Exercise training in hypertension: Role of microRNAs

Table 1 Vascular effects of hypertension and exercise training in macro- and microcirculation

Hypertension	Exercise training	Ref.
Hypertrophy of VSMC	Decreased intima-media thickness	[49,52,55-57]
Excessive proliferation of VSMC	Improved orientation of VSMC	[49,53]
Increased collagen content	Decreased mRNA collagen expression	[49,51,58]
Decreased availability endothelial NO	Increased endothelial NO production	[49,51,55]
Increased endothelium-dependent contract factors	Increased endothelium-dependent relaxation	[59,75]
Increased ROS production	Increased antioxidant capacity	[49,50,59,62-66]
Increased overall peripheral resistance	Reduced vascular resistance	[24, 49,50]
Rarefaction of arterioles and capillaries	Increased peripheral revascularization	[7,49,50,61,79]

VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cells; NO: Nitric oxide; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.

Table 2 Some miRNAs associated with hypertension that has potential to be regulated by exercise training

miRNAS	Targets	miRNA function	Ref.
miRNA-16	VEGF	Control of angiogenesis and vascular integrity	[7]
miRNA-21	PTEN; Bcl-2	Involved in nitric oxide production; apoptosis	[2,7,80,82]
miRNA-24	Trb-3	Mediator of contractile phenotype in VSMC	[81-83]
miRNA-92a	Integrin α5; eNOS	Involved in the regulation of endothelial function	[88]
miRNA-126	VCAM-1; PI3KR2; Spred1	Suppress cell adhesion molecule; Proangiogenic	[48,85,87,88]
miRNA-143/145	KLF4; KLF5	Involved in the plasticity of VSMC	[81]
miRNA-146a	TRAF6; KLF4	Involved in inflammatory response	[85]
miRNA-155	eNOS; AT1R	eNOS expression and NO production	[85]
miRNA-221/222	P27Kip1	Involved in the proliferation of VSMC	[81]

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth fator; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; Bcl-2: B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2; Trb-3: Tribbles-like protein-3; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; VECAM1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; PI3KR2: Phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta; Spred1: Sprouty-related; EVH1: Domain-containing protein-1; KLF4: Krüppel-like factor 4; KLF5: Krüppel-like factor 5; TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6; AT1R: Type 1 receptor of angiotensin II; P27Kip1: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B.