Newer perspectives of coronary artery disease in young

Table 1 Spectrum of terminology for young coronary artery disease

No.	Terminology	Age group studied	Ref.
1	Young CAD	Less than 45 yr	Ericsson et al[2]
2	Young CAD	Less than 40 yr	Konishi et al[3]
3	Young CAD	15-39 yr	Gupta et al[4]
4	Very young CAD	≤ 35 yr	Christus et al[5]
5	Premature CAD	Men ≤ 45 yr	van Loon et al[6]
		Female ≤ 55 yr
6	Premature CAD	Less than 60 yr	Genest et al[7]
7	Premature CAD	Less than 45 yr	Pineda et al[8]
8	Precocious CAD	2 case reports of familial CAD of 29 and 31 yr	Norum et al[9]
9	Early onset CAD	Less than 45 yr	Iribarren et al[10]

CAD: Coronary artery disease.

Table 2 List of conventional and newer risk factors in young coronary artery disease discussed in the review

Conventional risk factors	Newer risk factors
Age	Polymorphisms in CETP gene
Sex	Hepatic lipase gene
Hypertension	Lipoprotein lipase gene
Diabetes mellitus	C-reactive protein gene
Dyslipidaemia	Apo A1 gene
Obesity	Apo B gene
Smoking	Apo E gene
Family history of premature CAD	HIF1A gene
	Factor 5 leiden
	MTHFR gene
	Methionine synthase gene
	Cocaine use
	Lipoprotein-a, Fibrinogen and D-dimer
	Decreased serum Wnt
	Increased gamma glutamyl transferase
	Raised vitamin D2 and D3
	Decreased osteocalcin
	Hypothyroidism
	Systemic lupus erythematosis
	Rheumatoid arthritis
	HIV patients on HAART
	Homocysteinemia
	Kawasaki disease in childhood,
	Patent foramen ovale
	Spontaneous coronary artery dissection

CETP: Cholesterol ester transfer protein; HAART: Highly active anti retroviral therapy; MTHFR: Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase; HIF1A: Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha.