Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Cardiol. Jan 26, 2017; 9(1): 14-20
Published online Jan 26, 2017. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i1.14
Table 1 Most relevant risk factors for vitamin D deficiency
Age
Increased distance from the equator
Winter season
Darkly pigmented skin
Institutionalized/housebound
Sunscreens and cover-up clothing
Air pollution
Smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Malabsorption
Chronic kidney disease
Liver disease
Drugs (glucocorticoids, antirejection medications, human immunodeficiency virus medications, antiepileptic drugs, etc.)
Table 2 Main prospective studies on serum vitamin D levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Ref.Study population (n)Definitions of vitamin D levels (ng/mL)PrevalenceEnd points consideredMajor findings
Lee et al[45]NSTEMI STEMI (n = 219)Normal > 30 insufficiency 21-29 deficiency < 204% were normal 75% were insufficient 21% were deficientPrevalence and vitamin D correlatesVitamin D deficiency was more commonly observed in non-Caucasian patients, in diabetics patients, and in those with a higher body mass index
Khalili et al[47]STEMI (n = 139)Deficiency < 3073% were deficientIn-hospital mortality correlation with MMP-9 levels at 72 hInverse correlation between vitamin D and MMP-9 levels
Correia et al[46]UA NSTEMI STEMI (n = 206)Severe deficiency < 1010% were severely deficientIn-hospital mortality long-term mortality (mean FU 635 d)A significant higher incidence of in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency
Ng et al[13]NSTEMI STEMI (n = 1259)Deficiency < 2074% were deficientlong-term incidence of mortality and MACE (median FU 550 d)A significant higher incidence of MACE in patients with deficient vitamin D levels
De Metrio et al[12]NSTEMI STEMI (n = 814)Normal > 30 Insufficiency 21-29 Deficiency < 2011% were normal 19% were insufficient 70% were deficientIn-hospital mortality and in-hospital MACE 1-yr mortality and 1-yr re-admission for acute coronary syndrome and acute decompensated heart failureA higher incidence of in-hospital mortality, mechanical ventilation, and major bleeding in patients with the lowest quartile of vitamin D levels A significant higher incidence of 1-yr mortality and re-hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure in patients with the lowest quartile of vitamin D levels
Aleksova et al[14]NSTEMI STEMI (n = 478)Sufficient > 30 Insufficiency 21-30 Deficiency ≤ 2010% were sufficient 22% were insufficient 68% were deficientIndependent predictors of vitamin D deficiencyOlder age, female gender, higher body mass index, autumn/winter sampling, and lower GFR predicted vitamin D deficiency