a more engaging, game-like tool based on the ANT, called the AttentionTrip was described. The network scores from five studies which used AttentionTrip are shown to be robust. NEWER METHOD That version of AttentionTrip required a steering wheel and desk-top computer. Here we describe a new, portable version of the AttentionTrip that is administered using a hand-held tablet (iPad) RESULTS: Three samples of participants (total = 44) completed the portable version of AttentionTrip. The network scores generated using the portable AttentionTrip were also robust. Effect sizes compare favourably with those generated by the ANT and the desktop version. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the use of the portable AttentionTrip as an alternative to the ANT when user engagement is important, such as when participants are prone to boredom, and when repeated administrations are required.
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15
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Pauletti C, Mannarelli D, Fattapposta F. Overt and Covert Effects of Mental Fatigue on Attention Networks: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials during the Attention Network Test. Brain Sci 2024; 14:803. [PMID: 39199495 PMCID: PMC11352345 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental fatigue is a variation in the psychophysiological state that subjects encounter during or after prolonged cognitive activity periods, affecting top-down attention and cognitive control. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of mental fatigue on attention in the context of the three attention networks according to the Posnerian model (alerting, orienting, and executive networks) by combining the Attentional Network Test (ANT) and event-related potentials technique. Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. A continuous arithmetic task lasting one hour induced mental fatigue, and EEG recordings were conducted before and after the task while subjects were performing the ANT. The efficiencies of three networks were comparable between groups, while RTs shortened only in the control group and the accuracy related to the alerting and conflict networks declined only after mental effort. Mental fatigue reduced N1 amplitude during alerting network engagement and p3 amplitude during orienting. It also reduced N2 and P3 amplitude during the conflict, particularly the incongruent target-locked response. These findings underscore the covert effects of mental fatigue on attention, suggesting that even in healthy young subjects, compensatory mechanisms may maintain adequate overt performances, but fatigue still has a detrimental effect on top-down attentional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (F.F.)
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16
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Liu L, Chen D, Huang F, Jia T, Cheng W, Pan M, Zhao M, Bu X, Liao X, Wang Y, Cao M, Qian Q, Feng J. Interference of default mode on attention networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with genetic variants and treatment outcomes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14900. [PMID: 39145420 PMCID: PMC11325164 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Altered brain functional connectivity has been proposed as the neurobiological underpinnings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the default mode interference hypothesis is one of the most popular neuropsychological models. Here, we explored whether this hypothesis is supported in adults with ADHD and the association with high-risk genetic variants and treatment outcomes. METHODS Voxel-based whole-brain connectome analysis was conducted on resting-state functional MRI data from 84 adults with ADHD and 89 healthy controls to identify functional connectivity substrates corresponding to ADHD-related alterations. The candidate genetic variants and 12-week cognitive behavioral therapy data were leveraged from the same population to assess these associations. RESULTS We detected breakdowns of functional connectivity in the precuneus and left middle temporal gyrus in adults with ADHD, with exact contributions from decreased connectivity within the default mode, dorsal and ventral attention networks, as well as increased connectivity among them with the middle temporal gyrus serving as a crucial 'bridge'. Additionally, significant associations between the altered functional connectivity and genetic variants in both MAOA and MAOB were detected. Treatment restored brain function, with the amelioration of connectivity of the middle temporal gyrus, accompanied by improvements in ADHD core symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the interference of default mode on attention in adults with ADHD and its association with genetic risk variants and clinical management, providing insights into the underlying pathogenesis of ADHD and potential biomarkers for treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- Mental Health Education and Counselling Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meirong Pan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhong Liao
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Petro NM, Rempe MP, Schantell M, Ku V, Srinivas AN, O’Neill J, Kubat ME, Bares SH, May-Weeks PE, Wilson TW. Spontaneous cortical activity is altered in persons with HIV and related to domain-specific cognitive function. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae228. [PMID: 39035415 PMCID: PMC11258575 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Whilst the average lifespan of persons with HIV now approximates that of the general population, these individuals are at a much higher risk of developing cognitive impairment with ∼35-70% experiencing at least subtle cognitive deficits. Previous works suggest that HIV impacts both low-level primary sensory regions and higher-level association cortices. Notably, multiple neuroHIV studies have reported elevated levels of spontaneous cortical activity during the pre-stimulus baseline period of task-based experiments, but only a few have examined such activity during resting-state conditions. In the current study, we examined such spontaneous cortical activity using magnetoencephalography in 79 persons with HIV and 83 demographically matched seronegative controls and related this neural activity to performance on neuropsychological assessments of cognitive function. Consistent with previous works, persons with HIV exhibited stronger spontaneous gamma activity, particularly in inferior parietal, prefrontal and superior temporal cortices. In addition, serostatus moderated the relationship between spontaneous beta activity and attention, motor and processing speed scores, with controls but not persons with HIV showing stronger beta activity with better performance. The current results suggest that HIV predominantly impacts spontaneous activity in association cortices, consistent with alterations in higher-order brain function, and may be attributable to deficient GABAergic signalling, given its known role in the generation of gamma and beta oscillations. Overall, these effects align with previous studies showing aberrant spontaneous activity in persons with HIV and provide a critical new linkage to domain-specific cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Petro
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Maggie P Rempe
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Vivian Ku
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Advika N Srinivas
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Jennifer O’Neill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Maureen E Kubat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sara H Bares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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18
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Yan T, Su C, Xue W, Hu Y, Zhou H. Mobile phone short video use negatively impacts attention functions: an EEG study. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1383913. [PMID: 38993329 PMCID: PMC11236742 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1383913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive nature of short-form video platforms has seamlessly integrated into daily routines, yet it is important to recognize their potential adverse effects on both physical and mental health. Prior research has identified a detrimental impact of excessive short-form video consumption on attentional behavior, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unexplored. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of short-form video use on attentional functions, measured through the attention network test (ANT). A total of 48 participants, consisting of 35 females and 13 males, with a mean age of 21.8 years, were recruited. The mobile phone short video addiction tendency questionnaire (MPSVATQ) and self-control scale (SCS) were conducted to assess the short video usage behavior and self-control ability. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded during the completion of the ANT task. The correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between MPSVATQ and theta power index reflecting the executive control in the prefrontal region (r = -0.395, p = 0.007), this result was not observed by using theta power index of the resting-state EEG data. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was identified between MPSVATQ and SCS outcomes (r = -0.320, p = 0.026). These results suggest that an increased tendency toward mobile phone short video addiction could negatively impact self-control and diminish executive control within the realm of attentional functions. This study sheds light on the adverse consequences stemming from short video consumption and underscores the importance of developing interventions to mitigate short video addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Conghui Su
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weichen Xue
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Hu N, Long Q, Wang L, Hu X, Wang X, Ma R, Bai Y, Qian C, Chen A. Task-general or specific: The alertness modulates post-error adjustment. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114990. [PMID: 38582411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that alertness is closely related to executive control function, but its impact on components of post-error adjustment is unknown. This study applied the Attentional Networks Test and the Four-choice Flanker task with three response stimulus intervals (RSIs) to explore the correlation between alertness and post-error adjustment. The linear mixed-effects model of alertness and RSI on the post-error processing indicators showed a significant negative correlation between the alertness and post-error slowing (PES) under 200 ms RSI , as well as between alertness and post-error improvement in accuracy (PIA) under both 700 ms RSI and 1200 ms RSI. Participants with lower alertness showed larger post-error slowing in the early stages, while those with higher alertness had smaller PIA in later stages. This study revealed the effects of alertness on different processing components of post-error adjustment. The control strategies utilized by individuals with high and low levels of alertness differed in preparation for performance monitoring. Alertness improved post-error response speed in a task-unspecific manner, but not post-error adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hu
- School of Preschool & Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Quanshan Long
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Institute of Psychology & Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Computing and Application on Cognitive Behavior, Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 23500, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- School of Preschool & Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Ruimin Ma
- School of Preschool & Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yuqing Bai
- School of Preschool & Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Chen Qian
- School of Preschool & Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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20
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Shi K, Yu L, Wang Y, Li Z, Li C, Long Q, Zheng J. Impaired interhemispheric synchrony and effective connectivity in right temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2211-2221. [PMID: 38038810 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain functional network plays a crucial role in cognitive impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Based on voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC), this study explored how directed functional connectivity changes and is associated with impaired cognition in right TLE (rTLE). METHODS Twenty-seven patients with rTLE and twenty-seven healthy controls were included to perform VMHC and Granger causality analysis (GCA). Correlation analysis was performed based on GCA and cognitive function. RESULTS Bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG), middle temporal gyrus, dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (SFGdor), and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) exhibited decreased VMHC values in the rTLE group. Brain regions with altered VMHC had abnormal directed functional connectivity with multiple brain regions, mainly belonging to the default mode network, sensorimotor network, and visual network. Besides, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score was positively correlated with the connectivity from the left SFGdor to the right cerebellum crus2 and was negatively correlated with the connectivity from the left SMG to the right supplementary motor area (SMA) before correction. Before correction, both phasic and intrinsic alertness reaction time were positively correlated with the connectivity from the left MFG to the left precentral gyrus (PreCG), connectivity from the left SMG to the right PreCG, and the connectivity from the left SMG to the right SMA. The executive control effect reaction time was positively correlated with the connectivity from the left MFG to the left calcarine fissure surrounding cortex before correction. CONCLUSION The disordered functional network tended to be correlated with cognition impairment in rTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhekun Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qijia Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Wang L, Meng Q, Lipowski M. The Effect of Emotion on Time Perception in Youth Athletes with Different Alerting Efficiencies. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:1255-1269. [PMID: 38524284 PMCID: PMC10959118 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s445151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Time perception plays a critical role in executing movements in various competitions. However, less research has been conducted on the alerting component of attention in the processing of time perception, and that the effects of emotion on the alerting network show inconsistent effects. This study is aimed to explore the factors that may influence time perception in youth athletes and these relationships. Methods A total of 225 participants were recruited to assess alerting efficiency using the Attention Network Test and were divided into high and low alerting efficiency groups based on the front and back 27% of the ranked alerting scores as a dividing metric, and subsequently participants completed Time replication task under different emotionally induced conditions. Results Alerting efficiency had a significant effect on time perception, with the high alerting efficiency subjects having higher time estimation accuracy [F (1106) = 6.32, p = 0.013, η2p = 0.10] and being more inclined to overestimate time perception [F (1106) = 12.64, p = 0.001, η2 p = 0.11]. An interaction was found between emotion and alerting efficiency on time replication ratio [F (2106) = 3.59, p = 0.031, η2p = 0.08], and further simple effects analyses found that the low alerting efficiency subjects tended to overestimate time in the anger state relative to the happy and neutral states [F (2106) = 5.93, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.10]. Conclusion These findings suggest that high alerting efficiency in youth athletes is associated with greater time perception response advantage; The time perception of low alerting efficiency youth athletes was more likely to be affected by emotions. This study provides a reference for the training of time perception and specialized perceptual ability of youth athletes, enriches the index system of psychological selection of youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Qiao Meng
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Faculty of Social and Humanities, WSB Merito University Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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22
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Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Kleedörfer S, Jayeshkumar Patel H, Drzezga A, Elmenhorst D, Binkofski F, Bauer A. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4937. [PMID: 38418482 PMCID: PMC10902318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The inverse effects of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation on high energy phosphates, neural creatine, and cognitive performances suggest that creatine is a suitable candidate for reducing the negative effects of sleep deprivation. With this, the main obstacle is the limited exogenous uptake by the central nervous system (CNS), making creatine only effective over a long-term diet of weeks. Thus far, only repeated dosing of creatine over weeks has been studied, yielding detectable changes in CNS levels. Based on the hypothesis that a high extracellular creatine availability and increased intracellular energy consumption will temporarily increase the central creatine uptake, subjects were orally administered a high single dose of creatinemonohydrate (0.35 g/kg) while performing cognitive tests during sleep deprivation. Two consecutive 31P-MRS scans, 1H-MRS, and cognitive tests were performed each at evening baseline, 3, 5.5, and 7.5 h after single dose creatine (0.35 g/kg) or placebo during sub-total 21 h sleep deprivation (SD). Our results show that creatine induces changes in PCr/Pi, ATP, tCr/tNAA, prevents a drop in pH level, and improves cognitive performance and processing speed. These outcomes suggest that a high single dose of creatine can partially reverse metabolic alterations and fatigue-related cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gordji-Nejad
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sophie Kleedörfer
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Harshal Jayeshkumar Patel
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Worden BL, Tolin DF, Stevens MC. An exploration of neural predictors of treatment compliance in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for hoarding disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:410-418. [PMID: 38706461 PMCID: PMC11068362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
A persistent and influential barrier to effective cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with hoarding disorder (HD) is treatment retention and compliance. Recent research has suggested that HD patients have abnormal brain activity identified by functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) in regions often engaged for executive functioning (e.g., right superior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate), which raises questions about whether these abnormalities could relate to patients' ability to attend, understand, and engage in HD treatment. We examined data from 74 HD-diagnosed adults who completed fMRI-measured brain activity during a discarding task designed to elicit symptom-related brain dysfunction, exploring which regions' activity might predict treatment compliance variables, including treatment engagement (within-session compliance), homework completion (between-session compliance), and treatment attendance. Brain activity that was significantly related to within- and between-session compliance was found largely in insula, parietal, and premotor areas. No brain regions were associated with treatment attendance. The results add to findings from prior research that have found prefrontal, cingulate, and insula activity abnormalities in HD by suggesting that some aspects of HD brain dysfunction might play a role in preventing the engagement needed for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Tolin
- Institute of Living/ Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Institute of Living/ Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Psotta R, Sarvestan J, Valtr L, Ješina O. Quiet eye training-based intervention can ameliorate inhibitory control but not visuospatial working memory in children with ADHD. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3251. [PMID: 37715345 PMCID: PMC10636405 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRO The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quiet eye training (QET) on inhibitory control, visuospatial working memory (WM), and tonic attention in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Forty-eight children with ADHD aged 9-12 years were randomly assigned to QET and control (CON) groups. The QET group practiced targeted hand-eye tasks within a QET protocol developed to optimize controlled attention and gaze through eye fixations. We used the go/no-go (GNG) test, the Corsi test, and the reaction test of alertness (RTA) to verify the effects of QET on inhibition control, WM, and tonic attention. RESULTS QET group showed significantly shorter reaction times, a higher number of correct responses, and a lower number of omissions in the GNG inhibition test after QET as compared to the pre-measurements, whereas the CON group did not demonstrate significant changes in this test. The measures of WM (Corsi test) and tonic attention (RTA) did not change significantly with the QET-based intervention. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that the QET protocol, which includes instructions and a video demonstration to optimize eye fixation on a target during aiming tasks, is acceptable and usable for children with ADHD. Overall, a short-term, 5-week visuomotor training intervention based on the quiet eye paradigm was shown to be effective in improving inhibitory control and focused visual attention, but not visuospatial WM and intrinsic attention in 9-12-year-old children with inattentive or combined ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Psotta
- Faculty of Physical CulturePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- College of Physical Education and Sport PALESTRAPragueCzech Republic
| | - Javad Sarvestan
- Faculty of Physical CulturePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Ludvík Valtr
- Faculty of Physical CulturePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Ondrej Ješina
- Faculty of Physical CulturePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
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25
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Chaudhary IS, Shyi GCW, Huang STT. A systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of fMRI studies on arousing or wake-promoting effects in Buddhist meditation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1136983. [PMID: 38022985 PMCID: PMC10646186 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional Buddhist texts illustrate meditation as a condition of relaxed alertness that must fend against extreme hypoarousal (sleep, drowsiness) and extreme hyperarousal (restlessness). Theoretical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging investigations of meditation have highlighted the relaxing effects and hypoarousing without emphasizing the alertness-promoting effects. Here we performed a systematic review supported by an activation-likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis in an effort to counterbalance the surfeit of scholarship emphasizing the hypoarousing and relaxing effects of different forms of Buddhist meditation. Specifically, the current systematic review-cum-meta-analytical review seeks to highlight more support for meditation's wake-promoting effects by drawing from neuroimaging research during wakefulness and meditation. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 fMRI studies, we aim to highlight support for Buddhist meditation's wake-promoting or arousing effects by identifying brain regions associated with alertness during meditation. The most significant peaks were localized medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and precuneus. We failed to determine areas ostensibly common to alertness-related meditation such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), superior parietal lobule, basal ganglia, thalamus, most likely due to the relatively fewer fMRI investigations that used wakefulness-promoting meditation techniques. Also, we argue that forthcoming research on meditation, related to alertness or wakefulness, continues to adopt a multi-modal method to investigate the correlation between actual behaviors and neural networks connected to Buddhist meditation. Moreover, we recommend the implementation of fMRI paradigms on Buddhist meditation with clinically diagnosed participants to complement recent trends in psychotherapy such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder S. Chaudhary
- PhD Program in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
- Center for Research in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Gary Chon-Wen Shyi
- PhD Program in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
- Center for Research in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tseng Tina Huang
- PhD Program in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
- Center for Research in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
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26
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Valtr L, Psotta R, Dostál D. Effects of the Specific Eye Fixation Training on Fine Visuomotor Coordination in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1648. [PMID: 37892311 PMCID: PMC10605083 DOI: 10.3390/children10101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of quiet eye training (QET) on the neuropsychological functioning and fine motor performance of children with attention deficits. The participant cohort consisted of 106 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between the ages of 8 and 12 years. The children were assigned to either the QET group (n = 54) or the control group (n = 52). The QET group went through a 5-week intervention in which the performance of blocks of targeting tasks was preceded by watching split-screen video footage featuring the gaze and body movements of a skilled model performing a throwing motion. Both groups underwent pre-test and post-test assessments, which included the reaction test of alertness, go/no-go inhibition test, and motor performance series test. The QET group demonstrated significant improvements in attentional engagement, inhibitory control, and fine motor skills, which require precise and fast visuomotor coordination. These results highlight the potential benefits of QET intervention in ameliorating attention deficits and enhancing fine aiming motor skills in children with ADHD. However, task specificity was evident, indicating that the intervention effects were most pronounced for the hand fine motor aiming tasks requiring both precision and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvík Valtr
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Rudolf Psotta
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department of Wellness and Nutrition, College of Physical Education and Sport PALESTRA, 197 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Dostál
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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27
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Rudolf P, Ludvík V, Daniel D. The Effects of Quiet Eye Training on Attention in Children with ADHD. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:53-63. [PMID: 38053954 PMCID: PMC10694725 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/168267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on linkage between attention control, gaze and visuomotor control, previous studies suggested that quiet eye training (QET) could improve attention control. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of QET-based visuomotor intervention on different aspects of attention in children with ADHD. Fifty seven children with ADHD aged 9-12 years, were tested on focused, tonic and phasic attention, as well as attention control during a throwing task analysed via eye tracking, in pre- and post-test sessions, six weeks apart. The QET group that underwent specific 5-week QET-based intervention significantly increased focused attention including its accuracy aspect. Reaction times (RTs) and intraindividual RT variability under non-alert and alert conditions as measures of tonic and phasic attention did not change over time in either group. In contrast with the control (CON) group, an extended total time of eye fixations during the pre-throw and throw phase was found in the QET group after the intervention. The results of this study suggest that focused attention in children with ADHD can be improved by a short-term QET-based visuomotor intervention. Future research needs to examine the effects of a longer QET-based intervention, or the intervention in combination with other cognitive training of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Psotta Rudolf
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- College of Physical Culture and Sport PALESTRA, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valtr Ludvík
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dostál Daniel
- Faculty of Arts, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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28
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Xing S, Yang J. The Impact of Interpreting Training Experience on the Attentional Networks and Their Dynamics. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1306. [PMID: 37759907 PMCID: PMC10526303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpreting, a complicated and demanding bilingual task, depends heavily on attentional control. However, few studies have focused on the interpreters' advantages in attention, and the findings so far have been inconsistent. Meanwhile, the connection between attentional networks and other cognitive abilities, such as working memory (WM), has rarely been explored in interpreters. The present study investigated whether interpreting experience (IE) contributed to the attentional networks of bilinguals and explored the link between interpreters' attention and WM. Three groups of Chinese-English bilinguals, differing only in their duration of interpreting training (the More-IE group, the Less-IE group, and the No-IE group), completed the Attention Network Test (ANT). Results showed that only the alerting network was more efficient in the More-IE group than in the Less-IE and No-IE groups; moreover, the dynamics between the alerting and executive networks were significant only in the More-IE group. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between the executive effect and the working memory capacity (WMC) in the More-IE group. Our study validated and provided empirical support for the Attentional Control Model, stimulating further research into neurocognitive mechanisms of advanced second language learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Xing
- Bilingual Cognition and Development Lab, Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China;
| | - Jing Yang
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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29
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Luna FG, Aguirre MJ, Martín-Arévalo E, Ibáñez A, Lupiáñez J, Barttfeld P. Event-related potentials associated with attentional networks evidence changes in executive and arousal vigilance. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14272. [PMID: 36812133 PMCID: PMC11177283 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Attention is regulated by three independent but interacting networks, that is, alerting, comprising phasic alertness and vigilance, orienting, and executive control. Previous studies analyzing event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with attentional networks have focused on phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control, without an independent measure of vigilance. ERPs associated with vigilance have been instead measured in separate studies and via different tasks. The present study aimed to differentiate ERPs associated with attentional networks by simultaneously measuring vigilance along with phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control. Forty participants (34 women, age: M = 25.96; SD = 4.96) completed two sessions wherein the electroencephalogram was recorded while they completed the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal components, a task that measures phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control along with executive (i.e., detection of infrequent critical signals) and arousal (i.e., sustaining a fast reaction to environmental stimuli) vigilance. ERPs previously associated with attentional networks were replicated here: (a) N1, P2, and contingent negative variation for phasic alertness; (b) P1, N1, and P3 for orienting; and (c) N2 and slow positivity for executive control. Importantly, different ERPs were associated with vigilance: while the executive vigilance decrement was associated with an increase in P3 and slow positivity across time-on-task, arousal vigilance loss was associated with reduced N1 and P2 amplitude. The present study shows that attentional networks can be described by different ERPs simultaneously observed in a single session, including independent measures of executive and arousal vigilance on its assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gabriel Luna
- Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Julieta Aguirre
- Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elisa Martín-Arévalo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés & CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), US and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Barttfeld
- Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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30
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Bayot M, Dujardin K, Gérard M, Braquet A, Tard C, Betrouni N, Defebvre L, Delval A. The contribution of executive control dysfunction to freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 152:75-89. [PMID: 37356311 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An executive dysfunction is supposed to contribute to freezing of gait (FoG) in Parkinson's disease. We aimed to investigate at a behavioral and cortical levels whether an attentional load (particularly, a conflicting situation) can specifically impact preparation and execution phases of step initiation in parkinsonian patients with FoG. METHODS Fifteen patients with FoG, 16 without and 15 controls performed an adapted version of the Attention Network Test, with step initiation as response instead of the standard manual keypress. Kinetic and kinematic features of gait initiation as well as high-resolution electroencephalography were recorded during the task. RESULTS Patients with FoG presented an impaired executive control. Step execution time was longer in parkinsonian patients. However, the executive control effect on step execution time was not different between all groups. Compared to patients, controls showed a shorter step initiation-locked alpha desynchronization, and an earlier, more intense and shorter beta desynchronization over the sensorimotor cortex. Even though controls were faster, the induced alpha and beta activity associated with the effect of executive control didn't differ between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Tasks of conflict resolution lead to a comparable alteration of step initiation and its underlying brain activity in all groups. Links between executive control, gait initiation and FoG seem more complex than expected. SIGNIFICANCE This study questions the cognitive hypothesis in the pathophysiology of freezing of gait. Executive dysfunction is associated with FoG but is not the main causal mechanism since the interaction between attention and motor preparation didn't provoke FoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madli Bayot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Morgane Gérard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | | | - Céline Tard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nacim Betrouni
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Arnaud Delval
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France.
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31
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Ma HL, Zeng TA, Jiang L, Zhang M, Li H, Su R, Wang ZX, Chen DM, Xu M, Xie WT, Dang P, Bu XO, Zhang T, Wang TZ. Altered resting-state network connectivity patterns for predicting attentional function in deaf individuals: An EEG study. Hear Res 2023; 429:108696. [PMID: 36669260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of brain development are influenced by early sensory loss such as deafness. Despite growing evidence of changes in attentional functions for prelingual profoundly deaf, the brain mechanisms underlying these attentional changes remain unclear. This study investigated the relationships between differential attention and the resting-state brain network difference in deaf individuals from the perspective of brain network connectivity. We recruited 36 deaf individuals and 34 healthy controls (HC). We recorded each participant's resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) and the event-related potential (ERP) data from the Attention Network Test (ANT). The coherence (COH) method and graph theory were used to build brain networks and analyze network connectivity. First, the ERPs of analysis in task states were investigated. Then, we correlated the topological properties of the network functional connectivity with the ERPs. The results revealed a significant correlation between frontal-occipital connection in the resting state and the amplitude of alert N1 amplitude in the alpha band. Specifically, clustering coefficients and global and local efficiency correlate negatively with alert N1 amplitude, whereas the characteristic path length positively correlates with alert N1 amplitude. In addition, deaf individuals exhibited weaker frontal-occipital connections compared to the HC group. In executive control, the deaf group had longer reaction times and larger P3 amplitudes. However, the orienting function did not significantly differ from the HC group. Finally, the alert N1 amplitude in the ANT task for deaf individuals was predicted using a multiple linear regression model based on resting-state EEG network properties. Our results suggest that deafness affects the performance of alerting and executive control while orienting functions develop similarly to hearing individuals. Furthermore, weakened frontal-occipital connections in the deaf brain are a fundamental cause of altered alerting functions in the deaf. These results reveal important effects of brain networks on attentional function from the perspective of brain connections and provide potential physiological biomarkers to predicting attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lin Ma
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi 'an, Shaanxi 710062, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Tong-Ao Zeng
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Special Education, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Hao Li
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Rui Su
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China; Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Dong-Mei Chen
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Wen-Ting Xie
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Peng Dang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Bu
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University /South China Normal University, 850012/Guangzhou, Lhasa 510631, China; Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Mental Health Education Center and School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China,.
| | - Ting-Zhao Wang
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi 'an, Shaanxi 710062, China.
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Makov S, Pinto D, Har-Shai Yahav P, Miller LM, Zion Golumbic E. "Unattended, distracting or irrelevant": Theoretical implications of terminological choices in auditory selective attention research. Cognition 2023; 231:105313. [PMID: 36344304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For seventy years, auditory selective attention research has focused on studying the cognitive mechanisms of prioritizing the processing a 'main' task-relevant stimulus, in the presence of 'other' stimuli. However, a closer look at this body of literature reveals deep empirical inconsistencies and theoretical confusion regarding the extent to which this 'other' stimulus is processed. We argue that many key debates regarding attention arise, at least in part, from inappropriate terminological choices for experimental variables that may not accurately map onto the cognitive constructs they are meant to describe. Here we critically review the more common or disruptive terminological ambiguities, differentiate between methodology-based and theory-derived terms, and unpack the theoretical assumptions underlying different terminological choices. Particularly, we offer an in-depth analysis of the terms 'unattended' and 'distractor' and demonstrate how their use can lead to conflicting theoretical inferences. We also offer a framework for thinking about terminology in a more productive and precise way, in hope of fostering more productive debates and promoting more nuanced and accurate cognitive models of selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Makov
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Center for Brain Research, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Danna Pinto
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Center for Brain Research, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Paz Har-Shai Yahav
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Center for Brain Research, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Lee M Miller
- The Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, & Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Otolaryngology / Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Elana Zion Golumbic
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Center for Brain Research, Bar Ilan University, Israel.
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33
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Fairclough SH, Stamp K, Dobbins C. Functional connectivity across dorsal and ventral attention networks in response to task difficulty and experimental pain. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136967. [PMID: 36379390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal and ventral attention networks (DAN & VAN) provide a framework for studying attentional modulation of pain. It has been argued that cognitive demand distracts attention from painful stimuli via top-down reinforcement of task goals (DAN), whereas pain exerts an interruptive effect on cognitive performance via bottom-up pathways (VAN). The current study explores this explanatory framework by manipulating pain and task demand in combination with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Granger Causal Connectivity Analyses (GCCA). Twenty-one participants played a racing game at low and high difficulty levels with or without experimental pain (administered via a cold pressor test). Six channels of fNIRS were collected from bilateral frontal eye fields and intraparietal sulci (DAN), with right-lateralised channels at the inferior frontal gyrus and temporoparietal junction (VAN). Our first analysis revealed increased G-causality from bottom-up pathways (VAN) during the cold pressor test. However, an equivalent experience of experimental pain during gameplay increased G-causality in top-down (DAN) pathways, with the left intraparietal sulcus serving a hub of connectivity. High game difficulty increased G-causality via top-down pathways and implicated the right inferior frontal gyrus as an interhemispheric hub. Our results are discussed with reference to existing models of both networks and attentional modulation of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kellyann Stamp
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Chelsea Dobbins
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia
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34
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Madhira A, Srinivasan N. Letting it go: The interplay between mind wandering, mindfulness, and creativity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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35
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Lv X, Chu M, Liu Y, Jing D, Liu L, Cui Y, Wang Y, Jiang D, Song W, Yang C, Wu L. Neurofunctional Correlates of Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Posterior Cortical Atrophy. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:295-305. [PMID: 36970906 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) has focused on cognitive decline, especially visual processing deficits. However, few studies have examined the impact of PCA on activities of daily living (ADL) and the neurofunctional and neuroanatomic bases of ADL. OBJECTIVE To identify brain regions associated with ADL in PCA patients. METHODS A total of 29 PCA patients, 35 typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD) patients, and 26 healthy volunteers were recruited. Each subject completed an ADL questionnaire that included basic and instrumental subscales (BADL and IADL, respectively), and underwent hybrid magnetic resonance imaging and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Voxel-wise regression multivariable analysis was conducted to identify specific brain regions associated with ADL. RESULTS General cognitive status was similar between PCA and tAD patients; however, the former had lower total ADL scores and BADL and IADL scores. All three scores were associated with hypometabolism in bilateral parietal lobes (especially bilateral superior parietal gyri) at the whole-brain level, PCA-related hypometabolism level, and PCA-specific hypometabolism level. A cluster that included the right superior parietal gyrus showed an ADL×group interaction effect that was correlated with the total ADL score in the PCA group (r = -0.6908, p = 9.3599e-5) but not in the tAD group (r = 0.1006, p = 0.5904). There was no significant association between gray matter density and ADL scores. CONCLUSION Hypometabolism in bilateral superior parietal lobes contributes to a decline in ADL in patients with PCA and can potentially be targeted by noninvasive neuromodulatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Donglai Jing
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Rongcheng People's Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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36
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Alescio-Lautier B, Chambon C, Deshayes C, Anton JL, Escoffier G, Ferrer MH, Paban V. Problem-solving training modifies cognitive functioning and related functional connectivity in healthy adults. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2023; 33:103-138. [PMID: 34657550 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.1987277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive functioning evolves throughout life. Regular practice of stimulating activities maintains or even strengthens cognitive skills. This study investigated the effects of a cognitive training programme based on complex closed-ended problem solving on innovative thinking. To this end, using partial least squares variance-based structural equation modeling, we first evaluated in 83 healthy adults how inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and reasoning were related to the distinct dimensions of innovative thinking. Second, we assessed how these interactions were modified after cognitive training based on problem solving in a subgroup of 16 subjects compared to leisure activity based on crossword solving in another subgroup of 15 subjects. Third, in a pilot fMRI study, we evaluated changes in brain connectivity at rest as a result of training in the problem solving group. Data on cognitive measures showed that innovative thinking was influenced by reasoning in control subjects, whereas it was influenced by cognitive flexibility following problem-solving training. These findings highlight that a cognitive intervention based on complex closed-ended problem solving promotes innovative thinking by changing the way subjects recruit and use relevant cognitive processes. Modifications in the resting-state connectivity of attention, default mode and visual networks were observed in the problem solving group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Chambon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC-UMR 7291, NeuroMarseille InCiam, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Deshayes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC-UMR 7291, NeuroMarseille InCiam, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre IRM-INT@CERIMED, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289 CNRS & AMU, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille
| | - Guy Escoffier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, UMR 7051, Faculté de pharmacie, campus Timone Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Ferrer
- Département Neurosciences et Contraintes Opérationnelles (NCO), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Paban
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC-UMR 7291, NeuroMarseille InCiam, Marseille, France
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Alfeo F, Decarolis D, Clemente L, Delussi M, de Tommaso M, Curci A, Lanciano T. Decision Making and Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1452. [PMID: 36358377 PMCID: PMC9688698 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Decision making (DM) is the ability to choose among multiple options, considering external and internal variables and identifying potential paths of action that need to be assessed. Some brain areas involved in decision making are also implicated in pain processing, such as in fibromyalgia (FM). FM is a syndrome characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and cognitive difficulties. We conducted a systematic review with the aim of identifying articles that evaluated DM in people with fibromyalgia, highlighting the main assessment tools. This work was conducted according to the PRISMA statement by consulting six online databases and providing a quality assessment of each search that met the inclusion criteria. In line with the limited interest in this in the scientific landscape to date, we found nine studies that evaluated the performance of DM in patients with FM; furthermore, we discovered that only certain types of DM were tested. The importance of our work lies in shedding light on a cognitive ability that is often undervalued in the scientific landscape but essential in everyday life. This review can serve as a starting point for further studies to clarify the relationship between DM and FM, improving understanding of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Alfeo
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Diletta Decarolis
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Livio Clemente
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Delussi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Marina de Tommaso
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonietta Curci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lanciano
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
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38
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Dietze N, Poth CH. Phasic Alertness is Unaffected by the Attentional Set for Orienting. J Cogn 2022; 5:46. [PMID: 36304587 PMCID: PMC9541150 DOI: 10.5334/joc.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Warning stimuli preceding target stimuli for behaviour improve behavioural performance, which is referred to as phasic alerting. Similar benefits occur due to preceding orienting cues that draw spatial attention to the targets. It has long been assumed that alerting and orienting effects arise from separate attention systems, but recent views call this into question. As it stands, it remains unclear if the two systems are interdependent, or if they function independently. Here, we investigated whether the current attentional set for orienting modulates the effectiveness of alerting. In three experiments, participants classified visual stimuli in a speeded fashion. These target stimuli were preceded by orienting cues that could predict the target's location, by alerting cues that were neutral regarding the target's location, or by no cues. Alerting cues and orienting cues consisted of the same visual stimuli, linking alerting cues with the attentional set for orienting. The attentional set for orienting was manipulated in blocks, in which orienting cues were either informative or uninformative about the target's location. Results showed that while alerting generally enhanced performance, alerting was unaffected by the informativeness of the orienting cues. These findings show that alerting does not depend on the attentional set that controls orienting based on the informational value of orienting cues. As such, the findings provide a simple dissociation of mechanisms underlying phasic alertness and spatial attentional orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Dietze
- Neuro-Cognitive Psychology and Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian H. Poth
- Neuro-Cognitive Psychology and Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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39
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Köster M, Gruber T. Rhythms of human attention and memory: An embedded process perspective. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:905837. [PMID: 36277046 PMCID: PMC9579292 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.905837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains a dogma in cognitive neuroscience to separate human attention and memory into distinct modules and processes. Here we propose that brain rhythms reflect the embedded nature of these processes in the human brain, as evident from their shared neural signatures: gamma oscillations (30-90 Hz) reflect sensory information processing and activated neural representations (memory items). The theta rhythm (3-8 Hz) is a pacemaker of explicit control processes (central executive), structuring neural information processing, bit by bit, as reflected in the theta-gamma code. By representing memory items in a sequential and time-compressed manner the theta-gamma code is hypothesized to solve key problems of neural computation: (1) attentional sampling (integrating and segregating information processing), (2) mnemonic updating (implementing Hebbian learning), and (3) predictive coding (advancing information processing ahead of the real time to guide behavior). In this framework, reduced alpha oscillations (8-14 Hz) reflect activated semantic networks, involved in both explicit and implicit mnemonic processes. Linking recent theoretical accounts and empirical insights on neural rhythms to the embedded-process model advances our understanding of the integrated nature of attention and memory - as the bedrock of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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40
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Vago DR, Farb N, Spreng RN. Clarifying Internally-Directed Cognition: A Commentary on the Attention to Thoughts Model. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2141005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Vago
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Contemplative Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Norman Farb
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - R. Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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41
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Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Esin İS, Turan B, Dursun OB. Assessing sustained attention of children with ADHD in a class flow video task. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:497-506. [PMID: 35521909 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2064545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate sustained attention performance of children with ADHD and effect of distractors on sustained attention through an eye-tracking during a class-flow video task. METHOD Data were collected using an eye-tracking during a class-flow task conducted with 60 children (ADHD and control groups). Two areas of interest were determined in the task, these are relevant (teacher and whiteboard) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas. The task also included distractors in relevant and irrelevant areas, comprising a brief conversation and dropping of a pencil, respectively. Proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) was used to assess sustained attention. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI in the relevant area during the whole class than children in the control group. After the relevant area distractor, PFDAOI increased in relevant area in ADHD group, indicating these children may have better attention after the distractor. However, children with ADHD also showed increased PFDAOI in the irrelevant area following the irrelevant area distractor, indicating that it negatively affected them. There was no significant change in the control group following the distractors. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that children with ADHD have poor sustained attention performance during the whole class. Moreover, distractors in distinct areas could affect children with ADHD differently. Thus, students with ADHD could benefit from increased stimuli in the relevant area and this can be a guide for classroom arrangements to improve the academic functionality of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yıldırım Demirdöğen
- Atatürk University Medicine Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Selçuk Esin
- Health Science University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Turan
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Health Science University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey
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42
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Maness EB, Burk JA, McKenna JT, Schiffino FL, Strecker RE, McCoy JG. Role of the locus coeruleus and basal forebrain in arousal and attention. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:47-58. [PMID: 35878679 PMCID: PMC9514025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has implicated multiple neurotransmitter systems in either the direct or indirect modulation of cortical arousal and attention circuitry. In this review, we selectively focus on three such systems: 1) norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), 2) acetylcholine (ACh)-containing neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), and 3) parvalbumin (PV)-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons of the BF. Whereas BF-PV neurons serve as a rapid and transient arousal system, LC-NE and BF-ACh neuromodulation are typically activated on slower but longer-lasting timescales. Recent findings suggest that the BF-PV system serves to rapidly respond to even subtle sensory stimuli with a microarousal. We posit that salient sensory stimuli, such as those that are threatening or predict the need for a response, will quickly activate the BF-PV system and subsequently activate both the BF-ACh and LC-NE systems if the circumstances require longer periods of arousal and vigilance. We suggest that NE and ACh have overlapping psychological functions with the main difference being the precise internal/environmental sensory situations/contexts that recruit each neurotransmitter system - a goal for future research to determine. Implications of dysfunction of each of these three attentional systems for our understanding of neuropsychiatric conditions are considered. Finally, the contemporary availability of research tools to selectively manipulate and measure the activity of these distinctive neuronal populations promises to answer longstanding questions, such as how various arousal systems influence downstream decision-making and motor responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden B Maness
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - Joshua A Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - James T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Felipe L Schiffino
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - John G McCoy
- Department of Psychology, Stonehill College, Easton, MA 02357, USA.
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43
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Jensen DA, Lundervold AJ, Stubberud J, Halmøy A, Haavik J, Sørensen L. Goal management training improves executive control in adults with ADHD: an open trial employing attention network theory to examine effects on attention. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:207. [PMID: 36028907 PMCID: PMC9414421 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically experience poorer attentional control. According to the attention network theory, attentional control relies on three interacting networks of alerting, orienting, and executive control. In ADHD, it is mainly the alerting and executive control networks that are suggested and found to be compromised. Methods In the current study, we investigated if a group-based metacognitive remediation program (Goal Management Training [GMT]) in adults with ADHD would enhance attentional control using an experimental measure of the attention network theory. We expected that GMT would specifically enhance the executive control and alerting networks. Results Data from post- and follow up-assessments of 21 adults (age: 39.05 [11.93]) with ADHD who had completed GMT were included. Linear mixed-effects modeling revealed significant improvements in the functioning of the executive control network for the majority of the participants, although a small subset of participants showed a negative development following the intervention. Results also showed an improvement in the orienting network at follow up, but no change in the alerting network. Conclusion The results may indicate that improvements in the functioning of the executive control network are central to the positive effects of GMT reported in disorders characterized by impaired attentional control. Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in the ISRCTN (Identifier: ISRCTN91988877) on the 18/01/2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-022-00902-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Jensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Division of Mental Health, Betanien Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Halmøy
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sabag M, Geva R. Hyper and hypo attention networks activations affect social development in children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:902041. [PMID: 36034110 PMCID: PMC9403843 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.902041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience a range of social and non-social attention deficits. To date, most studies assessed the neurological framework or discrete behavioral traits related to one attention network, leaving a gap in the understanding of the developmental cascade affecting the inter-relations among attention networks in ASD in a pervasive manner. We propose a theoretical framework that integrates the behavioral deficits and neurological manifestations through a cohesive developmental prism of attention networks’ activations while assessing their impact on social deficits in children with ASD. Insights arising from the model suggest hyper-and-hypoactivation of posterior attention networks leads to an altered prefrontal anterior attention network weight in ways that conjointly impact social performance in ASD. This perspective on how attention networks develop and interact in ASD may inform future research directions regarding ASD and attention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sabag
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Developmental Neuropsychology Lab, The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronny Geva
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Developmental Neuropsychology Lab, The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- *Correspondence: Ronny Geva,
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45
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Fernández A, Noce G, Del Percio C, Pinal D, Díaz F, Lojo-Seoane C, Zurrón M, Babiloni C. Resting state electroencephalographic rhythms are affected by immediately preceding memory demands in cognitively unimpaired elderly and patients with mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:907130. [PMID: 36062151 PMCID: PMC9435320 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.907130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments on event-related electroencephalographic oscillations in aged people typically include blocks of cognitive tasks with a few minutes of interval between them. The present exploratory study tested the effect of being engaged on cognitive tasks over the resting state cortical arousal after task completion, and whether it differs according to the level of the participant’s cognitive decline. To investigate this issue, we used a local database including data in 30 healthy cognitively unimpaired (CU) persons and 40 matched patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). They had been involved in 2 memory tasks for about 40 min and underwent resting-state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) recording after 5 min from the task end. eLORETA freeware estimated rsEEG alpha source activity as an index of general cortical arousal. In the CU but not aMCI group, there was a negative correlation between memory tasks performance and posterior rsEEG alpha source activity. The better the memory tasks performance, the lower the posterior alpha activity (i.e., higher cortical arousal). There was also a negative correlation between neuropsychological test scores of global cognitive status and alpha source activity. These results suggest that engagement in memory tasks may perturb background brain arousal for more than 5 min after the tasks end, and that this effect are dependent on participants global cognitive status. Future studies in CU and aMCI groups may cross-validate and extend these results with experiments including (1) rsEEG recordings before memory tasks and (2) post-tasks rsEEG recordings after 5, 15, and 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Fernández
- Departamento de Psicoloxía Clínica e Psicobioloxía, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Alba Fernández,
| | | | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Pinal
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Díaz
- Departamento de Psicoloxía Clínica e Psicobioloxía, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Lojo-Seoane
- Departamento de Psicoloxía Evolutiva e da Educación, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Zurrón
- Departamento de Psicoloxía Clínica e Psicobioloxía, Facultade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
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Dias de Castro Heredia ML, Weydmann G, Kops NL, Martins GP, Bizarro L, Friedman R. Conscious and pre-conscious attentional bias to food images in patients subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Appetite 2022; 175:106057. [PMID: 35460810 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attentional bias (AB) to food after bariatric surgery might be a cognitive marker for weight regain. The visual probe task (VPT) is commonly used to capture AB at automatic, pre-conscious, and conscious orientation of attention. The aim of this study was to investigate how the preoperative BMI of patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) impacts AB to food. We assessed patients who had preoperative BMI>50 (n = 28) or preoperative BMI<50 (n = 31) months after the RYGB procedure. Participants underwent clinical, psychological, and VPT evaluations. In VPT, pairs of food and matching non-food images were shown for 100 ms, 500 ms or 2000 ms and AB for food was assessed for each exposure time. A significant AB to food was observed at 2000 ms for all patients in this study, suggesting that the overall sample were consciously orienting their attention toward food cues after surgery, a finding that might be relevant for understanding weight control. When groups with preoperative BMI higher and lower than 50 kg/m2 were compared, a significant difference on AB to food stimuli at 500 ms was observed, controlling for excess weight lost since surgery and postoperative time. Subjects with preoperative BMI>50 had a positive and reliable AB to food while subjects with preoperative BMI<50 had a negative AB. This suggests that food stimuli have a higher incentive salience even after surgery for those with BMI>50, which might explain why subjects with higher preoperative weight have higher risks for weight regain. These results may indicate that RYGB can impact incentive salience for food cues in a differential manner, increasing conscious AB in all patients and decreasing pre-conscious AB only in those with BMI<50 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gibson Weydmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Natália Luiza Kops
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianluca Pioli Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Bizarro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rogério Friedman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Guo D, Zhan C, Liu J, Wang Z, Cui M, Zhang X, Su X, Pan L, Deng M, Zhao L, Liu J, Song Y. Alternations in neural oscillation related to attention network reveal influence of indoor toluene on cognition at low concentration. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13067. [PMID: 35904384 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulative literature reporting negative impacts of high-concentration toluene, cognitive effects of toluene at low concentration are still unclear. Twenty-two healthy college students were exposed in a closed environmental chamber to investigate the influence of indoor toluene on cognitive performance and brain activity. During each toluene exposure condition (0 ppb, 17.5 ppb, 35 ppb, and 70 ppb), attention network test and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording were synchronously performed after 4-hour toluene exposure. Characteristic neural oscillation patterns in three attention networks were compared between four groups. The statistical analyses indicated that short-term exposure to toluene had no significant impact on behavioral performance of attention network. However, there was a significant increase in the power of theta and alpha band of executive network and orienting network in the whole brain, especially in frontal region when exposed to toluene. Besides, no significant difference was observed in alerting network. The alternations in neural oscillation demonstrated that more effort was required to accomplish the same tasks when exposed to toluene. The present study revealed that short-term exposure to toluene affected brain activity of attention network even at low concentration, which provided a theoretical basis for the development of safer evaluation methods and standards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Changqing Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Wuhu No.2 People's Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zukun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingrui Cui
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Su
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Liping Pan
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Meili Deng
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijun Song
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
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Slattery EJ, O'Callaghan E, Ryan P, Fortune DG, McAvinue LP. Popular interventions to enhance sustained attention in children and adolescents: A critical systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104633. [PMID: 35337900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are a myriad of interventions promoting activities designed to help enhance sustained attention in children and adolescents. In this systematic review, we critically evaluate the evidence behind three popular sustained attention training approaches - cognitive attention training, meditation, and physical activity. Seven databases were searched in addition to secondary searches. Cognitive attention training, meditation training or physical activity intervention studies aimed at improving sustained attention (randomised-controlled or non-randomised-controlled designs) in samples of children and adolescents (3-18 years) were included. We screened 3437 unique articles. Thirty-seven studies satisfied inclusion criteria. In general, cognitive attention training (n = 14) did not reliably improve sustained attention. Physical activity (n = 15) and meditation interventions (n = 8) demonstrated somewhat more potential in enhancing sustained attention, but these effects should be considered preliminary and need to be replicated with greater methodological rigour. Cognitive attention training demonstrated very limited transfer to other aspects of attention. Notably, mindfulness training had rather consistent positive effects on selective attention. Across all three intervention types, there was very weak evidence for transfer to other aspects of cognition, behaviour, and academic achievement. The paper concludes with methodological recommendations for future studies to strengthen the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eadaoin J Slattery
- Centre for Assessment Research, Policy and Practice in Education, Institute of Education, Dublin City University, Ireland; Dept. of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | | | - Patrick Ryan
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Thinking about attention: Successive approximations to a productive taxonomy. Cognition 2022; 225:105137. [PMID: 35568009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention, the recruitment of processing resources, is viewed as pivotal for understanding normal behaviour and thought as well as the disorganizations associated with brain damage and disease. A brief history foreshadows aspects of a proposed taxonomy of attention that builds upon Posner's tripartite taxonomy. Posner's influential taxonomy views attention as a set of isolable neural systems (alerting, orienting and executive control), often working together to organize behaviour. For measuring the efficacy of these three networks, Posner and colleagues created the Attention Network Test (ANT). The impact of the taxonomy and this model task for exploring it is illustrated by the facts that they have spawned numerous variants designed for different purposes and that one or another variant has been used in almost a thousand publications. We have previously built upon this conceptual framework by considering: two modes of control over resource allocation which we labelled exogenous and endogenous and three domains over which these modes of control are presumed to operate (space, time and task or activity). The Combined Attention Systems Test (or CAST) was developed to measure the efficacy of the six kinds of attention implied by revised taxonomy. Lastly, this taxonomic effort is further developed by incorporating the distinction between overt, observable behaviour in the "real" world and covert "behaviour" in the realm of thought and imagination.
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50
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Effortless training of attention and self-control: mechanisms and applications. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:567-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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