Cardiometabolic risk factors in young Indian men and their association with parameters of insulin resistance and beta-cell function

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Variable	Total (n = 635)
Age (yr)	33.9 ± 5.1
Education (graduation or beyond)	373 (58.7)
Family H/O Diabetes	245(38.6)
BMI (kg/m2)	26.0 ± 3.9
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	388 (61.1)
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	76 (12.0)
Waist circumference (cm) (n = 633)	94.1 ± 9.6
Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm	448 (70.8)
Systolic BP (mmHg) (n = 634)	122.2 ± 12.4
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg	46 (7.3)
Diastolic BP (mmHg) (n = 634)	81.5 ± 9.6
Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg	111 (17.5)
Hypertension	123(19.4)
Hypertension medications (n = 606)	19(3.1)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 634)	4.7 ± 1.0
Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L	193 (30.4)
LDL-C (mmol/L) (n = 634)	2.9 ± 0.9
LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L	378 (59.6)
HDL-C (mmol/L) (n = 634)	1.0 ± 0.3
HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L	336 (53.0)
Triacylglycerol (mmol/L) (n = 634)	1.6 (1.2-2.2)
Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L	281 (44.3)
The metabolic syndrome	258 (40.6)
HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL)	2.7 (1.9-4.0)
Matsuda index (n = 633)	2.8 (1.9-4.5)
Insulinogenic index (pmolins/mmolglu)	203.2 (109.9-348.2)
Disposition index (l/mmolglu)	2.6 (1.5-4.3)
Dysglycaemia	331 (52.1)
Prediabetes	297(46.8)
Diabetes	34(5.4)
Glucose at 0 min [mmol/L]	5.3 ± 1.2
Glucose at 30 min [mmol/L]	8.8 ± 2.3
Glucose at 120 min [mmol/L]	6.7 ± 2.8
HbA1c%	5.6 ± 0.8
HbA1c mmol/mol	38.1 ± 8.5
Insulin at 0 min [pmol/L]	84.5 (58.3-117.0)
Insulin at 30 min [pmol/L]	719.5 (438.1-1134.8)
Insulin at 120 min (n = 633) [pmol/L]	495.0 (257.2-861.9)
No risk factor	132 (20.8)

Data are the mean ± SD, median (q25-q75), or n (%). H/O: History of; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.

Table 2 Comparison of cardiometabolic and glycaemic variables for men depending upon different categories of insulin resistance

Variable	Quartile 1 HOMA-IR < 25th percentile of total cohort n = 158	Quartile 2-3 HOMA-IR 25th to 75th percentile of total cohort n = 319	Quartile 4 HOMA-IR > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 158	P valuea
Age (yr)	33.9 ± 5.0	33.8 ± 5.0	34.1 ± 5.2	0.775
Family H/O diabetes	45 (28.5)	124 (38.9)	76 (48.1)	0.002
BMI (kg/m2)	23.3 ± 3.4	26.1 ± 3.2	28.5 ± 4.0	< 0.001
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	53 (33.5)	204 (64.0)	131 (82.9)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	87.2 ± 8.9	94.4 ± 7.9	100.6 ± 9.0	< 0.001
Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm	66 (41.8)	239 (74.9)	143 (91.7)	< 0.001
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg	7 (4.4)	18 (5.6)	21 (13.4)	0.003
Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg	17 (10.8)	49 (15.4)	45 (28.7)	< 0.001
Hypertension	19 (12.0)	53 (16.6)	51 (32.5)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L	23 (14.6)	108 (33.9)	62 (39.5)	< 0.001
LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L	60 (38.0)	207 (64.9)	111 (70.7)	< 0.001
HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L	70 (44.3)	169 (53.0)	97 (61.8)	0.008
Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L	40 (25.3)	150 (47.0)	91 (58.0)	< 0.001
The metabolic syndrome	22 (13.9)	131 (41.1)	105 (66.5)	< 0.001
HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL)	1.3 (1.0-1.6)	2.7 (2.3-3.2)	5.6 (4.6-7.3)	< 0.001
Insulinogenic index (pmolins/mmolglu)	139.3 (85.0-218.0)	233.0 (136.4-362.0)	225.2 (99.8-425.7)	< 0.001
Disposition index (l/mmolglu)	3.5 (2.2-5.8)	2.7 (1.6-4.1)	1.5 (0.7-2.6)	< 0.001
Dysglycaemia	55 (34.8)	152 (47.7)	124 (78.5)	< 0.001

^aData are the mean ± SD, median (q25-q75), or n (%). H/O: History of; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.

Table 3 Comparison of cardiometabolic and glycaemic variables for men depending upon different categories of beta-cell function (oral disposition index)

Variable	Quartile 4 oDI > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 158	Quartile 2-3 oDI 25th to 75th percentile of total cohort n = 319	Quartile 1 oDI < 25th percentile of total cohort n = 158	P valuea
Age (yr)	33.1 ± 5.1	33.8 ± 4.9	35.0 ± 5.3	0.003
Family H/O diabetes	48 (30.4)	124 (38.9)	73 (46.2)	0.015
BMI (kg/m2)	25.0 ± 3.9	25.9 ± 3.8	27.2 ± 3.7	< 0.001
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	75 (47.5)	195 (61.1)	118 (74.7)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	91.8 ± 9.5	93.6 ± 9.5	97.6 ± 9.1	< 0.001
Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm	93 (58.9)	224 (70.2)	131 (84.0)	< 0.001
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg	9 (5.7)	20 (6.3)	17 (10.8)	0.135
Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg	15 (9.5)	53 (16.6)	43 (27.4)	< 0.001
Hypertension	19 (12.0)	56 (17.6)	48 (30.6)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L	32 (20.3)	106 (33.3)	55 (34.8)	0.005
LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L	79 (50.0)	196 (61.6)	103 (65.2)	0.013
HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L	80 (50.6)	163 (51.3)	93 (58.9)	0.232
Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L	51 (32.3)	139 (43.7)	91 (57.6)	< 0.001
The metabolic syndrome	42 (26.6)	118 (37.0)	98 (62.0)	< 0.001
HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL)	2.1 (1.2-3.0)	2.6 (1.9-3.7)	4.0 (2.7-6.0)	< 0.001
Insulinogenic index (pmolins/mmolglu)	410.5 (257.1-651.6)	215.6 (146.6-299.4)	85.6 (51.2-127.7)	< 0.001
Disposition index (l/mmolglu)	6.1 (4.9-9.1)	2.6 (2.0-3.3)	0.8 (0.5-1.2)	< 0.001
Dysglycaemia	57 (36.1)	147 (46.1)	127 (80.4)	< 0.001

^aData are the mean ± SD, median (q25-q75), or n (%). H/O: History of; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.

Table 4 Comparison of cardiometabolic and glycaemic variables for men depending upon different categories based on beta-cell function (oral disposition index) and insulin resistance

Variable	Phenotype 1 oDI > 75th and HOMA-IR < 25th percentile of total cohort n = 67	Phenotype 2 oDI 25th to 75th and/or HOMA-IR 25th to 75th percentile of total cohort n = 332	Phenotype 3 oDI < 25th or HOMA-IR > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 156	Phenotype 4 oDI < 25th and HOMA-IR > 75th percentile of total cohort n = 80	P valuea
Age (yr)	33.3 ± 4.5	33.7 ± 5.1	34.0 ± 5.2	35.1 ± 5.3	0.096
Family H/O diabetes	18 (26.9)	113 (34.0)	79 (50.6)	35 (43.8)	0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	23.2 ± 3.3	25.4 ± 3.5	27.1 ± 3.6	28.5 ± 4.0	< 0.001
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	20 (29.9)	186 (56.0)	115 (73.7)	67 (83.8)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	86.9 ± 8.4	92.5 ± 8.9	97.2 ± 8.7	101.0 ± 9.1	< 0.001
Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm	24 (35.8)	222 (66.9)	130 (83.3)	72 (92.3)	< 0.001
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg	3 (4.5)	18 (5.4)	12 (7.7)	13 (16.5)	0.014
Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg	4 (6.0)	45 (13.6)	36 (23.1)	26 (32.9)	< 0.001
Hypertension	6 (9.0)	48 (14.5)	39 (25.0)	30 (38.0)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L	10 (14.9)	98 (29.5)	53 (34.2)	32 (40.0)	0.007
LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L	26 (38.8)	197 (59.3)	96 (61.9)	59 (73.8)	< 0.001
HDL-C < 1.29 mmol/L	33 (49.3)	159 (47.9)	98 (63.2)	46 (57.5)	0.012
Triacylglycerol ≥ 1.7 mmol/L	13 (19.4)	134 (40.4)	86 (55.5)	48 (60.0)	< 0.001
The metabolic syndrome	9 (13.4)	102 (30.7)	91 (58.3)	56 (70.0)	< 0.001
HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µIU/mL)	1.1 (0.7-1.5)	2.4 (1.9-3.0)	4.0 (2.7-5.0)	5.9 (4.7-8.8)	< 0.001
Insulinogenic index (pmolins/mmolglu)	237.4 (156.4-377.1)	228.6 (147.9-348.5)	159.0 (72.8-418.7)	99.9 (57.3-166.1)	< 0.001
Disposition index (l/mmolglu)	6.5 (5.1-9.4)	3.0 (2.3-4.1)	1.5 (1.0-2.6)	0.7 (0.3-1.1)	< 0.001
Dysglycaemia	19 (28.4)	133 (40.1)	107 (68.6)	72 (90.0)	< 0.001

^aData are the mean ± SD, median (q25-q75), or n (%). H/O: History of; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.