Innate immune receptors in heart failure: Side effect or potential therapeutic target?

Figure 1 Toll-like receptor signaling. This figure summarizes schematically the complex signalling cascades of the Toll-like receptors. IRF: Interferon regulatory factor; IRAK: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β; TLR: Toll-like receptor; IKK: IkB kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; TBK: TANK binding kinase.

Figure 2 Nod 1 and nod 2 signalling. This figure summarizes schematically the signalling of the nod-like receptors nod 1 and nod 2. PAMP: Pathogen-associated molecular particles; IKK: IkB kinase; MAPK: Mitogen activated kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; CARD: Caspase recruitment domain.

Figure 3 The role of Toll-like receptor 4 in heart failure. This figure summarizes current knowledge of the pathophysiological role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). CAD: Coronary artery disease; DCM: Dilated cardiomyopathy; TLR3: Toll-like receptor 3; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β; MyD88: Myeolid differentiation factor 88; IRF: Interferon regulatory factor; NFkB: Nuclear factor kappa B.