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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Cardiol. Aug 26, 2022; 14(8): 462-472
Published online Aug 26, 2022. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i8.462
Published online Aug 26, 2022. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i8.462
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
| Variable | Total (n = 635) |
| Age (yr) | 33.9 ± 5.1 |
| Education (graduation or beyond) | 373 (58.7) |
| Family H/O Diabetes | 245(38.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 3.9 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 388 (61.1) |
| BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 76 (12.0) |
| Waist circumference (cm) (n = 633) | 94.1 ± 9.6 |
| Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm | 448 (70.8) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) (n = 634) | 122.2 ± 12.4 |
| Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg | 46 (7.3) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) (n = 634) | 81.5 ± 9.6 |
| Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg | 111 (17.5) |
| Hypertension | 123(19.4) |
| Hypertension medications (n = 606) | 19(3.1) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 634) | 4.7 ± 1.0 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L | 193 (30.4) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (n = 634) | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
| LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L | 378 (59.6) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (n = 634) | 1.0 ± 0.3 |
| HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L | 336 (53.0) |
| Triacylglycerol (mmol/L) (n = 634) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2) |
| Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L | 281 (44.3) |
| The metabolic syndrome | 258 (40.6) |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL) | 2.7 (1.9-4.0) |
| Matsuda index (n = 633) | 2.8 (1.9-4.5) |
| Insulinogenic index (pmolins/mmolglu) | 203.2 (109.9-348.2) |
| Disposition index (l/mmolglu) | 2.6 (1.5-4.3) |
| Dysglycaemia | 331 (52.1) |
| Prediabetes | 297(46.8) |
| Diabetes | 34(5.4) |
| Glucose at 0 min [mmol/L] | 5.3 ± 1.2 |
| Glucose at 30 min [mmol/L] | 8.8 ± 2.3 |
| Glucose at 120 min [mmol/L] | 6.7 ± 2.8 |
| HbA1c% | 5.6 ± 0.8 |
| HbA1c mmol/mol | 38.1 ± 8.5 |
| Insulin at 0 min [pmol/L] | 84.5 (58.3-117.0) |
| Insulin at 30 min [pmol/L] | 719.5 (438.1-1134.8) |
| Insulin at 120 min (n = 633) [pmol/L] | 495.0 (257.2-861.9) |
| No risk factor | 132 (20.8) |
Table 2 Comparison of cardiometabolic and glycaemic variables for men depending upon different categories of insulin resistance
| Variable | Quartile 1 HOMA-IR < 25th percentile of total cohort n = 158 | Quartile 2-3 HOMA-IR 25th to 75th percentile of total cohort n = 319 | Quartile 4 HOMA-IR > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 158 | P valuea |
| Age (yr) | 33.9 ± 5.0 | 33.8 ± 5.0 | 34.1 ± 5.2 | 0.775 |
| Family H/O diabetes | 45 (28.5) | 124 (38.9) | 76 (48.1) | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 28.5 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 53 (33.5) | 204 (64.0) | 131 (82.9) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.2 ± 8.9 | 94.4 ± 7.9 | 100.6 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm | 66 (41.8) | 239 (74.9) | 143 (91.7) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg | 7 (4.4) | 18 (5.6) | 21 (13.4) | 0.003 |
| Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg | 17 (10.8) | 49 (15.4) | 45 (28.7) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 19 (12.0) | 53 (16.6) | 51 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L | 23 (14.6) | 108 (33.9) | 62 (39.5) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L | 60 (38.0) | 207 (64.9) | 111 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L | 70 (44.3) | 169 (53.0) | 97 (61.8) | 0.008 |
| Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L | 40 (25.3) | 150 (47.0) | 91 (58.0) | < 0.001 |
| The metabolic syndrome | 22 (13.9) | 131 (41.1) | 105 (66.5) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL) | 1.3 (1.0-1.6) | 2.7 (2.3-3.2) | 5.6 (4.6-7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Insulinogenic index | 139.3 (85.0-218.0) | 233.0 (136.4-362.0) | 225.2 (99.8-425.7) | < 0.001 |
| Disposition index (l/mmolglu) | 3.5 (2.2-5.8) | 2.7 (1.6-4.1) | 1.5 (0.7-2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Dysglycaemia | 55 (34.8) | 152 (47.7) | 124 (78.5) | < 0.001 |
Table 3 Comparison of cardiometabolic and glycaemic variables for men depending upon different categories of beta-cell function (oral disposition index)
| Variable | Quartile 4 oDI > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 158 | Quartile 2-3 oDI 25th to 75th percentile of total cohort n = 319 | Quartile 1 oDI < 25th percentile of total cohort n = 158 | P valuea |
| Age (yr) | 33.1 ± 5.1 | 33.8 ± 4.9 | 35.0 ± 5.3 | 0.003 |
| Family H/O diabetes | 48 (30.4) | 124 (38.9) | 73 (46.2) | 0.015 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.9 | 25.9 ± 3.8 | 27.2 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 75 (47.5) | 195 (61.1) | 118 (74.7) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.8 ± 9.5 | 93.6 ± 9.5 | 97.6 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm | 93 (58.9) | 224 (70.2) | 131 (84.0) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg | 9 (5.7) | 20 (6.3) | 17 (10.8) | 0.135 |
| Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg | 15 (9.5) | 53 (16.6) | 43 (27.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 19 (12.0) | 56 (17.6) | 48 (30.6) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L | 32 (20.3) | 106 (33.3) | 55 (34.8) | 0.005 |
| LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L | 79 (50.0) | 196 (61.6) | 103 (65.2) | 0.013 |
| HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L | 80 (50.6) | 163 (51.3) | 93 (58.9) | 0.232 |
| Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L | 51 (32.3) | 139 (43.7) | 91 (57.6) | < 0.001 |
| The metabolic syndrome | 42 (26.6) | 118 (37.0) | 98 (62.0) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL) | 2.1 (1.2-3.0) | 2.6 (1.9-3.7) | 4.0 (2.7-6.0) | < 0.001 |
| Insulinogenic index | 410.5 (257.1-651.6) | 215.6 (146.6-299.4) | 85.6 (51.2-127.7) | < 0.001 |
| Disposition index | 6.1 (4.9-9.1) | 2.6 (2.0-3.3) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Dysglycaemia | 57 (36.1) | 147 (46.1) | 127 (80.4) | < 0.001 |
Table 4 Comparison of cardiometabolic and glycaemic variables for men depending upon different categories based on beta-cell function (oral disposition index) and insulin resistance
| Variable | Phenotype 1 oDI > 75th and HOMA-IR < 25th percentile of total cohort n = 67 | Phenotype 2 oDI 25th to 75th and/or HOMA-IR 25th to 75th percentile of total cohort n = 332 | Phenotype 3 oDI < 25th or HOMA-IR > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 156 | Phenotype 4 oDI < 25th and HOMA-IR > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 80 | P valuea
|
| Age (yr) | 33.3 ± 4.5 | 33.7 ± 5.1 | 34.0 ± 5.2 | 35.1 ± 5.3 | 0.096 |
| Family H/O diabetes | 18 (26.9) | 113 (34.0) | 79 (50.6) | 35 (43.8) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 27.1 ± 3.6 | 28.5 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 20 (29.9) | 186 (56.0) | 115 (73.7) | 67 (83.8) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.9 ± 8.4 | 92.5 ± 8.9 | 97.2 ± 8.7 | 101.0 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm | 24 (35.8) | 222 (66.9) | 130 (83.3) | 72 (92.3) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg | 3 (4.5) | 18 (5.4) | 12 (7.7) | 13 (16.5) | 0.014 |
| Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg | 4 (6.0) | 45 (13.6) | 36 (23.1) | 26 (32.9) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 6 (9.0) | 48 (14.5) | 39 (25.0) | 30 (38.0) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L | 10 (14.9) | 98 (29.5) | 53 (34.2) | 32 (40.0) | 0.007 |
| LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L | 26 (38.8) | 197 (59.3) | 96 (61.9) | 59 (73.8) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C < 1.29 mmol/L | 33 (49.3) | 159 (47.9) | 98 (63.2) | 46 (57.5) | 0.012 |
| Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L | 13 (19.4) | 134 (40.4) | 86 (55.5) | 48 (60.0) | < 0.001 |
| The metabolic syndrome | 9 (13.4) | 102 (30.7) | 91 (58.3) | 56 (70.0) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL) | 1.1 (0.7-1.5) | 2.4 (1.9-3.0) | 4.0 (2.7-5.0) | 5.9 (4.7-8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Insulinogenic index (pmolins/mmolglu) | 237.4 (156.4-377.1) | 228.6 (147.9-348.5) | 159.0 (72.8-418.7) | 99.9 (57.3-166.1) | < 0.001 |
| Disposition index (l/mmolglu) | 6.5 (5.1-9.4) | 3.0 (2.3-4.1) | 1.5 (1.0-2.6) | 0.7 (0.3-1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Dysglycaemia | 19 (28.4) | 133 (40.1) | 107 (68.6) | 72 (90.0) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Gupta Y, Goyal A, Kalaivani M, Tandon N. Cardiometabolic risk factors in young Indian men and their association with parameters of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. World J Cardiol 2022; 14(8): 462-472
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v14/i8/462.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v14.i8.462